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Ḫašamili
Ḫašamili (also romanized as Ḫašammili; the variant Ḫašameli appears in the text CTH 617) was a god worshiped in Bronze Age Anatolia. He originated in religious beliefs of the Hattians, and later came to be incorporated into the Hittite, Palaic and Luwian pantheons. He was regarded as a protective household deity, and was additionally associated with metalworking. He appears in the myth of , but his role in it is not fully understood. Name and character The theonym Ḫašamili originates in the Hattic language. Multiple phonetic spellings are attested in cuneiform texts in Hattic, Hittite and Palaic. Ḫašamili's character is not fully understood. Volkert Haas considered him primarily an apotropaic deity responsible for the protection of children. According to he was regarded as a household deity responsible for the well-being of families, and in that capacity was closely associated with Zilipuri. It is also assumed that he was a smithing god. He is described as a " ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pirwa
Pirwa, also known under the variant names Perwa and Peruwa, was a god worshiped by Hittites and Luwians in ancient Anatolia. He was associated with horses. There is also evidence that he was regarded as a warlike deity. He is first attested in documents from Kanesh, which mention a priest in his service. He retained his connection with this city in later sources, but he also came to be worshiped in a number of other locations, including Hattusa. A possible late reference to him occurs in a Neo-Assyrian text listing deities worshiped in Arbela, though this attestation remains uncertain and might be a scribal mistake. Name and character Attested variant forms of Pirwa's name include Perwa and Peruwa, with the latter being an old spelling used in texts from Kanesh. According to , it most likely originated in a language he refers to as a "central Anatolian substrate", similar to the names of Ḫariḫari, Ḫigiša, Nipaš, Parka, Tuḫtuḫani and possibly Anna. Volkert Haas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lelwani
Lelwani or Leluwani was a Hittite deity of the underworld of Hattic origin. While originally regarded as male and addressed as a "king," due to influence of Hurrian beliefs on the Hittites, Lelwani started to be viewed as female in later periods. Gender and syncretism Lelwani was originally a male Hattic chthonic god incorporated into Hittite religion, referred to as "lord" and "king" ( Hattic: ''katte'', logographically: LUGAL-''uš''). However, due to syncretism with female deities during the period of growing Hurrian influence on Hittite state religion, Lelwani started to be regarded as a goddess instead. The change happened no later than during the reign of Ḫattušili III. An early attestation of this phenomenon is known from a text attributed to queen Puduḫepa. Allatum, originally the Akkadian form of the name of the Hurrian underworld goddess Allani, could denote Lelwani in Hittite texts. However, Hurrian Allani and Mesopotamian Ereshkigal were associated with the Hit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hattusa
Hattusa, also Hattuşa, Ḫattuša, Hattusas, or Hattusha, was the capital of the Hittites, Hittite Empire in the late Bronze Age during two distinct periods. Its ruins lie near modern Boğazkale, Turkey (originally Boğazköy) within the great loop of the Kızılırmak River (Hittite: ''Marashantiya''; Greek: ''Halys River, Halys''). Charles Texier brought attention to the ruins after his visit in 1834. Over the following century, sporadic exploration occurred, involving different archaeologists. The Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft, German Oriental Society and the German Archaeological Institute began systematic excavations in the early 20th century, which continue to this day. Hattusa was added to the List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey, UNESCO World Heritage Site list in 1986. History The earliest traces of settlement on the site are from the sixth millennium BC during the Chalcolithic period. Toward the end of the 3rd Millennium BC the Hattian people established a settle ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zilipuri
Zilipuri, also known as Zilipuru or Zilipura was a god of Hattian origin worshiped by the Hittites in Bronze Age Anatolia. He was regarded as the protective god of the house and was associated with the hearth in particular. Name and character Zilipuri's name has Hattic origin. Oğuz Soysal, relying on the parallel with the theonym Kataḫzipuri, suggests interpreting it as "under his land". argues that in late Hittite texts instead of being written phonetically it could be represented by the logogram d U.GUR. This proposal is also supported by Francesco G. Barsacchi. However, instead suggests that while dU.GUR does take an analogous position as Zilipuri in late enumerations of deities, this should be interpreted as an indication that a deity represented by it (either Nergal following the Mesopotamian writing convention or Šulinkatte) replaced Zilipuri in the thirteenth century BCE. Alfonso Archi assumes dU.GUR could designate both Zilipuri and Šulinkatte, though he notes i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Šattiwaza
Shattiwaza or Šattiwaza, alternatively referred to as Kurtiwaza or ''Mattiwaza'', was a king of the Hurrian kingdom of Mitanni, who reigned 1330-1305 BC. Biography Shattiwaza was the son of king Tushratta. His Hurrian name was ''Kili-Tešup''. In the political turmoil following the death of his predecessor, the usurper Shuttarna III tried to murder Shattiwaza. Shattiwaza escaped and sought refuge by the Hittite king Suppiluliuma I. He married the daughter of Suppiluliuma and returned to Mitanni with a Hittite army. He was assisted by Piyassili (Sarri-Kusuh), a son of King Šuppiluliuma I. Shuttarna III, who had usurped the throne in his absence was defeated, and Shattiwaza installed as king of Mitanni. The events are recorded in two treaties of Suppiluliuma and Shattiwaza (sometime between 1345 and 1323 BC).Devecchi, Elena, (2018)“Details That Make the Difference: The Akkadian Manuscripts of the ‘Šattiwaza Treaties.’” in: Die Welt Des Orients, vol. 48, no. 1, 2018, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Šuppiluliuma I
