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Atacameños
The Atacama people, also called Atacameño, are an Indigenous people from the Atacama Desert and altiplano region in the north of Chile and Argentina and southern Bolivia, mainly the Antofagasta Region. According to the Argentinean Census in 2010, 13,936 people identified as first-generation Atacameño in Argentina, while Chile was home to 21,015 Atacameño people as of 2002.2002 Chilean census Instituto nacional de estadisticas de Chile retrieved on May 17, 2015 Other names include Kunza and Likanantaí. 
History The origins of Atacameño culture can be traced back to 500 AD. The[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kunza Language
Kunza () is a mostly extinct language isolate spoken in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile and southern Peru by the Atacama people, Atacama people, who have since shifted to Spanish people, Spanish. The last speaker was documented in 1949; however, it has since been learned that the language is still spoken in the desert. Other names and spellings include Cunza, Ckunsa, , Lipe, Ulipe, and Atacameño. The word means 'our' in Kunza. History The language was spoken in northern Chile, specifically in the Chilean villages of Peine, Socaire (near the Salar de Atacama), and Caspana, and in southern Peru. The last Kunza speaker was found in 1949, although there are reports of some having been found in 1953 according to anthropologists. There are 2,000 Atacama people, Atacameños (W. Adelaar). Unattested varieties listed by Loukotka (1968): *Atacameño of Bolivia – spoken in a small village on the frontier of Potosí Department, Bolivia, and Antofagasta Province of Chile *Lipe (O ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antofagasta Region
The Antofagasta Region (, ) is one of Chile's Administrative divisions of Chile, sixteen first-order administrative divisions. Being the second-largest region of Chile in area, it comprises three provinces, Antofagasta Province, Antofagasta, El Loa and Tocopilla Province, Tocopilla. It is bordered to the north by Tarapacá Region, Tarapacá, by Atacama Region, Atacama to the south, and to the east by Bolivia and Argentina. The region's capital is the port city of Antofagasta; another one of its important cities is Calama, Chile, Calama. The region's main economic activity is copper mining in Chile, copper mining in its giant inland porphyry copper, porphyry copper systems. Antofagasta's climate of Chile, climate is extremely arid, albeit somewhat milder near the coast. Nearly all of the region is devoid of vegetation, except close to the Loa River and at oases such as San Pedro de Atacama. Much of the inland is covered by Salt pan (geology), salt flats, tephra and lava flows, and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kunza Language
Kunza () is a mostly extinct language isolate spoken in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile and southern Peru by the Atacama people, Atacama people, who have since shifted to Spanish people, Spanish. The last speaker was documented in 1949; however, it has since been learned that the language is still spoken in the desert. Other names and spellings include Cunza, Ckunsa, , Lipe, Ulipe, and Atacameño. The word means 'our' in Kunza. History The language was spoken in northern Chile, specifically in the Chilean villages of Peine, Socaire (near the Salar de Atacama), and Caspana, and in southern Peru. The last Kunza speaker was found in 1949, although there are reports of some having been found in 1953 according to anthropologists. There are 2,000 Atacama people, Atacameños (W. Adelaar). Unattested varieties listed by Loukotka (1968): *Atacameño of Bolivia – spoken in a small village on the frontier of Potosí Department, Bolivia, and Antofagasta Province of Chile *Lipe (O ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Atacama Desert
The Atacama Desert () is a desert plateau located on the Pacific Ocean, Pacific coast of South America, in the north of Chile. Stretching over a strip of land west of the Andes Mountains, it covers an area of , which increases to if the barren lower slopes of the Andes are included. The Atacama Desert is the driest nonpolar desert in the world, and the second driest overall, behind some specific spots within the McMurdo Dry Valleys. It is the only Desert climate, true desert to receive less precipitation than polar deserts, and the largest fog desert in the world. The area has been used as an experimentation site for Mars expedition simulations due to its similarities to the Martian environment. The constant Inversion (meteorology), temperature inversion caused by the cool north-flowing Humboldt Current, Humboldt ocean current and the strong South Pacific High, Pacific anticyclone contribute to the extreme aridity of the desert. The most arid region of the Atacama Desert is s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tiwanaku Empire
The Tiwanaku polity ( or ) was a Pre-Columbian polity in western Bolivia based in the southern Lake Titicaca Basin. Tiwanaku was one of the most significant Andean civilizations. Its influence extended into present-day Peru and Chile and lasted from around 600 to 1000. Its capital was the monumental city of Tiwanaku, located at the center of the polity's core area in the southern Lake Titicaca Basin. This area has clear evidence for large-scale agricultural production on raised fields that probably supported the urban population of the capital. Researchers debate whether these fields were administered by a bureaucratic state (top-down) or through a federation of communities with local autonomy (bottom-up; see review of debate in Janusek 2004:57-73). Tiwanaku was once thought to be an expansive military empire, based mostly on comparisons to the later Inca Empire. However, recent research suggests that labelling Tiwanaku as an empire or even a state may be misleading. Tiwanaku is mi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2021 Chilean Constitutional Convention Election
An election for the members of the Constitutional Convention (Chile), Constitutional Convention was held in Chile between 15 and 16 May 2021. This election was called after 78% of voters in the 2020 Chilean national plebiscite, 2020 national plebiscite voted to write a 2022 proposed Political Constitution of the Republic of Chile, new Constitution through this method. After 2019–2021 Chilean protests, massive protests and riots sparked in October 2019, an agreement was reached on 15 November 2019 between several political parties to start the process to write a new Constitution. In case the first referendum was approved (originally scheduled for 26 April 2021), a special election would be called to select the members of the Constitutional Convention. This election was originally scheduled for 25 October 2020, six months after the first referendum. However, due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile, the first referendum was moved to 25 October and the eventual election ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ximena Anza
