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Castas 07tornatras Max
() is a term which means " lineage" in Spanish and Portuguese and has historically been used as a racial and social identifier. In the context of the Spanish Empire in the Americas, the term also refers to a theoretical framework which postulates that colonial society operated under a hierarchical race-based "caste system". From the outset, colonial Spanish America resulted in widespread intermarriage: unions of Spaniards (), indigenous people (), and Africans (). Basic mixed-race categories that appeared in official colonial documentation were , generally offspring of a Spaniard and an Indigenous person; and , offspring of a Spaniard and an African. A plethora of terms were used for people with mixed Spanish, Indigenous, and African ancestry in 18th-century casta paintings, but they are not known to have been widely used officially or unofficially in the Spanish Empire. Etymology is an Iberian word (existing in Spanish, Portuguese and other Iberian languages since the M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press was the university press of the University of Cambridge. Granted a letters patent by King Henry VIII in 1534, it was the oldest university press in the world. Cambridge University Press merged with Cambridge Assessment to form Cambridge University Press and Assessment under Queen Elizabeth II's approval in August 2021. With a global sales presence, publishing hubs, and offices in more than 40 countries, it published over 50,000 titles by authors from over 100 countries. Its publications include more than 420 academic journals, monographs, reference works, school and university textbooks, and English language teaching and learning publications. It also published Bibles, runs a bookshop in Cambridge, sells through Amazon, and has a conference venues business in Cambridge at the Pitt Building and the Sir Geoffrey Cass Sports and Social Centre. It also served as the King's Printer. Cambridge University Press, as part of the University of Cambridge, was a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scientific Racism
Scientific racism, sometimes termed biological racism, is the pseudoscience, pseudoscientific belief that the Human, human species is divided into biologically distinct taxa called "race (human categorization), races", and that empirical evidence exists to support or justify racial discrimination, racial inferiority, or racial superiority.. "Few tragedies can be more extensive than the stunting of life, few injustices deeper than the denial of an opportunity to strive or even to hope, by a limit imposed from without, but falsely identified as lying within". Before the mid-20th century, scientific racism was accepted throughout the scientific community, but it is no longer considered scientific. The division of humankind into biologically separate groups, along with the assignment of particular physical and mental characteristics to these groups through constructing and applying corresponding Scientific modelling, explanatory models, is referred to as racialism, racial realism ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Criollo People
In Hispanic America, criollo () is a term used originally to describe people of full Spaniards, Spanish descent born in the Viceroyalty, viceroyalties. In different Latin American countries, the word has come to have different meanings, mostly referring to the local-born majority. Historically, they have been misportrayed as a social class in the hierarchy of the Spanish colonization of the Americas, overseas colonies established by Spain beginning in the 16th century, especially in Hispanic America. They were locally born people — almost always of Spaniards, Spanish ancestry, but also sometimes of other Ethnic groups in Europe, European ethnic backgrounds. Their identity was strengthened as a result of the Bourbon reforms of 1700, which changed the Spanish Empire's policies toward its colonies and led to tensions between ''criollos'' and ''peninsulares''. The growth of local ''criollo'' political and economic strength in the separate colonies, coupled with their global geo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pilar Gonzalbo
Pilar Gonzalbo Aizpuru (13 January 1935 in Madrid, Spain - 26 February 2024) was a Spanish-Mexican academic who specialized in the cultural history of New Spain. In 2007 she received, along archaeologist Eduardo Matos Moctezuma, the National Prize for Arts and Sciences of Mexico in the category of History, Social Sciences and Philosophy. Gonzalbo was a member of the Advisory Council on Sciences of the Presidency of Mexico and the Mexican Academy of Sciences. Biography She received a degree in History of the Americas at the Complutense University of Madrid. She moved to Mexico City where she studied a master's degree in pedagogy, graduating with the thesis "Female education in New Spain: Colleges, convents and girls' schools" and a doctorate in History at the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters of the National Autonomous University of Mexico The National Autonomous University of Mexico (, UNAM) is a public university, public research university in Mexico. It has several ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anglosphere
