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Danuta Kuroń
Danuta Kuroń (née Filarska, previously Winiarska; born 1949) is a Polish trade union and democratic activist. She was an underground organizer for the trade union Solidarity (Polish trade union), Solidarity in the Polish People's Republic, and she edited and contributed reporting to their periodicals. Life and career Kuroń studied history at the University of Warsaw from 1968 to 1970, and in 1976 she graduated with a history degree from the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin. From 1980 to 1981 she was the editor of prominent trade union magazines. Throughout the early 1980s she was heavily involved in underground union and strike organizing, particularly the union Solidarity. Her work as a union activist, and her activity with Solidarity, was documented by Shana Penn (:pl:Shana Penn, pl) in her 2003 book ''Podziemie kobiet'' (published in 2006 in English as ''Solidarity's Secret: The Women who Defeated Communism in Poland''). Kuroń covered the Polish Round Table Agre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Order Of Polonia Restituta
The Order of Polonia Restituta (, ) is a Polish state decoration, state Order (decoration), order established 4 February 1921. It is conferred on both military and civilians as well as on alien (law), foreigners for outstanding achievements in the fields of education, science, sport, culture, art, economics, national security, national defense, social work, civil service, or for furthering good relations between countries. It is Poland's second-highest civilian state award in the order of precedence, behind the Order of the White Eagle (Poland), Order of the White Eagle. The Order of Polonia Restituta is sometimes regarded as Poland's successor to the ''Order of the Knights of Saint Stanislaus, Bishop and Martyr'', known as the Order of Saint Stanislaus, established in 1765 by Stanisław August Poniatowski, the last King of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, to honor supporters of the Polish crown. History When Poland regained its independence from the German Empire, Aust ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1989 Polish Legislative Election
Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 4 June 1989 to elect members of the Sejm and the recreated Senate, with a second round on 18 June. They were the first elections in the country since the communist government abandoned its monopoly of power in April 1989 and the first elections in the Eastern Bloc that resulted in the communist government losing power. Not all seats in the Sejm were allowed to be contested, but the resounding victory of the Solidarity opposition in the freely contested races (the rest of the Sejm seats and all of the Senate) paved the way to the end of communist rule in Poland. Solidarity won all of the freely contested seats in the Sejm, and all but one seat in the Senate, which was scored by a government-aligned nonpartisan candidate.Paulina Codogni (2012). Wybory czerwcowe 1989 roku. Polish Institute of National Remembrance. p. 297. ISBN 978-83-7629-342-4. Most crucially, the election served as evidence of widespread dissatisfaction with the go ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Knights Of The Order Of Polonia Restituta
A knight is a person granted an honorary title of a knighthood by a head of state (including the pope) or representative for service to the monarch, the church, or the country, especially in a military capacity. The concept of a knighthood may have been inspired by the ancient Greek ''hippeis'' (ἱππεῖς) and Roman ''equites''. In the Early Middle Ages in Western Christian Europe, knighthoods were conferred upon mounted warriors. During the High Middle Ages, a knighthood was considered a class of petty nobility. By the Late Middle Ages, the rank had become associated with the ideals of chivalry, a code of conduct for the perfect courtly Christian warrior. Often, a knight was a vassal who served as an elite fighter or a bodyguard for a lord, with payment in the form of land holdings. The lords trusted the knights, who were skilled in battle on horseback. In the Middle Ages, a knighthood was closely linked with horsemanship (and especially the joust) from its origins in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Living People
Purpose: Because living persons may suffer personal harm from inappropriate information, we should watch their articles carefully. By adding an article to this category, it marks them with a notice about sources whenever someone tries to edit them, to remind them of WP:BLP (biographies of living persons) policy that these articles must maintain a neutral point of view, maintain factual accuracy, and be properly sourced. Recent changes to these articles are listed on Special:RecentChangesLinked/Living people. Organization: This category should not be sub-categorized. Entries are generally sorted by family name In many societies, a surname, family name, or last name is the mostly hereditary portion of one's personal name that indicates one's family. It is typically combined with a given name to form the full name of a person, although several give .... Maintenance: Individuals of advanced age (over 90), for whom there has been no new documentation in the last ten ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polityka
''Polityka'' (, ''Politics'') is a centre-left weekly news magazine in Poland. It had a circulation of 95,300 during 2021. ''Polityka'' has a slightly intellectual, socially liberal profile, setting it apart from the more conservative ''Wprost'' and the glossier approach of ''Newsweek Poland''. Prominent editors and permanent contributors have included Adam Krzemiński, Janina Paradowska, Daniel Passent, Adam Szostkiewicz, Jacek Żakowski, Ryszard Kapuściński, Jerzy Urban, and Krzysztof Zanussi. History and profile Established in 1957, after Stalinism had subsided in Poland, ''Polityka'' slowly developed a reputation for moderately critical journalism, promoting an economical way of thinking, although always remaining within the communist-imposed boundaries that still constrained the press. Notably, ''Polityka'' was launched to replace the more radical '' Po prostu'' (1947–1957). The first editor-in-chief of ''Polityka'' was Stefan Żółkiewski who served in th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Consultative Council (Poland)