Ximena Anza Colamar is a Chilean activist of Atacameño (or ''Likanantaí'') descent. In 2021, she failed to get elected to serve as the representative of the Atacameño people for a reserved seat in the Constitutional Convention. Biography Prior to her election to the Constitutional Convention, Anza was heavily involved in activism in her hometown of Caspana, Antofagasta, including service as Secretary of the Atacama Community in the region. As an activist, she worked with the provincial government of El Loa as well as the municipal government of Calama to coordinate sustainable regional development plans inclusive of Antofagasta's indigenous communities. On environmental policy, Anza has expressed concern that unsustainable tourism Tourism is travel for pleasure, and the Commerce, commercial activity of providing and supporting such travel. World Tourism Organization, UN Tourism defines tourism more generally, in terms which go "beyond the common perception of tou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Constitutional Convention (Chile)
The Constitutional Convention () was the constituent body of the Chile, Republic of Chile in charge of drafting a new Political Constitution of the Republic after the approval of the 2020 Chilean national plebiscite, national plebiscite held in October 2020. Its creation and regulation were carried out through Law No. 21,200, published on 24 December 2019, which amended the Chilean Constitution of 1980, Political Constitution of the Republic to include the process of drafting a new constitution. The body met for the first time on 4 July 2021. Chilean President Sebastian Piñera said, "This Constitutional Convention must, within a period of 9 months, extendable for an additional 3 months, draft and approve a new constitution for Chile, which must be ratified by the citizens through a plebiscite." It ended its functions and declared itself dissolved on 4 July 2022. The 2022 proposed Political Constitution of the Republic of Chile, proposed constitution, which had faced "intense cr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pukara
Pukara ( Aymara and Quechuan "fortress", Hispanicized spellings ''pucara, pucará'') is a defensive hilltop site or fortification built by the prehispanic and historic inhabitants of the central Andean area (from Ecuador to central Chile and northwestern Argentina). In some cases, these sites acted as temporary fortified refuges during periods of increased conflict, while other sites show evidence for permanent occupation. Emerging as a major site type during the Late Intermediate Period (-1430AD), the pukara form was adopted in some areas by the Inca military in contested borderlands of the Inca Empire. The Spanish also referred to the Mapuche earthen forts built during the Arauco War in the 16th and 17th centuries by this term. Today, the term is commonly found in toponyms of the Andes region, e.g. Andalicán, Pucará de Angol, Camiña, Cañete, Nama, Quiapo, Tilcara, Turi, Pucara del Cerro La Muralla, Pukara of La Compañía, Pukara de Lasana, Pucará de Belén ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chuquicamata
Chuquicamata ( ; referred to as Chuqui for short) is the largest open-pit mining, open pit copper Mining, mine in terms of excavated volume in the world. It is located in the north of Chile, just outside Calama, Chile, Calama, at above sea level. It is northeast of Antofagasta and north of the capital, Santiago, Chile, Santiago. Flotation and smelting facilities were installed in 1952, and expansion of the refining facilities in 1968 made 500,000 tons annual copper production possible in the late 1970s. Previously part of Anaconda Copper, the mine is now owned and operated by Codelco, a Chilean state enterprise, since the Chilean nationalization of copper in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Its depth of makes it the second deepest open-pit mine in the world, after Bingham Canyon Mine in Utah, United States. Etymology There are several versions of the meaning of ''Chuquicamata''. The most widely known seems to be that it means the limit (camata) of the land of the Chuqui. Yet the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quechua People
Quechua people (, ; ) , Quichua people or Kichwa people may refer to any of the Indigenous peoples of South America who speak the Quechua languages, which originated among the Indigenous people of Peru. Although most Quechua speakers are native to Peru, there are some significant populations in Ecuador, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, and Argentina. The most common Quechua dialect is Southern Quechua. The Kichwa people of Ecuador speak the Kichwa language, Kichwa dialect; in Colombia, the Inga people speak Inga Kichwa. The Quechua word for a Quechua speaker is ''runa'' or ''nuna'' ("person"); the plural is ''runakuna'' or ''nunakuna'' ("people"). "Quechua speakers call themselves Runa -- simply translated, "the people". Some historical Quechua people are: * The Chanka people lived in the Huancavelica Region, Huancavelica, Ayacucho Region, Ayacucho, and Apurímac Region, Apurímac regions of Peru. * The Huanca people of the Junín Region of Peru spoke Quechua before the Incas did. * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Túpac Amaru II
Tupac Amaru II (born José Gabriel Condorcanqui Noguera, – 18 May 1781) was an Indigenous ''cacique'' who led a Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II, large Andean rebellion against the Viceroyalty of Peru, Spanish in Peru as Self-proclaimed monarchy, self-proclaimed Sapa Inca of the new Inca Empire. He was later elevated to a mythical status in the Independence of Peru, Peruvian struggle for independence and indigenous rights movement, as well as an inspiration to myriad causes in Hispanic America, Spanish America and beyond. Early life Tupac Amaru II was born José Gabriel Condorcanqui Noguera in around 1742 in Surimana, Tungasuca , in the Cusco Region, province of Cusco, to Miguel Condorcanqui Usquionsa Tupac Amaru, ''kuraka'' of three towns in the Tinta district, and María Rosa Noguera. On 1 May 1742, Tupac Amaru II was baptized by Santiago José Lopez in a church in Tungasuca. Prior to his father's death, Amaru II spent his childhood in the Vilcamayu Valley; he accompanied ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
