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Cyber PHA
A cyber PHA or cyber HAZOP is a safety-oriented methodology to conduct a cybersecurity risk assessment for an industrial control system (ICS) or safety instrumented system (SIS). It is a systematic, consequence-driven approach that is based upon industry standards such as ISA 62443-3-2, ISA TR84.00.09, ISO/IEC 27005:2018, ISO 31000:2009 and NIST Special Publication (SP) 800-39. The names, Cyber PHA or Cyber HAZOP, were given to this method because they are similar to process hazard analysis (PHA) or the hazard and operability study (HAZOP) studies that are popular in process safety management, particularly in industries that operate highly hazardous industrial processes (e.g. oil and gas, chemical, etc.). The cyber PHA or cyber HAZOP methodology reconciles the process safety and cybersecurity approaches and requires instrumentation, operations and engineering disciplines to collaborate. Modeled on the process safety PHA/HAZOP methodology, a cyber PHA/HAZOP enables cyber haza ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Control System Security
Control system security, or automation and control system (ACS) cybersecurity, is the prevention of (intentional or unintentional) interference with the proper operation of industrial automation and control systems. These control systems manage essential services including electricity, petroleum production, water, transportation, manufacturing, and communications. They rely on computers, networks, operating systems, applications, and programmable controllers, each of which could contain security vulnerabilities. The 2010 discovery of the Stuxnet worm demonstrated the vulnerability of these systems to cyber incidents. The United States and other governments have passed cyber-security regulations requiring enhanced protection for control systems operating critical infrastructure. Control system security is known by several other names such as ''SCADA security'', ''PCN security'', ''Industrial network security'', ''Industrial control system (ICS) Cybersecurity'', '' Operational Tec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ISO/IEC 27005
ISO/IEC 27005 "Information technology — Security techniques — Information security risk management" is an international standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) providing good practice guidance on managing risks to information. It is a core part of the ISO/IEC 27000-series of standards, commonly known as ISO27k. The standard offers advice on systematically identifying, assessing, evaluating and treating information security risks - processes at the very heart of an ISO27k Information Security Management System (ISMS). It aims to ensure that organizations design, implement, manage, monitor and maintain their information security controls and other arrangements rationally, according to their information security risks. The current fourth edition of ISO/IEC 27005 was published in October 2022. Overview ISO/IEC 27005 does not specify or recommend specific risk management methods in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ISO 31000
ISO 31000 is an international standard that provides principles and guidelines for risk management. It outlines a comprehensive approach to identifying, analyzing, evaluating, treating, monitoring and communicating risks across an organization. The goal of these standards is to provide a consistent vocabulary and methodology for assessing and managing risk, addressing long-standing ambiguities and inconsistencies in how risk has traditionally been defined and described. They are designed to be compatible with and integrated into existing management systems, supporting a unified and systematic approach to risk across all organizational functions. Introduction ISO 31000 was published as a standard on 13 November 2009, and provides a standard on the implementation of risk management. A revised and harmonized ISO/IEC Guide 73 was published at the same time. The purpose of ISO 31000 is to provide a guideline on managing risk faced by organizations Using a common approach for any ty ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
IT Risk Management
IT risk management is the application of risk management methods to information technology in order to manage IT risk. Various methodologies exist to manage IT risks, each involving specific processes and steps. An IT risk management system (ITRMS) is a component of a broader enterprise risk management (ERM) system. ITRMS are also integrated into broader information security management systems (ISMS). The continuous update and maintenance of an ISMS is in turn part of an organisation's systematic approach for identifying, assessing, and managing information security risks. Definitions The Certified Information Systems Auditor Review Manual 2006 by ISACA provides this definition of risk management: "''Risk management is the process of identifying vulnerabilities and threats to the information resources used by an organization in achieving business objectives, and deciding what countermeasures, if any, to take in reducing risk to an acceptable level, based on the value of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Process Hazard Analysis
A process hazard analysis (PHA) (or process hazard evaluation) is an exercise for the identification of hazards of a process facility and the qualitative or semi-quantitative assessment of the associated risk. A PHA provides information intended to assist managers and employees in making decisions for improving safety and reducing the consequences of unwanted or unplanned releases of hazardous materials. A PHA is directed toward analyzing potential causes and consequences of fires, explosions, releases of toxic or flammable chemicals and major spills of hazardous chemicals, and it focuses on equipment, instrumentation, utilities, human actions, and external factors that might impact the process. It is one of the elements of OSHA's program for Process Safety Management. There are several methodologies that can be used to conduct a PHA, including checklists, hazard identification (HAZID) reviews, what-if reviews and SWIFT, hazard and operability studies (HAZOP), failure mode and effe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hazard And Operability Study
