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Dōza
was the Tokugawa shogunate's officially sanctioned copper monopoly or copper guild ('' za'') which was created in 1636 and (1701–1712, 1738–1746, 1766–1768). Initially, the Tokugawa shogunate was interested in assuring a consistent value in minted copper coins; and this led to the perceived need for attending to the supply of copper. This ''bakufu'' title identifies a regulatory agency with responsibility for supervising the minting of copper coins and for superintending all copper mines, copper mining and copper-extraction activities in Japan.Hall, John Wesley. (1955) ''Tanuma Okitsugu: Forerunner of Modern Japan,'' p. 201. See also * Bugyō * Kinzan-bugyō * '' Kinza'' – Gold ''za'' (monopoly office or guild). * ''Ginza'' – Silver ''za'' (monopoly office or guild). * '' Shuza'' – Cinnabar ''za'' (monopoly office or guild) Notes References * Hall, John W. (1955). ''Tanuma Okitsugu, 1719–1788: Forerunner of Modern Japan''. Cambridge: Harvard University Press O ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bugyō
was a title assigned to ''samurai'' officials in feudal Japan. ''Bugyō'' is often translated as commissioner, magistrate, or governor, and other terms would be added to the title to describe more specifically a given official's tasks or jurisdiction. Pre-Edo period In the Heian period (794–1185), the post or title of ''bugyō'' would be applied only to an official with a set task; once that task was complete, the officer would cease to be called ''bugyō''. However, in the Kamakura period (1185–1333) and later, continuing through the end of the Edo period (1603–1868), posts and titles came to be created on a more permanent and regular basis.Kinihara, Misako''The Establishment of the Tosen-bugyō in the Reign of Ashikaga Yoshinori'' (唐船奉行の成立 : 足利義教による飯尾貞連の登用) Tokyo Woman's Christian University. ''Essays and S.tudies''. Abstract. Over time, there came to be 36 ''bugyō'' in the bureaucracy of the Kamakura shogunate. In 1434, Ash ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kinzan-bugyō
were officials of the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo period Japan. This '' bakufu'' title identifies an official with responsibility for superintending all mines, mining and metals-extraction activities in Japan.Hall, John Wesley. (1955 ''Tanuma Okitsugu: Forerunner of Modern Japan'', p. 201/ref> List of ''kinzan-bugyō'' : * Kakizaki SakuzaemonWalker, Brett L. (2001) ''The Conquest of Ainu Lands: Ecology and Culture in Japanese Expansion, 1590–1800'', p. 57./ref> See also * Bugyō * '' Kinza'' – Gold ''za'' (monopoly office or guild). * '' Ginza'' – Silver ''za'' (monopoly office or guild). * '' Dōza'' – Copper ''za'' (monopoly office or guild). Notes References * Hall, John Wesley. (1955) ''Tanuma Okitsugu: Forerunner of Modern Japan''.Cambridge: Harvard University Press. * Walker, Brett L. (2001) ''The Conquest of Ainu Lands: Ecology and Culture in Japanese Expansion, 1590–1800''.Berkeley: University of California Press The University of California Press, other ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kinza
was the Tokugawa shogunate's officially sanctioned gold monopoly or gold guild ('' za'') which was created in 1595. Initially, the Tokugawa shogunate was interested in assuring a consistent value in minted gold coins; and this led to the perceived need for attending to the supply of gold. This ''bakufu'' title identifies a regulatory agency with responsibility for supervising the minting of gold coins and for superintending all gold mines, gold mining and gold-extraction activities in Japan.Hall, John Wesley. (1955) ''Tanuma Okitsugu: Forerunner of Modern Japan,'' p. 201. See also * Bugyō * Kinzan-bugyō * ''Ginza'' – Silver ''za'' (monopoly office or guild). * ''Dōza was the Tokugawa shogunate's officially sanctioned copper monopoly or copper guild ('' za'') which was created in 1636 and (1701–1712, 1738–1746, 1766–1768). Initially, the Tokugawa shogunate was interested in assuring a consistent value in ...'' – Copper ''za'' (monopoly office or guild). * '' Shuza' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shuza
was the Tokugawa shogunate's officially sanctioned cinnabar monopoly or cinnabar guild ('' za'') which was created in 1609. Initially, the Tokugawa shogunate was interested in assuring a consistent value in minted coins; and this led to the perceived need for attending to the supply of cinnabar. This '' bakufu'' title identifies a regulatory agency A regulatory agency (regulatory body, regulator) or independent agency (independent regulatory agency) is a government agency, government authority that is responsible for exercising autonomous jurisdiction over some area of human activity in a l ... with responsibility for supervising the handling and trading of cinnabar and for superintending all cinnabar mining and cinnabar-extraction activities in Japan.Hall, John Wesley. (1955) ''Tanuma Okitsugu: Forerunner of Modern Japan,'' p. 201. See also * Bugyō * Kinzan-bugyō * '' Kinza'' – Gold ''za'' (monopoly office or guild). * '' Ginza'' – Silver ''za'' (monopoly office or gu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tokugawa Shogunate
The Tokugawa shogunate, also known as the was the military government of Japan during the Edo period from 1603 to 1868. The Tokugawa shogunate was established by Tokugawa Ieyasu after victory at the Battle of Sekigahara, ending the civil wars of the Sengoku period following the collapse of the Ashikaga shogunate. Ieyasu became the ''shōgun,'' and the Tokugawa clan governed Japan from Edo Castle in the eastern city of Edo (Tokyo), Edo (Tokyo) along with the ''daimyō'' lords of the ''samurai'' class. The Tokugawa shogunate organized Japanese society under the strict Edo society, Tokugawa class system and banned most foreigners under the isolationist policies of ''Sakoku'' to promote political stability. The Tokugawa shoguns governed Japan in a feudal system, with each ''daimyō'' administering a ''Han system, han'' (feudal domain), although the country was still nominally organized as provinces of Japan, imperial provinces. Under the Tokugawa shogunate, Japan experienced rapid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Government Of Feudal Japan
A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a state. In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists of legislature, executive, and judiciary. Government is a means by which organizational policies are enforced, as well as a mechanism for determining policy. In many countries, the government has a kind of constitution, a statement of its governing principles and philosophy. While all types of organizations have governance, the term ''government'' is often used more specifically to refer to the approximately 200 independent national governments and subsidiary organizations. The main types of modern political systems recognized are democracies, totalitarian regimes, and, sitting between these two, authoritarian regimes with a variety of hybrid regimes. Modern classification systems also include monarchies as a standalone entity or as a hybrid system of the main three. Historically prevalent for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Metals Monopolies
A metal () is a material that, when polished or fractured, shows a lustrous appearance, and conducts electrical resistivity and conductivity, electricity and thermal conductivity, heat relatively well. These properties are all associated with having electrons available at the Fermi level, as against nonmetallic materials which do not. Metals are typically ductile (can be drawn into a wire) and malleable (can be shaped via hammering or pressing). A metal may be a chemical element such as iron; an alloy such as stainless steel; or a molecular compound such as polythiazyl, polymeric sulfur nitride. The general science of metals is called metallurgy, a subtopic of materials science; aspects of the electronic and thermal properties are also within the scope of condensed matter physics and solid-state chemistry, it is a multidisciplinary topic. In colloquial use materials such as steel alloys are referred to as metals, while others such as polymers, wood or ceramics are nonmetallic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
