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Andrzej Świetlicki
Andrzej Świetlicki (19 April 1915 – 21 June 1940) was a Polish politician, a member of the far-right National Radical Movement "Falanga". After the 1939 German invasion of Poland, in October 1939 he formed the collaborationist National Radical Organization (''Narodowa Organizacja Radykalna''). After a few months of collaboration with the Germans (Abwehr and Gestapo), and the takeover of power by the civil administration of the General Government, Hitler issued a ban on cooperation with political organizations in Poland. The NOR was deprived of protection and cooperation from the Nazis. In May 1940, Świetlicki was arrested and imprisoned in Pawiak. On 21 June 1940, he was executed in the Palmiry massacre. Two other NOR activists, Wojciech Kwasieborski and Tadeusz Lipkowski, were executed with Świetlicki. Consequently, the NOR was dissolved in June 1940. Stanisław Trzeciak, the other founding member of the NOR, was executed by the Germans in 1944. Biography Interwar per ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Congress Poland
Congress Poland or Congress Kingdom of Poland, formally known as the Kingdom of Poland, was a polity created in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna as a semi-autonomous Polish state, a successor to Napoleon's Duchy of Warsaw. It was established when the French ceded a part of Polish territory to the Russian Empire following France's defeat in the Napoleonic Wars. In 1915, during World War I, it was replaced by the German-controlled nominal Regency Kingdom until Poland regained independence in 1918. Following the partitions of Poland at the end of the 18th century, Poland ceased to exist as an independent nation for 123 years. The territory, with its native population, was split among the Habsburg monarchy, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Russian Empire. After 1804, an equivalent to Congress Poland within the Austrian Empire was the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, also commonly referred to as " Austrian Poland". The area incorporated into Prussia initially also held autonomy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bolesław Piasecki
Bolesław Bogdan Piasecki, Pseudonym, alias Leon Całka, Wojciech z Królewca, Sablewski (18 February 1915 – 1 January 1979) was a Polish people, Polish writer, politician and Political Theorist, political theorist. During the war, he was active in the anti-German and anti-Soviet armed underground. Initially of national radical views, he became associated after the war with the ruling Polish communists and led a group of lay Catholics who collaborated with the communist regime. In the Second Polish Republic he was one of the more prominent Polish nationalism, Polish nationalist politicians, playing an important role in the leadership of National Radical Camp. In 1934 he was interned in Bereza Kartuska Prison. After his release, he became the leader of the illegal, Far-right politics, extreme right faction National-Radical Movement "Falanga". This organisation advocated "Catholic totalitarianism" and is considered by many to have been a fascist movement with ideological influen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 until Death of Adolf Hitler, his suicide in 1945. Adolf Hitler's rise to power, He rose to power as the leader of the Nazi Party, becoming Chancellor of Germany#Nazi Germany (1933–1945), the chancellor in 1933 and then taking the title of in 1934. His invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 marked the start of the Second World War. He was closely involved in military operations throughout the war and was central to the perpetration of the Holocaust: the genocide of Holocaust victims, about six million Jews and millions of other victims. Hitler was born in Braunau am Inn in Austria-Hungary and moved to German Empire, Germany in 1913. He was decorated during his service in the German Army in the First World War, receiving the Iron Cross. In 1919 he joined the German Workers' Party (DAP), the precursor of the Nazi Party, and in 1921 was app ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Easter Pogrom
The Easter Pogrom was a series of assaults on the Jewish populations of Warsaw and Kraków, Poland, between 22 and 30 March 1940, while Poland was occupied by the Germans in World War II. The incident was provoked by an allegation of a murder of a child who had stolen from Jews. The story caused violence against Jews despite appeals from Polish underground organizations for calm. The worst excesses took place in Warsaw's Powiśle and Praga Praga is a district of Warsaw, Poland. It is on the east bank of the river Vistula. First mentioned in 1432, until 1791 it formed a separate town with its own city charter. History The historical Praga was a small settlement located at the e ... districts. About 500 persons participated in the riots, including activists and sympathizers of the Polish collaborationist, pro-Nazi National Radical Organization (NOR). NOR's activists used the slogan, "Long live Poland without Jews."Carla Tonini, ''Czas nienawiści i czas troski. Zofia Kos ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kazimierz Sosnkowski
General Kazimierz Sosnkowski (; 19 November 1885 – 11 October 1969) was a Polish independence fighter, general, diplomat, and architect. He was a major political figure and an accomplished commander, notable in particular for his contributions during the Polish–Soviet War and World War II. After the death of General Władysław Sikorski in July 1943, Sosnkowski became Commander-in-chief of the Polish Armed Forces. Sosnkowski was an intellectual who was able to speak Latin, Greek, English, French, German, Italian, and Russian. Early years Born in Warsaw, Sosnkowski grew up in the Russian Partition of Poland. His father, Józef Sosnkowski of the Godziemba coat of arms, was a wealthy nobleman and owner of several villages. His mother was Zofia Drabińska. In 1896 he attended the V Gimnasium (secondary school) in Warsaw, where he participated in a secret organization of progressive youth. To avoid persecution he moved in 1904 to Saint Petersburg, where in 1905 he fi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hans Frank