A hazard and operability study (HAZOP) is a structured and systematic examination of a complex system, usually a process facility, in order to identify hazards to personnel, equipment or the environment, as well as operability problems that could affect operations efficiency. It is the foremost hazard identification tool in the domain of process safety. The intention of performing a HAZOP is to review the design to pick up design and engineering issues that may otherwise not have been found. The technique is based on breaking the overall complex design of the process into a number of simpler sections called ''nodes'' which are then individually reviewed. It is carried out by a suitably experienced multi-disciplinary team during a series of meetings. The HAZOP technique is qualitative and aims to stimulate the imagination of participants to identify potential hazards and operability problems. Structure and direction are given to the review process by applying standardized guideword ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Process Safety Management
Process safety management (PSM) is a practice to manage business operations critical to process safety. It can be implemented using the established OSHA scheme or others made available by the EPA, AIChE's Center for Chemical Process Safety, or the Energy Institute. PSM schemes are organized in 'elements'. Different schemes are based on different lists of elements. This is a typical list of elements that may be reconciled with most established PSM schemes: * Commit to process safety ** Process safety culture ** Compliance with standards ** Process safety competency ** Workforce involvement ** Stakeholder outreach * Understand hazards and risks ** Process knowledge and documentation management ** Hazard identification and risk analysis * Manage risk ** Operating procedures ** Safe work practices (e.g. a permit-to-work system) ** Asset integrity management ** Contractor management ** Training and performance assurance ** Management of change ** Operational readiness ** Conduc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Process Safety
Process safety is an interdisciplinary engineering domain focusing on the study, prevention, and management of large-scale fires, explosions and chemical accidents (such as toxic gas clouds) in process plants or other facilities dealing with hazardous materials, such as refineries and oil and gas ( onshore and offshore) production installations. Thus, process safety is generally concerned with the prevention of, control of, mitigation of and recovery from unintentional hazardous materials releases that can have a serious effect to people (onsite and offsite), plant and/or the environment. Definition and scope The American Petroleum Institute defines process safety as follows: A disciplined framework for managing the integrity of hazardous operating systems and processes by applying good design principles, engineering, and operating and maintenance practices. It deals with the prevention and control of events that have the potential to release hazardous materials or energy. Such ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Risk Matrix
A risk matrix is a matrix that is used during risk assessment to define the level of risk by considering the category of likelihood (often confused with one of its possible quantitative metrics, i.e. the probability) against the category of consequence severity. This is a simple mechanism to increase visibility of risks and assist management decision making. Definitions Risk is the lack of certainty about the outcome of making a particular choice. Statistically, the level of downside risk can be calculated as the product of the probability that harm occurs (e.g., that an accident happens) multiplied by the severity of that harm (i.e., the average amount of harm or more conservatively the maximum credible amount of harm). In practice, the risk matrix is a useful approach where either the probability or the harm severity cannot be estimated with accuracy and precision. Although standard risk matrices exist in certain contexts (e.g. US DoD, NASA, ISO),International Organization fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bow-tie Diagram
A bow-tie diagram is a graphic tool used to describe a possible damage process in terms of the mechanisms that may initiate an event in which energy is released, creating possible outcomes, which themselves produce adverse consequences such as injury and damage. The diagram is centred on the (generally unintended) event with credible initiating mechanisms on the left (being where reading diagrams starts) and resulting outcomes and associated consequences (such as injury, loss of property, damage to the environment, etc.) on the right. Needed control measures, or barriers, can be identified for each possible path from mechanisms to the final consequences. The shape of the diagram resembles a bow tie, after which it is named. A bow-tie diagram can be considered as a simplified, linear, and qualitative representation of a fault tree (analyzing the cause of an event) combined with an event tree (analyzing the consequences), although it can maintain the quantitative, probabilistic a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Impact Assessment
Policy impact assessments, or simply impact assessments (IAs), are formal, evidence-based procedures that assess prospective economic, social, and environmental effects of a public policy proposal. They have been incorporated into policy making in the OECD countries and the European Commission. If the assessment is favourable, and the proposed policy is enacted—after a suitable length of time for the policy to gain traction—it might be followed by an impact evaluation; ideally, assessed impacts before the fact and evaluated impacts after the fact are not wildly divergent. In some cases, impact becomes politicized due to a change in the governing regime between assessment and evaluation, and non-congruence might be amplified for ideological reasons. In other cases, the world is a complex place, and assessment is not a perfect art. Key types of impact assessments include global assessments (global level), policy impact assessment (policy level), strategic environmental assessmen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Evaluation Methods
In common usage, evaluation is a systematic determination and assessment of a subject's merit, worth and significance, using criteria governed by a set of standards. It can assist an organization, program, design, project or any other intervention or initiative to assess any aim, realizable concept/proposal, or any alternative, to help in decision-making; or to generate the degree of achievement or value in regard to the aim and objectives and results of any such action that has been completed. The primary purpose of evaluation, in addition to gaining insight into prior or existing initiatives, is to enable reflection and assist in the identification of future change. Evaluation is often used to characterize and appraise subjects of interest in a wide range of human enterprises, including the arts, criminal justice, foundations, non-profit organizations, government, health care, and other human services. It is long term and done at the end of a period of time. Definition Eva ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
