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Chanka–Inca War
The Inca-Chanka war was a semi-legendary, mytho-historical, potentially mythical, military conflict fought between Kingdom of Cusco, Cusco and the Chanka, Chanka chiefdom, several generations prior to the arrival of Europeans. It is the final conflict between these two people. The exact date of the conflict is unknown; it potentially took place at the beginning of the 15th century. The Chanka, Chanka confederation was a loose defensive alliance of various independent chiefdoms, while the Kingdom of Cusco, Cusco confederation, which later became the Inca Empire, was a unified, hierarchically structured polity with a ruling elite and a cultural identity. After a victory during the Chanka assault on Cusco, attack of Cusco, the Inca armies marched into Chanka territory and defeated them at the battle of Yahuar Pampa. The war was an important event to the geo-politics of the region, and opened the way for the creation of the Inca Empire. Because of his victory, Pachacuti, Cusi Yup ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kingdom Of Cusco
The Kingdom of Cusco (sometimes spelled ''Cuzco'' and in Quechua languages, Quechua ''Qosqo'' or ''Qusqu''), also called the Cusco confederation, the Cusco chiefdom, or the Inca Kingdom, was a small polity based in the Andes, Andean city of Cusco that began as a small city-state founded by the Incas around the start of 13th century. In time, through warfare or peaceful assimilation, it began to grow into the Inca Empire (1438–1533). Government The government in Cusco was not much different than most chiefdoms in the region. It is likely that the title held by each ruler was that of a ''kuraka'' or ''sinchi'', until the reign of Inca Roca, who introduced the term ''Sapa Inca'', or ''Inca'' for short. This term would later come to represent the entire ethnic group, while also signifying the roles of "monarch" or "emperor." ''Kurakas'' were simply the heads of an ''ayllu'', a group of families with the same common ancestor or place of origin (Paqarina), that could differ signi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1980s
File:1980s replacement montage02.PNG, 335px, From left, clockwise: The first Space Shuttle, ''Space Shuttle Columbia, Columbia'', lifts off in 1981; US president Ronald Reagan and Soviet Union, Soviet General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, leader Mikhail Gorbachev ease tensions between the two superpowers, leading to the Cold War (1985–1991), end of the Cold War; The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 is considered to be one of the most momentous events of the 1980s; In 1981, the IBM Personal Computer is released; In 1985, the Live Aid concert is held in order to fund relief efforts for the 1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia, famine in Ethiopia during the time Mengistu Haile Mariam ruled the country; Pollution and ecological problems persisted when the Soviet Union and much of the world is filled with radioactive debris from the 1986 Chernobyl disaster, and in 1984, when thousands of people perished in Bhopal, India, Bhopal during a Bhopal disaster, gas leak from ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Panakas
:''Panaka leads here. For Captain Panaka, a fictional character in Star Wars, see List of Star Wars characters#Quarsh Panaka'' A panaca or panaqa, or panaka was a family clan of the Sapa Inca, the kuraka or emperor of the Inca Empire. The panacas were formed by the descendants of a Sapa Inca or his wife. The basic social institution of the Incas is the ayllu. An ayllu is a group of families that descended from a common ancestor, united by culture and religion, in addition to the agricultural work, livestock and fishing of the same territory. The ayllu concept transcended into nobility, so that the royal kinship could establish a lineage, called panaca or royal house. The panaca excluded the auqui (in Quechua ''awki''), the crown prince, who would succeed him. When the designated successor became emperor, he would leave his original panaca and form his own one. The panakas made up the Inca's court and formed the aristocracy of Cusco. They maintained multiple sacred shrines, p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hispanic American Historical Review
The ''Hispanic American Historical Review'' is a quarterly, peer-reviewed, scholarly journal of Latin American history, the official publication of the Conference on Latin American History, the professional organization of Latin American historians. Founded in 1916, HAHR is the oldest journal of Latin American history, and, since 1926, published by Duke University Press. On July 1, 2017, editorial responsibility shifted from Duke University to Penn State for the 2017–2022 term. History The journal was founded by a group of Latin American historians within the American Historical Association, who met to create an institutional structure for this branch of history. Latin-Americanists felt marginalized within the AHA, with few sessions at the annual meeting and limited space within ''The American Historical Review''. The ''Hispanic American Historical Review'' was founded in 1916 at the Cincinnati meeting of the AHA, originally to have had the title ''Ibero-American Historical Revi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Juan De Santa Cruz Pachacuti Yamqui Salcamaygua
Juan de Santa Cruz Pachacuti Yamqui Salcamayhua (Viceroyalty of Perú The Viceroyalty of Peru (), officially known as the Kingdom of Peru (), was a Monarchy of Spain, Spanish imperial provincial administrative district, created in 1542, that originally contained modern-day Peru and most of the Spanish Empire in ..., end of the 16th century – 17th century) was an indigenous Peruvian chronicler, author of the work , of brief length but great worth for the ethnohistorical studies. {{DEFAULTSORT:Santa Cruz, Juan Peruvian people of Aymara descent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pedro Cieza De León
Pedro Cieza de León ( Llerena, Spain c. 1518 or 1520 – Seville, Spain July 2, 1554) was a Spanish conquistador and chronicler of Peru and Popayán. He is known primarily for his extensive work, ''Crónicas del Perú'' (The Chronicle of Peru), which has been a source of knowledge for centuries for different disciplines such as history, philology, geography, biology, anthropology, botany and zoology. He wrote this book in four parts, but only the first was published during his lifetime; the remaining sections were not published until the 19th and 20th centuries. Early life His father, Lope de León, was a shopkeeper in the town, and his mother, Leonor de Cazalla, was a native of Llerena. There is scant documentary evidence of the young Cieza de León’s childhood, and little is known of his early life before his voyage to the Americas. Given the fact that he left home at 13, it is unlikely that Cieza de León received more than a rudimentary education. In 1536, in Córdoba, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wiley-Blackwell