The Anglosphere, also known as the Anglo-American world, is a Western-led sphere of influence among the Anglophone countries. The core group of this sphere of influence comprises five developed countries that maintain close social, cultural, political, economic, and military ties with each other: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Although extended definitions do include non-Western and developing countries that were once part of the British Empire and retained English influence and common law upon independence, such as those in the Indian subcontinent, the Anglosphere is a distinct grouping that is not simply synonymous with countries in which the English language has official status. Anglosphere countries are generally aligned with each other on global issues and collaborate extensively in matters of security, as exemplified by alliances like Five Eyes. The core countries of the Anglosphere were collectively the leading powers of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gonzalo Aguirre Beltrán
Gonzalo Aguirre Beltrán (January 20, 1908 in Tlacotalpan, Veracruz –1996 in Xalapa, Veracruz) was a Mexican anthropologist known for his studies of marginal populations. His work has focused on Afro-Mexican and indigenous populations. He was the director of the National Indigenous Institute and as Assistant Secretary for Popular Culture and Continuing Education he was responsible for forming government policy towards indigenous populations. For this reason he is important in the field of applied anthropology. Life and career Aguirre Beltrán was the son of a medical doctor in Veracruz state and he continued himself in medical studies, attending the National University and earning a B.S. in 1927 and his M.D. in 1931. He returned to his home state, and practiced medicine in the town of Huatusco for ten years. In his early years as a medical doctor, he became interested in local history and published a book on agrarian struggle during the colonial era. In 1942 he met Colum ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ángel Rosenblat
Ángel Rosenblat (9 December 1902, Węgrów, Poland – 11 September 1984, Caracas) was a Poland-born Venezuelan philologist, essayist and hispanist of Jewish descent. Life He and his family moved to Argentina when he was six and he spent his whole education there, including at the University of Buenos Aires, where his classmates included Amado Alonso, and in its Institute of Philology, where his teachers included Pedro Henríquez Ureña. Works *''Lengua y cultura de Hispanoamérica: Tendencias actuales'', 1933. *''Población indígena y el mestizaje en América'', Buenos Aires, 1954, 2 vols. *''Buenas y malas palabras'', 1960. *''Origen e historia del "Che" Argentino, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, 1962 *''El castellano de España y el castellano de América'', 1963. *''El nombre de la Argentina'', 1964 (Eudeba, Buenos Aires Buenos Aires, controlled by the government of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, is the Capital city, capital and largest city of Ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plan Of Iguala
The Plan of Iguala, also known as the Plan of the Three Guarantees ("Plan Trigarante") or Act of Independence of North America, was a revolutionary proclamation promulgated on 24 February 1821, in the final stage of the Mexican War of Independence from Spain. The Plan stated that Mexico was to become a constitutional monarchy, whose sole official religion would be Roman Catholicism, in which both the ''Peninsulares'' (people born in Spain and residing in Mexico) and the ''Americanos'' (people born in Mexico, that is, the Americas) would enjoy equal political and social rights. It took its name from the city of Iguala in the modern-day state of Guerrero. The two main figures behind the Plan were Agustín de Iturbide (who would become First Mexican Empire, Emperor of Mexico) and Vicente Guerrero, revolutionary rebel leader and later President of Mexico. The Army of the Three Guarantees was formed by the unified forces of Iturbide and Guerrero to defend the ideals of the Plan of Igua ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enrique Krauze
Enrique Krauze Kleinbort (born 16 September 1947) is a Mexican historian, essayist, editor, and entrepreneur. He has written more than twenty books, some of which are: ''Mexico: Biography of Power'', ''Redeemers'', and ''El pueblo soy yo'' (''I am the people''). He has also produced more than 500 television programs and documentaries about Mexico's history. His biographical, historical works, and his political and literary essays, which have reached a broad audience, have made him famous. Life and career He received his bachelor's degree in Industrial Engineering from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (1965-1969). He received a Doctorate in History from the Center of Historical Studies in El Colegio de México (1969-1974). He is a member of the Mexican Academy of History and the Mexican National College (El Colegio Nacional (Mexico), El Colegio Nacional). He is also director of the publishing house Clío and director of ''Letras Libres'', a cultural magazine. The En ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
José María Morelos
José María Teclo Morelos Pérez y Pavón () (30 September 1765 – 22 December 1815) was a Mexican Priesthood in the Catholic Church, Catholic priest, statesman and military leader who led the Mexican War of Independence movement, assuming its leadership after the execution of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla in 1811. Born in Morelia, Valladolid, Michoacán, Morelos studied at Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Colegio de San Nicolás and was appointed priest of Carácuaro in 1799. He joined Miguel Hidalgo's Cry of Dolores, soon becoming an insurgency leader. Aided by local peoples, along with revolutionary leaders Mariano Matamoros and Ignacio López Rayón, Morelos occupied territories in southern and central New Spain, leading the Siege of Cuautla and Siege of Acapulco (1813), capturing Acapulco, New Spain's main port in the Pacific Ocean. His campaigns galvanized regional insurgencies against Spanish rule, which made him the royalist army's main rival. In 1813, M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