Šuppiluliuma I, also Suppiluliuma () or Suppiluliumas (died c. 1322 BC) () was an ancient Hittite king (r. –1322 BC).Bryce 2005: xv, 154; Freu 2007b: 311 dates the reign to c. 1350–c. 1319 BC; Kuhrt 1995: 230 dates him within the range 1370–1322 BC. Even before assuming the throne, Šuppiluliuma distinguished himself as a military commander protecting and reclaiming Hittite territories after a period of foreign attacks. Once king, he continued this program of consolidation and expansion, both in Anatolia and in Syria, with a great deal of success. Victories over a major rival, the Upper- Mesopotamian kingdom of Mittani, led to the extension of Hittite authority over a bevy of petty kingdoms in northern Syria, the installation of the Hittite king's younger sons as local viceroys at Aleppo and Carchemish, and the rump of the Mittanian state itself became effectively a dependency of the Hittite Kingdom. Relations with Egypt vacillated between friendship and hostility, culm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hittites
The Hittites () were an Anatolian peoples, Anatolian Proto-Indo-Europeans, Indo-European people who formed one of the first major civilizations of the Bronze Age in West Asia. Possibly originating from beyond the Black Sea, they settled in modern-day Turkey in the early 2nd millennium BC. The Hittites formed a series of Polity, polities in north-central Anatolia, including the kingdom of Kussara (before 1750 BC), the Kültepe, Kanesh or Nesha Kingdom (–1650 BC), and an empire centered on their capital, Hattusa (around 1650 BC). Known in modern times as the Hittite Empire, it reached its peak during the mid-14th century BC under Šuppiluliuma I, when it encompassed most of Anatolia and parts of the northern Levant and Upper Mesopotamia, bordering the rival empires of the Hurri-Mitanni and Assyrians. Between the 15th and 13th centuries BC, the Hittites were one of the dominant powers of the Near East, coming into conflict with the New Kingdom of Egypt, the Middle Assyrian Empi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Luwians
The Luwians (also known as Luvians) were an ancient people in Anatolia who spoke the Luwian language. During the Bronze Age, Luwians formed part of the population of the Hittite Empire and adjoining states such as Kizzuwatna. During the Hittite New Kingdom, Luwian replaced Hittite as the empire's dominant language. In the early Iron Age, a number of Luwian-speaking Neo-Hittite states arose in northern Syria. The Luwians are known largely from their language, and it is unclear to what extent they formed a unified cultural or political group. Etymology "Luwian" is an exonym first used by the Hittites as an "ethno-linguistic term referring to the area where Luwian was spoken" in Bronze Age Anatolia. It has been suggested that the name is a foreign ethnic designation ( Assyrian) borrowed from another foreign ethnic designation ( Hurrian) - ''nuwā-um''. An alternate derivation is ascribed to the Luwian ''lūwa'' meaning "plain."Yakubovich, Ilya. (2010). ''Sociolinguistics of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maliya
Maliya was a goddess worshiped by Hittites in the Bronze Age. She was most likely a deified river in origin, but she was also associated with gardens and with artisanship, specifically with leatherworking and carpentry. The oldest attestations of her have been identified in the Old Assyrian texts from Kanesh. This city continued to be associated with her in later tradition, though she was also worshiped in Hattusa and elsewhere in the Hittite Empire. She is also present in texts originating in Kizzuwatna, which indicate she had a temple in Kummanni, where she was worshiped alongside various Hurrian deities. It is assumed that a similarly named goddess attested in Lycian texts from the first millennium BCE corresponds to earlier Hittite Maliya. She was worshiped in Rhodiapolis and in other cities in Lycia, and might have been a war goddess. Malis, known from Lydian sources and from references in Greek literature, is also assumed to be a derivative of Maliya by most authors. A tex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ḫalki
Ḫalki was the Hittite deity of grain. While it is commonly assumed the name consistently referred to a goddess, a male form of this deity has also been identified. Ḫalki was associated with other grain deities, namely Mesopotamian Nisaba and Hattian Kait, with the latter presumed to be functionally identical. The oldest attestations come from Kanesh, though they are limited to theophoric names. In later periods, the female form of Ḫalki was worshiped in Hattusa, and the male one in Nerik, though evidence from other cities is also available. Name and character Ḫalki was regarded as the deity of grain. The name is identical with the ordinary Hittite word for grain, in at least some contexts specifically used to refer only to barley ( logographically ŠE). It is generally assumed that Ḫalki was a goddess at least through the Old Hittite period, though sometimes the term "deity" is used instead out of caution. The former assumption is supported by epithets such as DUMU. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karum (trade Post)
Karum ( Akkadian: ''kārum'' "quay, port, commercial district", plural ''kārū'', from Sumerian ''kar'' "fortification (of a harbor), break-water") is the name given to ancient Old Assyrian period trade posts in Anatolia (modern Turkey) from the 20th to 18th centuries BC. The main centre of ''karum'' trading was at the ancient town of Kanesh. History Early references to ''karu'' come from the Ebla tablets; in particular, a vizier known as Ebrium concluded the earliest treaty fully known to archaeology, known as the Treaty between Ebla and Abarsal. Nevertheless, it is also sometimes referred to as the "Treaty between Ebla and Aššur", because some scholars have disputed whether the text refers to Aššur or to Abarsal, an unknown location. In any case, the other city contracted to establish ''karu'' in Eblaite territory (Syria), among other things. The word ''karu'' "... derives from the mercantile quarter of Mesopotamian cities, which were usually just beyond the city ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
