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Chŏng Munbu
Chŏng Munbu (; 19th day, 2nd month of 1565 – 29th day, 11th month of 1624) was a Korean scholar-official and military leader of the mid-Joseon period. He is remembered for his role as a commander of a Righteous armies, righteous army (civilian militia) during the 1592–1598 Imjin War. Born in 1565 in Seoul, Hansŏng, he passed the Gwageo, state civil service examination in 1588 and entered government service as a civil official. In 1591, he relocated to Hamgyong Province, where he worked in a military administration position. With the outbreak of the Imjin War in 1592 and the subsequent advance of Japanese forces into Hamgyong Province, Chŏng organized and led a righteous army against the Japanese forces and their local Korean collaborators. He ran several Pukkwan campaign, successful campaigns against Japanese forces that ultimately resulted in their expulsion from Hamgyong Province. Despite these accomplishments, Chŏng did not receive significant official recognition, o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pukkwan Victory Monument
The Pukkwan Victory Monument (''Pukkwan Taech'ŏppi'', full name ''Yumyŏng Chosŏnguk Hamgyŏngdo Imjin Ŭibyŏng Taech'ŏppi'', the "Ming-Joseon Hamgyongdo Imjin righteous army victory monument") is a stone stele written in Korean Hanmun commemorating a series of Korean military victories between 1592 and 1594 against the invading army of Japan during the Imjin War. First erected in 1707 in Kilju in what is now North Korea, it was subsequently taken to Japan during the Japanese occupation of Korea during the Russo-Japanese War of 1905. It was eventually discovered on the grounds of Yasukuni Shrine in Tokyo, prompting a Korean outcry that it be returned. In a ceremony on 12 October 2005, it was turned over to officials from South Korea, who returned it to its original location, which is now in North Korea. Creation The Seven-Year War resulted from two Japanese invasions, in 1592 and 1597. The Koreans and their Chinese allies drove back the invasion but the bitter war was a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Katō Kiyomasa
was a Japanese ''daimyō'' of the Azuchi–Momoyama period, Azuchi–Momoyama and Edo periods. His court title was . His name as a child was ''Yashamaru'', and first name was ''Toranosuke''. He was one of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Hideyoshi's Seven Spears of Shizugatake. Biography Kiyomasa was born in what is now Nakamura-ku, Nagoya (situated in contemporary Aichi District, Aichi, Aichi District, Owari Province) to Katō Kiyotada. Kiyotada's wife, Ito, was a cousin of Toyotomi Hideyoshi's mother. Kiyotada died while his son, Kiyomasa (then known as Toranosuke), was still young. Soon after, Toranosuke entered into Hideyoshi's service, and in 1576, at age 15, was granted a stipend of 170 ''koku''. In 1582, he fought in Hideyoshi's army at the Battle of Yamazaki, and later in 1583 at the Battle of Shizugatake. Owing to his achievement in that battle, he became known as one of the Seven Spears of Shizugatake and was rewarded with 3,000 additional ''koku''. In 1584, Kiyomasa took part ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Confucianism
Confucianism, also known as Ruism or Ru classicism, is a system of thought and behavior originating in ancient China, and is variously described as a tradition, philosophy, Religious Confucianism, religion, theory of government, or way of life. Founded by Confucius in the Hundred Schools of Thought era (c. 500 BCE), Confucianism integrates philosophy, ethics, and social governance, with a core focus on virtue, Harmonious Society, social harmony, and Filial piety, familial responsibility. Confucianism emphasizes virtue through self-cultivation and communal effort. Key virtues include ''Ren (philosophy), ren'' (benevolence), ''Yi (philosophy), yi'' (righteousness), ''Li (Confucianism), li'' (propriety), ''Wisdom, zhi'' (wisdom), and ''Xin (virtue), xin'' (sincerity). These values, deeply tied to the notion of ''tian'' (heaven), present a worldview where human relationships and social order are manifestations of sacred moral principles.. While Confucianism does not emphasize an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jurchen People
Jurchen (, ; , ) is a term used to collectively describe a number of East Asian people, East Asian Tungusic languages, Tungusic-speaking people. They lived in northeastern China, also known as Manchuria, before the 18th century. The Jurchens were renamed Manchu people, Manchus in 1635 by Hong Taiji. Different Jurchen groups lived as hunter-gatherers, pastoralist semi-nomads, or sedentary agriculturists. Generally lacking a central authority, and having little communication with each other, many Jurchen groups fell under the influence of neighbouring dynasties, their chiefs paying tribute and holding nominal posts as effectively hereditary commanders of border guards. Han Chinese, Han officials of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) classified them into three groups, reflecting relative proximity to the Ming: #Jianzhou Jurchens, Jianzhou (Chinese: 建州) Jurchens, some of whom were mixed with Chinese populations, lived in the proximity of the Mudan River, Mudan river, the Changbai Mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Korean Literati Purges
Literati purges is a translation of the Korean term ''sahwa'' (), whose literal meaning is "scholars' calamity." It refers to a series of political purges in the late 15th and the 16th centuries in which Sarim scholars suffered persecution at the hands of their political rivals. The politics of the Middle Joseon Dynasty were primarily marked by a power struggle between two social groups of the yangban aristocracy. People in place were the 'Meritorious Subjects', rewarded for helping the establishment of Joseon against the former Goryeo, and subsequent accomplishments. Referred as the Hungu faction ( Hungupa, 훈구파, 勳舊派), they held the key positions in the State Council and the Six Ministries that carried out state affairs. The newcomers were the so-called Sarim (Sarimpa, 사림파, 士林派), who belonged to the neo-Confucian school of Kim Chong-jik and other thinkers. The Sarim scholars generally shunned the royal court and studied neo-Confucianism in rural provi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chijegyo
