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Agustín Mantilla
Máximo Agustín Mantilla Campos (December 10, 1944 – November 20, 2015) was a Peruvian economist, sociologist and politician. Considered by analysts as one of the most powerful political figures in Alan García's first administration, he served as Deputy Minister and subsequently as Minister of the Interior during the most tense years of the Peruvian internal conflict between the Peruvian government and the terrorist organizations, the Shining Path and the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement. Accused of leading a paramilitary death squad organization in the late 1980s, he denied the existence and his involvement in the organization throughout his career until 2013, where he admitted to the execution of suspected terrorists. He was sentenced to six years in prison based on charges of corruption as he was caught on videotape receiving bribes in one of Vladimiro Montesinos secret video recordings at the National Intelligence Service headquarters, in exchange for the Peruvian A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Congress Of The Republic Of Peru
The Congress of the Republic of Peru () is the unicameral body that assumes legislative power in Peru. Due to broadly interpreted impeachment wording in the Constitution of Peru, the President of Peru can be Vacancy due to moral incapacity (Peru), removed by Congress without cause, effectively making the legislature more powerful than the executive branch. Following a ruling in February 2023 by the Constitutional Court of Peru, the body tasked with interpreting the Constitution of Peru and whose members are directly chosen by Congress, judicial oversight of the legislative body was also removed by the court, essentially giving Congress absolute control of Peru's government. Since the 2021 Peruvian general election, right wing parties held a majority in the legislature. * * * * The largest represented leftist party in Congress, Free Peru, has subsequently aligned itself with conservative and Fujimorists parties within Congress due to their institutional power. Congress's comp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bribery
Bribery is the corrupt solicitation, payment, or Offer and acceptance, acceptance of a private favor (a bribe) in exchange for official action. The purpose of a bribe is to influence the actions of the recipient, a person in charge of an official duty, to act contrary to their duty and the known rules of honesty and integrity. Gifts of money or other items of value that are otherwise available to everyone on an equivalent basis, and not for dishonest purposes, are not bribery. Offering a discount or a refund to all purchasers is a rebate (marketing), rebate and is not bribery. For example, it is legal for an employee of a Public Utilities Commission involved in electric rate regulation to accept a rebate on electric service that reduces their cost of electricity, when the rebate is available to other residential electric customers; however, giving a discount specifically to that employee to influence them to look favorably on the electric utility's rate increase applications would ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peruvian Army
The Peruvian Army (, abbreviated EP) is the branch of the Peruvian Armed Forces tasked with safeguarding the independence, sovereignty and integrity of national territory on land through military force. Additional missions include assistance in safeguarding internal security, conducting emergency management, disaster relief operations and participating in international peacekeeping operations. It celebrates the anniversary of the Battle of Ayacucho (1824) on December 9. History Military traditions in Peruvian territory go back to prehispanic times, ranging from small armed bands to the large armies assembled by the Inca Empire. After the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire, Spanish conquest, small garrisons were kept at strategic locations but no standing army existed until the Bourbon reforms of the 18th century. The main purpose of this force was the defense of the Viceroyalty of Peru, Viceroyalty from pirates and Privateer, corsairs as well as internal rebellions. Independence ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
First Presidency Of Alan García
The first presidency of Alan García governing Peru was from 1985 to 1990. He regained the presidency in 2006 . Election On 14 April 1985, Alan García was elected President of Peru after winning the 1985 Peruvian general election securing 53.1% of the popular vote. In addition, his party, the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance, emerged as the largest faction in both houses of Congress. At the time of his election, García enjoyed high popularity attributed to his youth, oratory skills and charisma. The change of command ceremony was attended by the presidents Raúl Alfonsín of Argentina, Julio Maria Sanguinetti of Uruguay, Belisario Betancourt of Colombia, Hernan Siles of Bolivia, Nicolás Ardito Barletta of Panama, and Salvador Jorge Blanco of Dominican Republic. Also was present James Baker, United States Secretary of Treasury. In October 1985, Newsweek called him'' the most important political star to emerge in Latin America since Juan Domingo Perón''. In December ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alberto Fujimori
Alberto Kenji Fujimori Fujimori (26 July 1938 – 11 September 2024) was a Peruvian politician, professor, and engineer who served as the 54th president of Peru from 1990 to 2000.* * * * * * * Born in Lima, Fujimori was the country's first president of Japanese descent, and was an agronomist and university rector prior to entering politics. Fujimori emerged as a politician during the midst of the internal conflict in Peru, the Peruvian Lost Decade, and the ensuing violence caused by the far-left guerilla group Shining Path. In office as president, Fujimori implemented a series of military reforms and responded to Shining Path with repressive and lethal force, successfully halting the group's actions. His economic policy and his neoliberal political ideology of Fujimorism rescued Peru's economy and transformed its governance in the midst of its internal conflict. However, his administration was also controversial for alleged abuses of human rights and authoritarian t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Intelligence Service (Peru)
