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Coronavirus 3′ UTR
Coronavirus genomes are Positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus, positive-sense single-stranded RNA molecules with an untranslated region (UTR) at the Directionality (molecular biology), 3′ end which is called the Three prime untranslated region, 3′ UTR. The 3′ UTR is responsible for important biological functions, such as viral Viral replication, replication. The 3′ UTR has a conserved RNA Nucleic acid secondary structure, secondary structure but different Coronavirus genera (alphacoronavirus, Alpha-, betacoronavirus, Beta-, gammacoronavirus, Gamma-, and Deltacoronavirus (genus), Deltacoronaviruses) have different structural features described below. Alphacoronavirus 3′ UTR The 3′ UTR of Alphacoronaviruses consists of two small hairpins (PK-SL2) which can form an alternate conformation (PK-SL1) where the loop region of the second hairpin interacts with the stem of the first hairpin (see Coronavirus 3′ UTR pseudoknot). PK-SL2 has been confirmed in Human coronaviru ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coronavirus
Coronaviruses are a group of related RNA viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans and birds, they cause respiratory tract infections that can range from mild to lethal. Mild illnesses in humans include some cases of the common cold (which is also caused by other viruses, predominantly rhinoviruses), while more lethal varieties can cause SARS, MERS and COVID-19. In cows and pigs they cause diarrhea, while in mice they cause hepatitis and encephalomyelitis. Coronaviruses constitute the subfamily ''Orthocoronavirinae'', in the family ''Coronaviridae'', order ''Nidovirales'' and realm ''Riboviria''. They are enveloped viruses with a Positive-strand RNA virus, positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome and a nucleocapsid of helical symmetry. The genome size of coronaviruses ranges from approximately 26 to 32 kilobases, one of the largest among RNA viruses. They have characteristic club-shaped Spike protein, spikes that project from their surface, which in electron ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Human Coronavirus 229E
Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E, ''Alphacoronavirus chicagoense'') is a species of coronavirus which infects humans and bats. It is an Viral envelope, enveloped, Sense (molecular biology), positive-sense, RNA, single-stranded RNA virus which enters its host cell by binding to the Alanine aminopeptidase, APN receptor. Along with Human coronavirus OC43 (a member of the ''Betacoronavirus'' genus), it is one of the viruses responsible for the common cold. HCoV-229E is a member of the genus ''Alphacoronavirus'' and subgenus ''Duvinacovirus''. Transmission HCoV-229E transmits via droplet-respiration and fomites. Signs and symptoms HCoV-229E is associated with a range of respiratory symptoms, ranging from the common cold to high-morbidity outcomes such as pneumonia and bronchiolitis. However, such high Disease#Morbidity, morbidity outcomes are almost always seen in cases with co-infection with other respiratory pathogens; there is a single published case report to date of a 229E infe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coronavirus Frameshifting Stimulation Element
In molecular biology, the coronavirus frameshifting stimulation element is a conserved stem-loop of RNA found in coronaviruses that can promote ribosomal frameshifting. Such RNA molecules interact with a downstream region to form a pseudoknot structure; the region varies according to the virus but pseudoknot formation is known to stimulate frameshifting. In the classical situation, a sequence 32 nucleotides downstream of the stem is complementary to part of the loop. In other coronaviruses, however, another stem-loop structure around 150 nucleotides downstream can interact with members of this family to form kissing stem-loops and stimulate frameshifting. Other RNA families identified in the coronavirus include the coronavirus 3′ stem-loop II-like motif (s2m), the coronavirus packaging signal and the coronavirus 3′ UTR pseudoknot. During protein synthesis, rapidly changing conditions in the cell can cause ribosomal pausing. In coronaviruses, this can affect growth rat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coronavirus 3′ Stem-loop II-like Motif (s2m)