''Chijegyo'' () was the title of a government position during Korea's Joseon period. ''Chijegyo'' worked to execute edicts of the king. History The position was created during the Goryeo period, under the name ''Chijego'' (). Goryeo's successor Joseon had two subdivisions of the position: Inner Chijegyo were officers of the Sŭngjŏngwŏn and Outer Chijegyo were ten elected subjects of the . Sejong the Great later permitted bachelors of Jiphyeonjeon to take hold of outer jijegyo altogether with their original duty, whereas in 1430, he again transformed the guideline, which allowed bachelors to be inner jijegyo, with personnel of outer jijegyo being elected as the same way as before. Since Jinhyeojeon had gone through innovative doctrine with establishment of Hongmungwan, the personnel of Hongmungwan came to hold 13 seats of chijegyo simultaneously, whereas another officers were elected in a separate division. By late 18th century, the meaning of "Inner Chijegyo" became shift ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sahŏnbu
Sahŏnbu () was a government office during the Korean Goryeo and Joseon periods. It administered inspections, especially on the Joseon capital Hanyang (Seoul) and periphery. It was also responsible for licensing officials, impeachment and legal inquiries, which also extended to the control of King's relatives. An important duty was to remonstrate with the king. Responsibility # Regular meeting of royal court # Payment of national debts # Tributes # Administration of Gwageo (civil service exams) The system began in China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ..., where the office played a wider role at the royal court. In this sense, the office and its responsibility was in line with Saganwon where the subjects remonstrate the order of King. The issue of royal court was to c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hongmun'gwan
Hongmun'gwan (), or the Office of Special Advisors, was one of the Three Offices of Joseon; it acted as the Joseon dynasty's administrative and research agency. History Hongmun'gwan was one of the Three offices of Joseon, together with the Saheonbu and the Saganwon. It was also known as the ''Ok-dang'' (옥당, 玉堂), ''Ok-seo'' (옥서, 玉署), and ''Yeong-gak'' (영각, 瀛閣). It was established in 1463 to replace the Hall of Worthies (Jiphyeonjeon·집현전). The Hall of Worthies was the body originally tasked with answering the kings' questions, however it was abolished in 1456 by King Sejo; when many of its key officials (the "Six martyred ministers") became involved in an assassination plot in their effort to restore deposed king Danjong to the throne. The books stored in the Hall of Worthies were moved to Yemungwan. In 1463, the Jangseogak was renamed the Hongmun'gwan. In 1478, Hongmun'gwan was divided and reformed from Yemungwan. Hongmun'gwan maintained the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sŭngjŏngwŏn
Sŭngjŏngwŏn (), or Royal Secretariat, was the royal administrative office during the Joseon dynasty responsible for receiving and delivering the king's orders. The office was also called Chŏngwŏn (), Huwŏn (), Ŭndae (), or Taeŏnsa (). According to the ''Kyŏngguk taejŏn'' (Complete Codes of Law), the Sŭngjŏngwŏn had six royal secretaries (), whose ranks were in the 3rd senior grade, as well as two recorders (). The duties of the royal secretaries were primarily to deliver the monarch's orders to government organizations (under the Joseon administrative system the monarch never delivered his orders directly to any government office) and to report on official affairs of the state organizations to the throne. The six secretary system is explained by the fact that the government of Joseon was composed of six boards (or ministries). The six secretaries served respectively the Boards of Personnel, War, Taxation, Rites, Works, and Punishment. However, the secretaries were not ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Seoul
The region now corresponding to Seoul, South Korea has been inhabited since the Paleolithic Age. It has been the capital of a number of kingdoms since it was established. Prehistoric It is believed that humans were living in the area that is now Seoul along the lower reaches of the Han River during the Paleolithic Age and archaeological research shows that people began to lead settled lives starting in the Neolithic Age. Prehistoric remains that are unearthed in the , located in Gangdong District, date back to about 3,000 to 7,000 years ago. With the introduction of bronze ware from about 700 BC, settlements gradually began to spread from the river basin toward inland areas. Three Kingdoms and Unified Silla period In 18 BC, the kingdom of Baekje founded its capital city, Wiryeseong, which is believed to be inside modern-day Seoul. Baekje subsequently developed from a member state of the Mahan confederacy into one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. There are several city wall re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ming Dynasty
The Ming dynasty, officially the Great Ming, was an Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol Empire, Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming was the last imperial dynasty of China ruled by the Han people, the majority ethnic group in China. Although the primary capital of Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng (who established the short-lived Shun dynasty), numerous rump state, rump regimes ruled by remnants of the House of Zhu, Ming imperial family, collectively called the Southern Ming, survived until 1662. The Ming dynasty's founder, the Hongwu Emperor (1368–1398), attempted to create a society of self-sufficient rural communities ordered in a rigid, immobile system that would guarantee and support a permanent class of soldiers for his dynasty: the empire's standing army exceeded one million troops and the naval history of China, navy's dockyards in Nanjing were the largest in the world. H ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
