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Aurodox
Aurodox (X-5108, goldinomycin) is a naturally occurring polyketide antibiotic drug, first isolated in 1972 from '' Streptomyces goldiniensis''. It is active against various species of Gram-positive bacteria through inhibition of the type III secretion system (T3SS), and while its chemical properties make it unsuitable for use in human medicine directly, it is used in antibiotic research and related compounds may be developed for medical use. See also * Fluorothiazinone Fluorothiazinone (CL-55, Ftortiazinon, Фтортиазинон) is an antibiotic drug, first developed in Russia in 2010 and active against various species of Gram-negative bacteria through inhibition of the type III secretion system (T3SS). It ... References {{reflist Antibiotics Conjugated dienes Pyrans Pyridones Tetrahydrofurans Polyenes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Type III Secretion System
The type III secretion system (T3SS or TTSS), also called the injectisome, is one of the bacterial secretion systems used by bacteria to secrete their effector proteins into the host's cells to promote virulence and colonisation. The T3SS is a needle-like protein complex found in several species of pathogenic gram-negative bacteria. Overview The term Type III secretion system was coined in 1993. This secretion system is distinguished from at least five other secretion systems found in gram-negative bacteria. Many animal and plant associated bacteria possess similar T3SSs. These T3SSs are similar as a result of divergent evolution and phylogenetic analysis supports a model in which gram-negative bacteria can transfer the T3SS gene cassette horizontally to other species. The most researched T3SSs are from species of '' Shigella'' (causes bacillary dysentery), ''Salmonella'' (typhoid fever), ''Escherichia coli'' (Gut flora, some strains cause food poisoning), '' Vibrio'' (gas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fluorothiazinone
Fluorothiazinone (CL-55, Ftortiazinon, Фтортиазинон) is an antibiotic drug, first developed in Russia in 2010 and active against various species of Gram-negative bacteria through inhibition of the type III secretion system (T3SS). It has seen limited clinical use in Russia and is in clinical trials which may eventually see it accepted for use more widely. See also * List of Russian drugs This page is a list of Russian drugs, or drugs that were developed in Russia, the former Soviet Union, and/or post-Soviet countries. Many Russian drugs are indicated for enhancing physical, mental, and/or cognitive performance, including drugs d ... * Aurodox * Triazavirin References {{reflist Amides Antibiotics Catechols Ethoxy compounds Experimental drugs Fluorobenzene derivatives Russian drugs Thiadiazines ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polyketide
Polyketides are a class of natural products derived from a precursor molecule consisting of a chain of alternating ketone (or reduced forms of a ketone) and methylene groups: (-CO-CH2-). First studied in the early 20th century, discovery, biosynthesis, and application of polyketides has evolved. It is a large and diverse group of secondary metabolites caused by its complex biosynthesis which resembles that of fatty acid synthesis. Because of this diversity, polyketides can have various medicinal, agricultural, and industrial applications. Many polyketides are medicinal or exhibit acute toxicity. Biotechnology has enabled discovery of more naturally-occurring polyketides and evolution of new polyketides with novel or improved bioactivity. History Naturally produced polyketides by various plants and organisms have been used by humans since before studies on them began in the 19th and 20th century. In 1893, J. Norman Collie synthesized detectable amounts of orcinol by heating de ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antibiotic
An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria. It is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting pathogenic bacteria, bacterial infections, and antibiotic medications are widely used in the therapy, treatment and antibiotic prophylaxis, prevention of such infections. They may either bactericide, kill or bacteriostatic agent, inhibit the growth of bacteria. A limited number of antibiotics also possess antiprotozoal activity. Antibiotics are not effective against viruses such as the common cold or influenza; drugs which inhibit viruses are termed antiviral drugs or antivirals rather than antibiotics. Sometimes, the term ''antibiotic''—literally "opposing life", from the Greek language, Greek roots ἀντι ''anti'', "against" and βίος ''bios'', "life"—is broadly used to refer to any substance used against microbes, but in the usual medical usage, antibiotics (such as penicillin) are those produced naturally (by one microorgani ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Streptomyces Goldiniensis
