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Phthalimides
Phthalimide is the organic compound with the formula C6H4(CO)2NH. It is the imide derivative of phthalic anhydride. It is a Sublimation (phase transition), sublimable white solid that is slightly soluble in water but more so upon addition of base (chemistry), base. It is used as a precursor to other organic compounds as a masked source of ammonia. Uses :image:Folpet.png, 160px, Folpet, a phthalimide, is a commercial fungicide., left Phthalimide is used as a precursor to anthranilic acid, a precursor to azo dyes and saccharin. Alkyl phthalimides are useful precursors to amines in chemical synthesis, especially in peptide synthesis where they are used "to block both hydrogens and avoid racemization of the substrates". Alkyl halides can be converted to the N-alkylphthalimide: : C6H4(CO)2NH + RX + NaOH → C6H4(CO)2NR + NaX + H2O The amine is commonly liberated using hydrazine: : C6H4(CO)2NR + N2H4 → C6H4(CO)2N2H2 + RNH2 Dimethylamine can also be used. Som ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phthalimide From Phthalic Anhydride
Phthalimide is the organic compound with the formula C6H4(CO)2NH. It is the imide derivative of phthalic anhydride. It is a sublimable white solid that is slightly soluble in water but more so upon addition of base. It is used as a precursor to other organic compounds as a masked source of ammonia. Uses : 160px, left Phthalimide is used as a precursor to anthranilic acid, a precursor to azo dyes and saccharin. Alkyl phthalimides are useful precursors to amines in chemical synthesis, especially in peptide synthesis where they are used "to block both hydrogens and avoid racemization of the substrates". Alkyl halides can be converted to the N-alkylphthalimide: : C6H4(CO)2NH + RX + NaOH → C6H4(CO)2NR + NaX + H2O The amine is commonly liberated using hydrazine: : C6H4(CO)2NR + N2H4 → C6H4(CO)2N2H2 + RNH2 Dimethylamine can also be used. Some examples of phthalimide drugs include thalidomide, amphotalide, taltrimide, talmetoprim, and apremilast. With ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apremilast
Apremilast, sold under the brand name Otezla among others, is a medication for the treatment of certain types of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. The drug acts as a selective inhibitor of the enzyme phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4). It is taken by mouth. Medical uses Apremilast is indicated in the United States for the treatment of adults with active psoriatic arthritis, people with plaque psoriasis who are candidates for phototherapy or systemic therapy, and adults with oral ulcers associated with Behçet's disease. In the European Union, apremilast alone or in combination with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), is indicated for the treatment of active psoriatic arthritis (PsA) in adults who have had an inadequate response or who have been intolerant to a prior DMARD therapy. It is also indicated for the treatment of moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis in adults who failed to respond to, have a contraindication to, or are intolerant of other systemic therapie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gabriel Synthesis
The Gabriel synthesis is a chemical reaction that transforms primary alkyl halides into primary amines. Traditionally, the reaction uses potassium phthalimide. The reaction is named after the German chemist Siegmund Gabriel. The Gabriel reaction has been generalized to include the alkylation of sulfonamides and imides, followed by deprotection, to obtain amines (see Alternative Gabriel reagents). The alkylation of ammonia is often an unselective and inefficient route to amines. In the Gabriel method, phthalimide anion is employed as a surrogate of H2N−. Traditional Gabriel synthesis In this method, the sodium or potassium salt of phthalimide is ''N''-alkylated with a primary alkyl halide to give the corresponding ''N''-alkylphthalimide. Upon workup by acidic hydrolysis the primary amine is liberated as the amine salt. Alternatively the workup may be via the Ing–Manske procedure, involving reaction with hydrazine. This method produces a precipitate of phthalhydrazide ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thalidomide
Thalidomide, sold under the brand names Contergan and Thalomid among others, is an oral administered medication used to treat a number of cancers (e.g., multiple myeloma), graft-versus-host disease, and many skin disorders (e.g., complications of leprosy such as skin lesions). Updated as required. Thalidomide has been used to treat conditions associated with HIV: aphthous ulcers, HIV-associated wasting syndrome, diarrhea, and Kaposi's sarcoma, but increases in HIV viral load have been reported. Common side effects include sleepiness, rash, and dizziness. Severe side effects include tumor lysis syndrome, blood clots, and peripheral neuropathy. Thalidomide is a known human teratogen and carries an extremely high risk of severe, life-threatening birth defects if administered or taken during pregnancy. It causes skeletal deformities such as Amelia (birth defect), amelia (absence of legs and/or arms), absence of bones, and phocomelia (malformation of the limbs). A single dose of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Potassium Phthalimide
Potassium phthalimide is a chemical compound of formula C8H4KNO2. It is the potassium salt of phthalimide, and usually presents as fluffy, very pale yellow crystals. It can be prepared by adding a hot solution of phthalimide in ethanol to a solution of potassium hydroxide in ethanol; the desired product precipitates. This compound is a commercially available reagent used in the Gabriel synthesis of amine In chemistry, amines (, ) are organic compounds that contain carbon-nitrogen bonds. Amines are formed when one or more hydrogen atoms in ammonia are replaced by alkyl or aryl groups. The nitrogen atom in an amine possesses a lone pair of elec ...s. References Potassium compounds Phthalimides {{Organic-compound-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amide