The Coronavirus 3′ stem-loop II-like motif (also known as s2m) is a secondary structure motif identified in the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) of astrovirus, coronavirus and equine rhinovirus genomes. Its function is unknown, but various viral 3′ UTR regions have been found to play roles in viral replication and packaging. This motif appears to be conserved in both nucleotide sequence and secondary structure folding indicating a strong evolutionary selection for its conservation. The presence of this conserved motif in different viral families is suggested to be the result of at least two separate recombination events. To date s2m has been described in four families of positive sense single-stranded RNA viruses; ''Astroviridae'', ''Caliciviridae'', ''Picornaviridae'' and ''Coronaviridae''. The viruses that contain s2m can infect a wide range of higher vertebrates, including birds, bats, horses, dogs and humans, and display different tissue tropisms. There seems to be a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coronavirus 5′ UTR
Coronavirus genomes are Positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus, positive-sense single-stranded RNA molecules with an untranslated region (UTR) at the Directionality (molecular biology), 5′ end which is called the Five prime untranslated region, 5′ UTR. The 5′ UTR is responsible for important biological functions, such as viral Viral replication, replication, Transcription (biology), transcription and packaging. The 5′ UTR has a conserved RNA Nucleic acid secondary structure, secondary structure but different Coronavirus genera (alphacoronavirus, Alpha-, betacoronavirus, Beta-, gammacoronavirus, Gamma-, and Deltacoronavirus (genus), Deltacoronaviruses) have different structural features described below. Alphacoronavirus 5′ UTR The first 150 to 200 nucleotides within the 5′ UTR of Alphacoronaviruses are highly structured and shown to be Conserved sequence, conserved on the structural level. The 5′ UTRs are predicted to contain three conserved stem-loops: * SL1 is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RF03124
Radio frequency (RF) is the oscillation rate of an alternating electric current or voltage or of a magnetic, electric or electromagnetic field or mechanical system in the frequency range from around to around . This is roughly between the upper limit of audio frequencies that humans can hear (though these are not electromagnetic) and the lower limit of infrared frequencies, and also encompasses the microwave range. These are the frequencies at which energy from an oscillating current can radiate off a conductor into space as radio waves, so they are used in radio technology, among other uses. Different sources specify different upper and lower bounds for the frequency range. Electric current Electric currents that oscillate at radio frequencies (RF currents) have special properties not shared by direct current or lower audio frequency alternating current, such as the 50 or 60 Hz current used in electrical power distribution. * Energy from RF currents in conductors can ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gammacoronavirus
''Gammacoronavirus'' (Gamma-CoV) is one of the four genera (''Alphacoronavirus, Alpha''-, ''Betacoronavirus, Beta-'', ''Gamma-'', and ''Deltacoronavirus (genus), Delta-'') of coronaviruses. It is in the subfamily ''Orthocoronavirinae'' of the family ''Coronaviridae''. They are Viral envelope, enveloped, Sense (molecular biology), positive-sense, Base pair, single-stranded RNA viruses of Zoonosis, zoonotic origin. Coronaviruses infect both animals and humans. While the alpha and beta genera are derived from the bat gene pool, the gamma and delta genera are derived from the avian and pig gene pools. Gamma-CoV also known as coronavirus group 3 are the avian coronaviruses. Taxonomy The genus contains the following subgenera and species: * Subgenus: ''Brangacovirus'' ** ''Gammacoronavirus brantae'', Goose coronavirus CB17 * Subgenus: ''Cegacovirus'' ** ''Gammacoronavirus delphinapteri'', Beluga whale coronavirus SW1 * Subgenus: ''Igacovirus'' ** ''Gammacoronavirus anatis'', Duck co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SARS-CoV-2
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) is a strain of coronavirus that causes COVID-19, the respiratory illness responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. The virus previously had the Novel coronavirus, provisional name 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), and has also been called human coronavirus 2019 (HCoV-19 or hCoV-19). First identified in the city of Wuhan, Hubei, China, the World Health Organization designated the outbreak a public health emergency of international concern from January 30, 2020, to May 5, 2023. SARS‑CoV‑2 is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus that is Contagious disease, contagious in humans. SARS‑CoV‑2 is a strain of the species ''Betacoronavirus pandemicum'' (SARSr-CoV), as is SARS-CoV-1, the virus that caused the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak. There are animal-borne coronavirus strains more closely related to SARS-CoV-2, the most closely known relative being the BANAL-52 bat coronavirus. SARS-CoV-2 is of Zoonosis, z ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stop Codon
