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Chryseobacterium Nematophagum
"''Chryseobacterium nematophagum''" is a Gram-negative, aerobic and rod-shaped bacteria in the genus ''Chryseobacterium'', which was first isolated from '' Caenorhabditis briggsae'' nematodes in rotting apples in France. It exhibits gliding motility. After ingestion by a nematode, they attack it from within, breaking down its extracellular matrices and killing it. In laboratory tests ''C. nematophagum'' infected and killed a wide variety of nematodes, including the model organism ''Caenorhabditis elegans'', and the vertebrate parasites '' Ancylostoma caninum'', '' Cooperia curtecei'', '' Cooperia oncophera'', '' Haemonchus contortus'', '' Nippostrongylus brasiliensis'', ''Ostertagia ostertagi'', '' Parastrongyloides trichosura'' and ''Trichostrongylus vitrinus ''Trichostrongylus'' species are nematodes (round worms), which are ubiquitous among herbivores worldwide, including cattle, sheep, donkeys, goats, deer, and rabbits.Garcia LS, editor. Diagnostic Medical Parasitology ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bacteria
Bacteria (; singular: bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep biosphere of Earth's crust. Bacteria are vital in many stages of the nutrient cycle by recycling nutrients such as the fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere. The nutrient cycle includes the decomposition of dead bodies; bacteria are responsible for the putrefaction stage in this process. In the biological communities surrounding hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, extremophile bacteria provide the nutrients needed to sustain life by converting dissolved compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide and methane, to energy. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Extracellular Matrices
In biology, the extracellular matrix (ECM), also called intercellular matrix, is a three-dimensional network consisting of extracellular macromolecules and minerals, such as collagen, enzymes, glycoproteins and hydroxyapatite that provide structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells. Because multicellularity evolved independently in different multicellular lineages, the composition of ECM varies between multicellular structures; however, cell adhesion, cell-to-cell communication and differentiation are common functions of the ECM. The animal extracellular matrix includes the interstitial matrix and the basement membrane. Interstitial matrix is present between various animal cells (i.e., in the intercellular spaces). Gels of polysaccharides and fibrous proteins fill the interstitial space and act as a compression buffer against the stress placed on the ECM. Basement membranes are sheet-like depositions of ECM on which various epithelial cells rest. Each type of connec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ostertagia Ostertagi
''Ostertagia ostertagi'', commonly known as the medium stomach worm or brown stomach worm, is a parasitic nematode (round worm) of cattle. ''O. ostertagi'' can also be found to a lesser extent in sheep, goats, wild ruminants, and horses. It causes ostertagiosis, which is potentially fatal in cattle. It is found worldwide and is economically important to cattle industries, particularly those found in temperate climates. The abomasal nematode ''O. ostertagi'' is a clade V nematode of the order ''Strongylida'', the family ''Trichostrongylidae'' and genus '' Ostertagia''. Ransom first described the genus ''Ostertagia'' in 1907, which currently contains approximately 15 species. All species of the genus ''Ostertagia'' infect domestic or wild ruminants. These species form a large and complex group, the taxonomy of which has not been fully elucidated. Life cycle ''O. ostertagi'' has a life cycle which consists of two stages: the free-living, pre-parasitic stage and the parasitic stage ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis
''Nippostrongylus brasiliensis'' is a gastrointestinal roundworm that infects rodents, primarily rats. This worm is a widely studied parasite due to its simple lifecycle and its ability to be used in animal models. Its lifecycle similar to the human hookworms ''Necator americanus'' and ''Ancylostoma duodenale'' which includes five molting stages to become sexually mature. Lifecycle Eggs located within the soil release motile, free-living worms that must moult twice (L1 and L2) to develop into their infective L3 stage. This L3 stage can penetrate through intact skin in as little as 4 hours. Once inside the host, the worms invade the venous circulation and are carried into the lungs, where they become trapped in the capillaries. When the worms mature into the L4 stage, they rupture the capillaries and are released into the alveoli, where they are coughed up and swallowed. They then reach the small intestines 3–4 days after the initial infection. The worms become adults after the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haemonchus Contortus