Wiley-Blackwell is an international scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly publishing business of John Wiley & Sons. It was formed by the merger of John Wiley & Sons Global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business with Blackwell Publishing in 2007. Wiley-Blackwell is now an imprint that publishes a diverse range of academic and professional fields, including biology, medicine, physical sciences, technology, social science, and the humanities. Blackwell Publishing history Blackwell Publishing was formed by the 2001 merger of two Oxford-based academic publishing companies, Blackwell Science, founded in 1939 as Blackwell Scientific Publishing, and Blackwell Publishers, founded in 1922 as Basil Blackwell & Mott. Blackwell Publishers, founded in 1926, had its origins in the 19th century Blackwell's family bookshop and publishing business. The merger between the two publishing companies created the world's leading learned society publisher. The group then acquired BMJ Boo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Viracocha Inca
Viracocha Inca ( Quechua, the name of a god) or Viracocha (in hispanicized spelling) (1438) was the eighth '' Sapa Inka'' of the Kingdom of Cuzco (beginning around 1410) and the third of the Hanan dynasty. Biography He was not the son of Yawar Waqaq; however, it was presented as such because he belonged to the same dynasty as his predecessor, the Hanan. His wife's name was Mama Runtu, and their sons included Inca Roca, Tupac Yupanqui, Pachacuti and Capac Yupanqui. His original name was Hatun Tupaq Inca, but he was named after creator deity Wiraqucha after seeing visions of the god in Urcos. With Curi chulpa, he had two additional sons, Inca Urco and Inca Socso.de Gamboa, P.S., 2015, ''History of the Incas'', Lexington, Events in Wiraqucha's life have been recorded by several Spanish writers. The source closest to the original indigenous accounts comes from Juan de Betanzos, a Spanish commoner who rose to prominence by marrying an Inca princess and becoming the foremost tr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wari Culture
The Wari () were a Pre-Inca cultures, Middle Horizon civilization that flourished in the south-central Andes and coastal area of modern-day Peru, from about 500 to 1000 AD. Wari ruins, Wari, as the former capital city was called, is located north-east of the modern city of Ayacucho, Peru. This city was the center of a civilization that covered much of the highlands and coast of modern Peru. The best-preserved remnants, besides the Huari, Wari ruins, are the recently discovered Cerro Pátapo ruins, Northern Wari ruins near the city of Chiclayo, Peru, Chiclayo, and Cerro Baúl in Moquegua. Also well-known are the Wari ruins of Pikillaqta ("Flea Town"), a short distance south-east of Cuzco ''en route'' to Lake Titicaca. However, there is still a debate whether the Wari dominated the Central Coast or the polities on the Central Coast were commercial states capable of interacting with the Wari people without being politically dominated by them. History Archaeological evidence poin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brian Bauer
Brian (sometimes spelled Bryan in English) is a male given name of Irish and Breton origin, as well as a surname of Occitan origin. It is common in the English-speaking world. It is possible that the name is derived from an Old Celtic word meaning "high" or "noble". For example, the element ''bre'' means "hill"; which could be transferred to mean "eminence" or "exalted one". The name is quite popular in Ireland, on account of Brian Boru, a 10th-century High King of Ireland. The name was also quite popular in East Anglia during the Middle Ages. This is because the name was introduced to England by Bretons following the Norman Conquest. Bretons also settled in Ireland along with the Normans in the 12th century, and 'their' name was mingled with the 'Irish' version. Also, in the north-west of England, the 'Irish' name was introduced by Scandinavian settlers from Ireland. Within the Gaelic-speaking areas of Scotland, the name was at first only used by professional families of Irish ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Andahuaylas
Andahuaylas ( Quechua Antawaylla, ''anta'' copper, ''waylla'' meadow, "copper meadow"), founded in 1533 as San Pedro de Andahuaylas «La Grande de la Corona» (Spanish for "The Grand ityof the Crown"), is a Peruvian city. It is the capital of the Andahuaylas Province in the Apurímac Region. It is known as the ''pradera de los celajes'' (Spanish for "prairie of colored clouds"). Its approximate population of 42,268 inhabitants ( 2017 census) makes it the largest city in the region. Geography Andahuyalas is located in the western part of the Apurímac Region Apurímac is the name of: *Apurímac River, a river in the south-eastern parts of central Peru * Department of Apurímac, a region in the south-eastern parts of central Peru *Three albums by the German new-age band Cusco Cusco or Cuzco (; or .... The nearest city is Abancay. Climate Transportation Andahuaylas is served by its own airport, the Andahuaylas Airport. Gallery File:Andahuaylas Central Plaza.jpg, Cen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reiner Tom Zuidema
Reiner Tom Zuidema (May 24, 1927 – March 2, 2016) was professor of Anthropology and Latin American and Caribbean Studies at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He is well known for his seminal contributions on Inca social and political organization. His early work consisted of a structural analysis of the ceque system. He later extended this approach, based on French and Dutch structuralism, to other aspects of Andean civilization, notably kinship, the Inca calendar and Incaic understanding of astronomy. Biography Zuidema was born in Haarlem, the Netherlands. He obtained a PhD in his home country and later moved to the United States. He had started studying Indonesian social sciences but later switched to anthropology of South America. The main reason for this was that Indonesia became independent of the Netherlands, and he could not work in the country anymore. Zuidema studied Spanish in Madrid and moved to Peru in 1957. He published a study on the (lines) of Cusco in 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