In molecular biology, a stop codon (or termination codon) is a codon (nucleotide triplet within messenger RNA) that signals the termination of the translation process of the current protein. Most codons in messenger RNA correspond to the addition of an amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain, which may ultimately become a protein; stop codons signal the termination of this process by binding release factors, which cause the ribosomal subunits to disassociate, releasing the amino acid chain. While start codons need nearby sequences or initiation factors to start translation, a stop codon alone is sufficient to initiate termination. Properties Standard codons In the standard genetic code, there are three different termination codons: Alternative stop codons There are variations on the standard genetic code, and alternative stop codons have been found in the mitochondrial genomes of vertebrates, '' Scenedesmus obliquus'', and '' Thraustochytrium''. Reassigned ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Betacoronavirus
''Betacoronavirus'' (β-CoVs or Beta-CoVs) is one of four genera (''Alphacoronavirus, Alpha''-, ''Beta-'', ''Gammacoronavirus, Gamma-'', and ''Deltacoronavirus (genus), Delta-'') of coronaviruses. Member viruses are Viral envelope, enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses that infect mammals, including humans. The natural reservoir for betacoronaviruses are bats and rodents. Rodents are the reservoir for the subgenus ''Embecovirus'', while Bat virome, bats are the reservoir for the other subgenera. The coronavirus genera are each composed of varying viral lineages with the betacoronavirus genus containing four such lineages: A, B, C, D. In older literature, this genus is also known as "group 2 coronaviruses". The genus is in the subfamily ''Orthocoronavirinae'' in the family ''Coronaviridae'', of the order ''Nidovirales''. The betacoronaviruses of the greatest clinical importance concerning humans are Human coronavirus OC43, OC43 and Human coronavirus HKU1, HKU1 (which can cause ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RF03122
Radio frequency (RF) is the oscillation rate of an alternating electric current or voltage or of a magnetic, electric or electromagnetic field or mechanical system in the frequency range from around to around . This is roughly between the upper limit of audio frequencies that humans can hear (though these are not electromagnetic) and the lower limit of infrared frequencies, and also encompasses the microwave range. These are the frequencies at which energy from an oscillating current can radiate off a conductor into space as radio waves, so they are used in radio technology, among other uses. Different sources specify different upper and lower bounds for the frequency range. Electric current Electric currents that oscillate at radio frequencies (RF currents) have special properties not shared by direct current or lower audio frequency alternating current, such as the 50 or 60 Hz current used in electrical power distribution. * Energy from RF currents in conductors can ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Human Coronavirus NL63
Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63, ''Alphacoronavirus amsterdamense'') is a species of coronavirus, assigned to the subgenus ''Setracovirus'' and the genus ''Alphacoronavirus''. It was identified in late 2004 in patients in Netherlands, the Netherlands by Lia van der Hoek and Krzysztof Pyrc using a novel virus discovery method VIDISCA. Later on the discovery was confirmed by the researchers from Rotterdam. The virus is an Viral envelope, enveloped, Sense (molecular biology), positive-sense, RNA, single-stranded RNA virus which enters its host cell by binding to ACE2. Infection with the virus has been confirmed worldwide, and has an association with many common symptoms and diseases. Associated diseases include mild to moderate upper respiratory tract infections, severe lower respiratory tract infection, croup and bronchiolitis. The virus is found primarily in young children, the elderly, and immunodeficiency, immunocompromised patients with acute respiratory illness. It also has a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