''Haemonchus contortus'', also known as the barber's pole worm, is a very common parasite and one of the most pathogenic nematodes of ruminants. Adult worms attach to abomasum, abomasal mucosa and feed on the blood. This parasite is responsible for anemia, oedema, and death of infected sheep and goats, mainly during summer in warm, humid climates. Females may lay over 10,000 eggs a day, which pass from the host animal in the faeces. After hatching from their eggs, ''H. contortus'' larvae ecdysis, molt several times, resulting in an L3 form that is infection, infectious for the animals. The host ingests these larvae when grazing. The L4 larvae, formed after another molt, and adult worms suck blood in the abomasum of the animal, potentially giving rise to anaemia and oedema, which eventually can lead to death. The infection, called haemonchosis, causes large economic losses for farmers around the world, especially for those living in warmer climates. Anthelminthics are used to prev ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cooperia Oncophera
''Cooperia'' is the scientific name of two genera of organisms and may refer to: * ''Cooperia'' (nematode), a genus of nematodes in the family Cooperiidae, including the species '' Cooperia oncophora'' * ''Cooperia'' (plant), a genus of plants in the family Amaryllidaceae, now considered a synonym of ''Zephyranthes'' {{Genus disambiguation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ancylostoma Caninum
''Ancylostoma caninum'' is a species of nematode known as a hookworm, which principally infects the small intestine of dogs. The result of ''A. caninum'' infection ranges from asymptomatic cases to death of the dog; better nourishment, increasing age, prior ''A. caninum'' exposure, or vaccination are all linked to improved survival. Other hosts include carnivores such as wolves, foxes, and cats, with a small number of cases having been reported in humans. Warm and moist conditions are important to allow survival of ''A. caninum'' during the free-living stages of its lifecycle, so it is largely restricted to temperate, tropical, and subtropical regions. In parts of the world where these climatic requirements are met such as Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, and Malaysia, ''A. caninum'' is the main cause of hookworm disease in canines. Morphology ''A. caninum'' females are typically long and wide, while the males are smaller at in length and in width. Males have copulatory bu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caenorhabditis Elegans
''Caenorhabditis elegans'' () is a free-living transparent nematode about 1 mm in length that lives in temperate soil environments. It is the type species of its genus. The name is a blend of the Greek ''caeno-'' (recent), ''rhabditis'' (rod-like) and Latin ''elegans'' (elegant). In 1900, Maupas initially named it ''Rhabditides elegans.'' Osche placed it in the subgenus ''Caenorhabditis'' in 1952, and in 1955, Dougherty raised ''Caenorhabditis'' to the status of genus. ''C. elegans'' is an unsegmented pseudocoelomate and lacks respiratory or circulatory systems. Most of these nematodes are hermaphrodites and a few are males. Males have specialised tails for mating that include spicules. In 1963, Sydney Brenner proposed research into ''C. elegans,'' primarily in the area of neuronal development. In 1974, he began research into the molecular and developmental biology of ''C. elegans'', which has since been extensively used as a model organism. It was the first multice ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gliding Motility
Gliding motility is a type of translocation used by microorganisms that is independent of propulsive structures such as flagella, pili, and fimbriae. Gliding allows microorganisms to travel along the surface of low aqueous films. The mechanisms of this motility are only partially known. Twitching motility also allows microorganisms to travel along a surface, but this type of movement is jerky and uses pili as its means of transport. Bacterial gliding is a type of gliding motility that can also use pili for propulsion. The speed of gliding varies between organisms, and the reversal of direction is seemingly regulated by some sort of internal clock. For example the apicomplexans are able to travel at fast rates between 1–10 µm/s. In contrast ''Myxococcus xanthus'' bacteria glide at a rate of 0.08 µm/s. Cell-invasion and gliding motility have TRAP (thrombospondin-related anonymous protein), a surface protein, as a common molecular basis that is both essential for i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bacteroidota
The phylum Bacteroidota (synonym Bacteroidetes) is composed of three large classes of Gram-negative, nonsporeforming, anaerobic or aerobic, and rod-shaped bacteria that are widely distributed in the environment, including in soil, sediments, and sea water, as well as in the guts and on the skin of animals. Although some ''Bacteroides'' spp. can be opportunistic pathogens, many ''Bacteroidota'' are symbiotic species highly adjusted to the gastrointestinal tract. ''Bacteroides'' are highly abundant in intestines, reaching up to 1011 cells g−1 of intestinal material. They perform metabolic conversions that are essential for the host, such as degradation of proteins or complex sugar polymers. ''Bacteroidota'' colonize the gastrointestinal tract already in infants, as non-digestible oligosaccharides in mother milk support the growth of both '' Bacteroides'' and '' Bifidobacterium'' spp. ''Bacteroides'' spp. are selectively recognized by the immune system of the host through specif ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