The Consultative Council () is a non-government representative body created in November 2020 by the All-Poland Women's Strike (, OSK) in the context of the October 2020 Polish protests. The Council incorporates public participation as a mechanism for participatory democracy. Creation On 27 October 2020, during the October 2020 Polish protests, All-Poland Women's Strike (OSK) stated that it intended to create a Consultative Council similar to the Coordination Council created during the 2020 Belarusian protests, with the aim of working on "how to clean up the mess created by PiS". The Council was created on 1 November 2020. Structure Klementyna Suchanow described the Council as a "social movement", not a political party. She stated that it did not have a "first secretary and committee" in the style of the Polish People's Republic, and that it was not the base for forming a political party. In 2023, Agnieszka Kampka and Dániel Oross described the Council as a case of public p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Teremiski
Teremiski is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Białowieża, within Hajnówka County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus. It lies approximately north-west of Białowieża, east of Hajnówka, and south-east of the regional capital Białystok. The village, with less than 20 houses, one shop and a bus stop, is nevertheless the location of a summer university, one of a number of such Folk high school, folk institutions of learning known in Poland from before World War II.Teremiski Summer School 2008 It is called the Jan Józef Lipski Common University in Teremiski (Uniwersytet Powszechny w Teremiskach), founded in 2000 by Jacek Kuroń with wife Danuta. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jan Józef Lipski
Jan Józef Lipski (26 May 1926 in Warsaw – 10 September 1991 in Kraków) was a Polish critic, literature historian, politician and freemason. As a soldier of the Home Army (Armia Krajowa), he fought in the Warsaw Uprising. Editor of collected works by Jan Kasprowicz, Benedykt Chmielowski and Gabriela Zapolska. Political life Between 1956 and 1957 Lipski was an editor of the pro-reform weekly "Po prostu"; from 1957 to 1959 he was president of the Crooked Circle Club. In 1964 Lipski organized the Letter of the 34 (objecting to the expansion of censorship in communist Poland). In 1975 he signed the Letter of 59 and in 1976 he co-founded the Workers' Defence Committee (Komitet Obrony Robotnikow); as one of the most active members of this organization he organized help for the workers who protested in June 1976 against the government sponsored price increases in Radom and in Ursus district of Warsaw. In 1980, Lipski became a member of the Solidarity Union and was elected a del ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gazeta Wyborcza
(; ''The Electoral Gazette'' in English) is a Polish nationwide daily newspaper based in Warsaw, Poland. It was launched on 8 May 1989 on the basis of the Polish Round Table Agreement and as a press organ of the Solidarity (Polish trade union), trade union "Solidarity" in the election campaign before the Contract Sejm. Initially created to cover Poland's first partially free parliamentary elections, it rapidly grew into a major publication, reaching a circulation of over 500,000 copies at its peak in the 1990s. It is published by Agora (company), Agora, with its original editor-in-chief Adam Michnik, appointed by Lech Wałęsa, is one of Poland's newspaper of record, newspapers of record, covering the gamut of political, international and general news from a Leftism, left-Liberalism, liberal perspective. ''Gazeta Wyborcza'' also publishes thematic supplements addressing topics such as economy, law, education, and health, including ''Duży Format'', ''Co Jest Grane 24'', and ''Wys ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Citizens' Movement For Democratic Action
The Citizens' Movement for Democratic Action (, ROAD) was a List of political parties in Poland, political faction in Poland coalescing several members of the Solidarity Citizens' Committee. History Background On 24 August 1989, Tadeusz Mazowiecki became Poland's first non-communist Prime Minister of Poland since Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski in the interwar era. Mazowiecki's coronation as Prime Minister came about as the result of an agreement between two of the political factions within Solidarność - the future Centre Agreement (PC) led by Lech Kaczyński, Lech and Jarosław Kaczyński, and the trade union's leader, Lech Wałęsa, who sought to sideline the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR) and create a coalition between Solidarność, the Alliance of Democrats (Poland), Alliance of Democrats and United People's Party (Poland), United People's Party - formerly PZPR's Bloc party, satellite parties. However, Mazowiecki, soon after assuming the office of Prime Minister, fel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sejm
The Sejm (), officially known as the Sejm of the Republic of Poland (), is the lower house of the bicameralism, bicameral parliament of Poland. The Sejm has been the highest governing body of the Third Polish Republic since the Polish People's Republic, transition of government in 1989. Along with the upper house of parliament, the Senate of Poland, Senate, it forms the national legislature in Poland known as Parliament of Poland#National Assembly, National Assembly (). The Sejm comprises 460 Member of parliament, deputies (singular or ) elected every four years by Universal suffrage, universal ballot. The Sejm is presided over by a Speaker of parliament, speaker, the "Marshal of the Sejm" (). In the Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569), Kingdom of Poland, the term ''Sejm'' referred to an entire two-Chambers of parliament, chamber parliament, comprising the Chamber of Deputies (), the Senate and the King. It was thus a three-estate parliament. The 1573 Henrician Articles strengthe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Order Of The Smile
The Order of the Smile ( Polish: ''Order Uśmiechu'') is an international award given by children to adults distinguished in their love, care and aid for children. History The idea of the Order of the Smile was established in 1968 by the Polish magazine ''Kurier Polski'', inspired by Wanda Chotomska. In 1979 (announced by the UNESCO as the International Year of the Child) the Secretary-General of the United Nations Kurt Waldheim officially recognized the Order. From then, the Order of the Smile became an international order. In 1996, in Rabka, the Order of the Smile Museum was established on the grounds of the family park known as "Rabkoland." After the region had been given the official status of the "City of Children from around the World," an initiative was put forward to open a permanent Polish Santa's Village, which would accept letters addressed to Santa Claus from children across Poland. In 2003 an International Chapter of the Order of the Smile session took place ou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