Hans Michael Frank (23 May 1900 – 16 October 1946) was a German Nazi politician, lawyer and convicted war criminal who served as head of the General Government in German-occupied Poland during the Second World War. Frank was an early member of the German Workers' Party (DAP), the precursor of the Nazi Party (NSDAP). He took part in the failed Beer Hall Putsch, and later became Adolf Hitler's personal legal adviser as well as the lawyer of the NSDAP. In June 1933, he was named as a ' (Reich Leader) of the party. In December 1934, Frank joined the Hitler Cabinet as a ''Reichsminister'' without portfolio. After the German invasion of Poland in 1939, Frank was appointed Governor-General of the occupied Polish territories. During his tenure, he instituted a reign of terror against the civilian population and became directly involved in the mass murder of Jews. He engaged in the use of forced labour and oversaw four of the extermination camps. Frank remained head of the General ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Poland Is Not Yet Lost
"Poland Is Not Yet Lost", also known in Polish language, Polish as "Mazurek Dąbrowskiego" (; ) and formerly the "Song of the Polish Legions in Italy", is the national anthem of Poland. The original lyrics were written by Józef Wybicki in Reggio Emilia, in Northern Italy, between 16 and 19 July 1797, two years after the Third Partition of Poland marked the end of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Its initial purpose was to raise the morale of Jan Henryk Dąbrowski's Polish Legions (Napoleonic era), Polish Legions that served with Napoleon Bonaparte in the Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars. The song expressed the idea that the nation of Poland, despite lacking an independence, independent state of their own, had not disappeared as long as the Polish people endured and fought in its name. Following the declaration of independence of the Second Polish Republic in 1918, the song became its ''de facto'' national anthem, and was officially adopted in 1927. It also ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rota (poem)
''Rota'' ("The Oath") is an early 20th-century Polish poem, as well as a celebratory anthem, once proposed to be the Polish national anthem. ''Rotas lyrics were written in 1908 by activist for Polish independence, poet Maria Konopnicka as a protest against German Empire's policies of forced Germanization of Poles. Konopnicka wrote ''Rota'' in 1908 while staying in Cieszyn. The poem was published for the first time in '' Gwiazdka Cieszyńska'' newspaper on 7 November. The music was composed two years later by composer, conductor and concert organist, Feliks Nowowiejski. History Konopnicka's poem came into being as a protest against the German Empire's oppression and suppression of Polish culture in German-annexed western Poland — lands that from years 1772 and 1793–95 (after the three partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) to 1918 were under Prussian — and later, German — rule. During the Prussian and German rule, German political leaders like Otto von Bism ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Julian Tuwim
Julian Tuwim (13 September 1894 – 27 December 1953), known also under the pseudonym Oldlen as a lyricist, was a Jewish-Polish poet, born in Łódź, then part of the Russian Partition. He was educated in Łódź and in Warsaw where he studied law and philosophy at Warsaw University. After Poland's return to independence in 1918, Tuwim co-founded the Skamander group of experimental poets with Antoni Słonimski and Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz. He was a major figure in Polish literature, admired also for his contribution to children's literature. He was a recipient of the prestigious Golden Laurel of the Polish Academy of Literature in 1935.Julian Tuwim (1894-1953) ''Qlturka.pl.'' Europejski Fundusz Rozwoju Regionalnego. Retrieved December 12, 2011. Life and work Tuwim was born into ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wehrmacht
The ''Wehrmacht'' (, ) were the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. It consisted of the German Army (1935–1945), ''Heer'' (army), the ''Kriegsmarine'' (navy) and the ''Luftwaffe'' (air force). The designation "''Wehrmacht''" replaced the previously used term (''Reich Defence'') and was the manifestation of the Nazi regime's efforts to German rearmament, rearm Germany to a greater extent than the Treaty of Versailles permitted. After the Adolf Hitler's rise to power, Nazi rise to power in 1933, one of Adolf Hitler's most overt and bellicose moves was to establish the ''Wehrmacht'', a modern offensively-capable armed force, fulfilling the Nazi regime's long-term goals of regaining lost territory as well as gaining new territory and dominating its neighbours. This required the reinstatement of conscription and massive investment and Military budget, defence spending on the arms industry. The ''Wehrmacht'' formed the heart of Germany's politico-military po ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karol Popiel
Karol Michał Popiel (28 October 1887 – 6 June 1977) was a Polish politician of the christian democracy tendency and writer. During World War II Popiel served as Minister of Justice from 1941 to 1942 and Minister for the reconstruction of public administration from 1943 to 1944 in Polish government in exile. After the end of war, he was a leader of Labor Party from 1945 to 1946. Biography He was active in Temporary Commission of Confederated Independence Parties. During World War I he fought in the Polish Legions. From 1918 to 1921 he worked in Ministers of Internal Affairs. In 1920 he was one of the founders of the National Workers' Party, from 1929 to 1937 he was the president of this party. From 1922 to 1927 he was a member of the Sejm. From 1930 he was a member of Centrolew and Front Morges alliances. In the period from September to December 1930, he was imprisoned by the Sanation authorities in the Brest Fortress for political reasons. From 1937 to 1939 he was the v ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