The National Intelligence Service ( or ) was an intelligence agency of the Government of Peru that existed from 1960 to 2001. It was headquartered at the Quiñones Building, the headquarters of the country's Ministry of Defence (Peru), Defence Ministry. History On January 26, 1961, President Manuel Prado Ugarteche created the National Intelligence Service (SIN) by Supreme Decree in a stage characterised by the triumph of the Cuban revolution, the phenomenon of unconventional war, and the process of recent modernisation carried out by the Peruvian Army. This was important in the Latin American cultural Cold War. During the Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru, government of Juan Velasco Alvarado, the SIN was Soviet espionage in Peru, related to the KGB, the intelligence agency of the Soviet Union. Negotiations were held between the SIN and the KGB for the training of agents, exchange of intelligence and cooperation in security measures. The KGB assigned two operat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vladimiro Montesinos
Vladimiro Lenin Ilich Montesinos Torres (; born May 20, 1945) is a Peruvian former intelligence officer and lawyer, most notorious for his role as the head of Peru's National Intelligence Service (SIN) during the presidency of Alberto Fujimori. Montesinos was widely regarded as the power behind the throne, often regarded as the true authority in the government, supported by the Peruvian Armed Forces. * * * * * Montesinos' career was marked by his deep connections with the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), through which he received substantial funding ostensibly for anti-terrorism efforts. His tenure saw numerous human rights abuses and corruption scandals. The " Vladi-videos," secretly recorded tapes showing Montesinos bribing officials, led to a national scandal in 2000. This exposure forced him to flee Peru and precipitated Fujimori's resignation. Investigations unveiled Montesinos' involvement in a wide range of illegal activities, including embezzlement, d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Death Squad
A death squad is an armed group whose primary activity is carrying out extrajudicial killings, massacres, or enforced disappearances as part of political repression, genocide, ethnic cleansing, or revolutionary terror. Except in rare cases in which they are formed by an insurgency, domestic or foreign governments actively participate in, support, or ignore the death squad's activities. Death squads are distinguished from assassination groups by their permanent organization and the larger number of victims (typically thousands or more) who may not be prominent individuals. Other violence, such as rape, torture, arson, or bombings may be carried out alongside murders. They may comprise a secret police force, paramilitary militia groups, government soldiers, policemen, or combinations thereof. They may also be organized as vigilantes, bounty hunters, mercenaries, or contract killers. When death squads are not controlled by the state, they may consist of insurgent forces or organize ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement
The Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (, abbreviated MRTA) was a Peruvian Marxist-Leninist guerrilla army which started in the early 1980s. Their self-declared goal was to demonstrate to leftist groups in Peru that sought change through the current government the viability of radical revolution. The MRTA also aimed to provide an alternative to another militant group, the Shining Path, which placed them in direct competition. The group was led by Víctor Polay Campos until he was sentenced to 32 years' imprisonment in 1992 and by Néstor Cerpa Cartolini ("Comrade Evaristo") until his death in 1997. The MRTA took its name in homage to Túpac Amaru II, an 18th-century rebel leader who was himself named after his claimed ancestor Túpac Amaru, the last indigenous leader of the Inca people. The MRTA was designated as a terrorist organization by the Peruvian government, the US Department of State, and the European Parliament but was later removed from the United States State De ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shining Path
The Shining Path (, SL), self-named the Communist Party of Peru (, abbr. PCP), is a far-left political party and guerrilla group in Peru, following Marxism–Leninism–Maoism and Gonzalo Thought. Academics often refer to the group as the Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path (, abbr. PCP-SL) to distinguish it from other communist parties in Peru. When it first launched its " people's war" in 1980, the Shining Path's goal was to overthrow the government through guerrilla warfare and replace it with a New Democracy. The Shining Path believed that by establishing a dictatorship of the proletariat, inducing a cultural revolution, and eventually sparking a world revolution, they could arrive at full communism. Their representatives stated that the then-existing socialist countries were revisionist, and the Shining Path was the vanguard of the world communist movement. The Shining Path's ideology and tactics have influenced other Maoist insurgent groups such as the Co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Internal Conflict In Peru
The internal conflict in Peru is an armed conflict between the Government of Peru and the Maoist guerrilla group Shining Path. The conflict's main phase began on 17 May 1980 and ended in December 2000. From 1982 to 1997 the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) waged its own insurgency as a Marxist–Leninist rival to the Shining Path. As fighting intensified in the 1980s, Peru had one of the worst human rights records in the Western Hemisphere and experienced thousands of forced disappearances while both the Peruvian Armed Forces and Shining Path acted with impunity, sometimes massacring entire villages. 50,000 to 70,000 people were killed, making it the bloodiest war in the country's independent history. This includes many civilians who were deliberately targeted by all factions. The Indigenous peoples were disproportionately targeted, with 75% of those killed speaking Quechua as their native language. Since 2000, the number of deaths has dropped significantly a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Politician
A politician is a person who participates in Public policy, policy-making processes, usually holding an elective position in government. Politicians represent the people, make decisions, and influence the formulation of public policy. The roles or duties that politicians must perform vary depending on the level of government they serve, whether Local government, local, national, or international. The ideological orientation that politicians adopt often stems from their previous experience, education, beliefs, the political parties they belong to, or public opinion. Politicians sometimes face many challenges and mistakes that may affect their credibility and ability to persuade. These mistakes include political corruption resulting from their misuse and exploitation of power to achieve their interests, which requires them to prioritize the public interest and develop long-term strategies. Challenges include how to keep up with the development of social media and confronting biase ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