In organic chemistry, an amide, also known as an organic amide or a carboxamide, is a chemical compound, compound with the general formula , where R, R', and R″ represent any group, typically organyl functional group, groups or hydrogen atoms. The amide group is called a peptide bond when it is part of the Polymer backbone, main chain of a protein, and an isopeptide bond when it occurs in a side chain, as in asparagine and glutamine. It can be viewed as a Derivative (chemistry), derivative of a carboxylic acid () with the hydroxyl group () replaced by an amino group (); or, equivalently, an acyl group, acyl (alkanoyl) group () joined to an amino group. Common amides are formamide (), acetamide (), benzamide (), and dimethylformamide (). Some uncommon examples of amides are ''N''-chloroacetamide () and chloroformamide (). Amides are qualified as primary (chemistry), primary, secondary (chemistry), secondary, and tertiary (chemistry), tertiary according to the number of acyl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phthalic Acid
In organic chemistry, phthalic acid is an aromatic dicarboxylic acid, with formula and structure . Although phthalic acid is of modest commercial importance, the closely related derivative phthalic anhydride is a commodity chemical produced on a large scale. Phthalic acid is one of three isomers of benzenedicarboxylic acid, the others being isophthalic acid and terephthalic acid. Production Phthalic acid is produced by the catalytic oxidation of naphthalene or ''ortho-''xylene directly to phthalic anhydride and a subsequent hydrolysis of the anhydride. Phthalic acid was first obtained by French chemist Auguste Laurent in 1836 by oxidizing naphthalene tetrachloride. Believing the resulting substance to be a naphthalene derivative, he named it "naphthalic acid". After the Swiss chemist Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac determined its correct formula, Laurent gave it its present name. Manufacturing methods in the nineteenth century included oxidation of naphthalene tetrach ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
O-Xylene
''o''-Xylene (''ortho''-xylene) is an aromatic hydrocarbon with the formula C6H4(CH3)2, with two methyl substituents bonded to adjacent carbon atoms of a benzene ring (the ortho configuration). It is a constitutional isomer of ''m''-xylene and ''p''-xylene, the mixture being called xylene or xylenes. ''o''-Xylene is a colourless slightly oily flammable liquid. Production and use Petroleum contains about one weight percent xylenes. Most ''o''-xylene is produced by cracking petroleum, which affords a distribution of aromatic compounds, including xylene isomers. ''m''-Xylene is isomerized to ''o''-xylene. Net production was approximately 500,000 tons in the year 2000. ''o''-Xylene is largely used in the production of phthalic anhydride, which is a precursor to many materials, drugs, and other chemicals. Related to their easy oxidation, the methyl groups are susceptible to halogenation. When treated with elemental bromine Bromine is a chemical element; it has chemical ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ammoxidation
In organic chemistry, ammoxidation is a process for the production of nitriles () using ammonia () and oxygen (). It is sometimes called the SOHIO process, acknowledging that ammoxidation was developed at Standard Oil of Ohio. The usual substrates are alkenes. Several million tons of acrylonitrile are produced in this way annually: :CH3CH=CH2 + 3/2 O2 + NH3 -> N#CCH=CH2 + 3 H2O Scope Ammoxidation of alkenes exploits the weak C-H bonds that are located in the allylic position of unsaturated hydrocarbons. Benzylic C-H bonds are also susceptible to ammoxidation, reflecting the weakness of their C-H bonds. Benzonitrile is produced from toluene, and phthalonitriles are produced from xylenes. The reaction represents a partial oxidation. Many byproducts are generated, but the feedstocks are often simple, which compensates for these losses. Additionally, some byproducts are useful or recyclable. For the production of acrylonitrile, byproducts include hydrogen cyanide, acrol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Urea
Urea, also called carbamide (because it is a diamide of carbonic acid), is an organic compound with chemical formula . This amide has two Amine, amino groups (–) joined by a carbonyl functional group (–C(=O)–). It is thus the simplest amide of carbamic acid. Urea serves an important role in the cellular metabolism of nitrogen-containing compounds by animals and is the main nitrogen-containing substance in the urine of mammals. ''Urea'' is Neo-Latin, , , itself from Proto-Indo-European ''*h₂worsom''. It is a colorless, odorless solid, highly soluble in water, and practically non-toxic ( is 15 g/kg for rats). Dissolved in water, it is neither acidic nor base (chemistry), alkaline. The body uses it in many processes, most notably metabolic waste#Nitrogen wastes, nitrogen excretion. The liver forms it by combining two ammonia molecules () with a carbon dioxide () molecule in the urea cycle. Urea is widely used in fertilizers as a source of nitrogen (N) and is an important ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ammonium Carbonate
Ammonium carbonate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula . It is an ammonium salt of carbonic acid. It is composed of ammonium cations and carbonate anions . Since ammonium carbonate readily degrades to gaseous ammonia and carbon dioxide upon heating, it is used as a leavening agent and also as smelling salt. It is also known as baker's ammonia and is a predecessor to the more modern leavening agents baking soda and baking powder. It is a component of what was formerly known as sal volatile and salt of hartshorn, and produces a pungent smell when baked. It comes in the form of a white powder or block, with a molar mass of 96.09 g/mol and a density of 1.50 g/cm3. It is a strong electrolyte. Production Ammonium carbonate is produced by combining carbon dioxide and aqueous ammonia. About 80,000 tons/year were produced as of 1997. : An orthorhombic ammonium carbonate monohydrate is known (). It crystallizes in an ammonia solution exposed in a carbon dioxide-rich atmos ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