''Streptomyces'' is the largest genus of Actinomycetota and the type genus of the family Streptomycetaceae. Over 500 species of ''Streptomyces'' bacteria have been described. As with the other Actinomycetota, streptomycetes are gram-positive, and have genomes with high GC content. Found predominantly in soil and decaying vegetation, most streptomycetes produce spores, and are noted for their distinct "earthy" odor that results from production of a volatile metabolite, geosmin. Streptomycetes are characterised by a complex secondary metabolism. They produce over two-thirds of the clinically useful antibiotics of natural origin (e.g., neomycin, streptomycin, cypemycin, grisemycin, bottromycins and chloramphenicol). The antibiotic streptomycin takes its name directly from ''Streptomyces''. Streptomycetes are infrequent pathogens, though infections in humans, such as mycetoma, can be caused by '' S. somaliensis'' and '' S. sudanensis'', and in plants can be caused by '' S. cavis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gram-positive Bacteria
In bacteriology, gram-positive bacteria are bacteria that give a positive result in the Gram stain test, which is traditionally used to quickly classify bacteria into two broad categories according to their type of cell wall. Gram-positive bacteria take up the crystal violet stain used in the test, and then appear to be purple-coloured when seen through an optical microscope. This is because the thick peptidoglycan layer in the bacterial cell wall retains the stain after it is washed away from the rest of the sample, in the decolorization stage of the test. Conversely, gram-negative bacteria cannot retain the violet stain after the decolorization step; alcohol used in this stage degrades the outer membrane of gram-negative cells, making the cell wall more porous and incapable of retaining the crystal violet stain. Their peptidoglycan layer is much thinner and sandwiched between an inner cell membrane and a bacterial outer membrane, causing them to take up the counterstain ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antibiotics
An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria. It is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections, and antibiotic medications are widely used in the treatment and prevention of such infections. They may either kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. A limited number of antibiotics also possess antiprotozoal activity. Antibiotics are not effective against viruses such as the common cold or influenza; drugs which inhibit viruses are termed antiviral drugs or antivirals rather than antibiotics. Sometimes, the term ''antibiotic''—literally "opposing life", from the Greek roots ἀντι ''anti'', "against" and βίος ''bios'', "life"—is broadly used to refer to any substance used against microbes, but in the usual medical usage, antibiotics (such as penicillin) are those produced naturally (by one microorganism fighting another), whereas non-antibiotic antibacterials (such as sulfonamides and antise ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conjugated Dienes
Conjugation or conjugate may refer to: Linguistics *Grammatical conjugation, the modification of a verb from its basic form *Emotive conjugation or Russell's conjugation, the use of loaded language Mathematics *Complex conjugation, the change of sign of the imaginary part of a complex number *Conjugate (square roots), the change of sign of a square root in an expression *Conjugate element (field theory), a generalization of the preceding conjugations to roots of a polynomial of any degree * Conjugate transpose, the complex conjugate of the transpose of a matrix *Harmonic conjugate in complex analysis * Conjugate (graph theory), an alternative term for a line graph, i.e. a graph representing the edge adjacencies of another graph *In group theory, various notions are called conjugation: ** Inner automorphism, a type of conjugation homomorphism **Conjugation in group theory, related to matrix similarity in linear algebra **Conjugation (group theory), the image of an element under ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pyrans
In chemistry, pyran, or oxine, is a six-membered heterocyclic, non-aromatic ring, consisting of five carbon atoms and one oxygen atom and containing two double bonds. The molecular formula is C5H6O. There are two isomers of pyran that differ by the location of the double bonds. In 2''H''-pyran, the saturated carbon is at position 2, whereas, in 4''H''-pyran, the saturated carbon is at position 4. 4''H''-Pyran was first isolated and characterized in 1962 via pyrolysis of 2-acetoxy-3,4-dihydro-2''H''-pyran. It was found too unstable, particularly in the presence of air. 4''H''-pyran easily disproportionates to the corresponding dihydropyran and the pyrylium ion, which is easily hydrolyzed in aqueous medium. Although the pyrans themselves have little significance in chemistry, many of their derivatives are important biological molecules, such as the pyranoflavonoids. The term pyran is also often applied to the saturated ring analog, which is more properly referred to as tetrahydrop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pyridones
Pyridone may refer to several organic compounds with the formula : *2-Pyridone *3-Pyridone *4-Pyridone Pyridones, {{Short pages monitor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
