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Ḥenanishoʿ I
Ḥnanishoʿ I, called Ḥnanishoʿ the Exegete,Hoyland, ''Seeing Islam'', 200–203. was patriarch of the Church of the East between 686 and 698. His name means 'mercy of Jesus'. Hnanishoʿ offended the caliph ʿAbd al-Malik with a tactless remark about Islam, which gave his enemies the opportunity to dethrone him in 691. He spent the next two years of his reign either in prison or, after surviving a murder attempt, in hiding, while the throne of Seleucia-Ctesiphon was occupied by the anti-patriarch Yohannan Garba ('the Leper'). He was restored in 693, after Yohannan's disgrace and death. After his death he was rehabilitated by his successor Sliba-zkha. Sources Brief accounts of the patriarchate of Hnanishoʿ are given in the ''Ecclesiastical Chronicle'' of the Jacobite writer Bar Hebraeus (''floruit'' 1280) and in the ecclesiastical histories of the Nestorian writers Mari (twelfth-century), ʿAmr (fourteenth-century) and Sliba (fourteenth-century). A modern assessment of his ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abd Al-Malik Ibn Marwan
Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ibn al-Hakam (; July/August 644 or June/July 647 – 9 October 705) was the fifth Umayyad caliph, ruling from April 685 until his death in October 705. A member of the first generation of born Muslims, his early life in Medina was occupied with pious pursuits. He held administrative and military posts under Caliph Mu'awiya I (), founder of the Umayyad Caliphate, and his own father, Caliph Marwan I (). By the time of Abd al-Malik's accession, Umayyad authority had collapsed across the Caliphate as a result of the Second Fitna and had been reconstituted in Bilad al-Sham, Syria and Egypt in the Middle Ages, Egypt during his father's reign. Following a Battle of Khazir, failed invasion of Iraq in 686, Abd al-Malik focused on securing Syria before making further attempts to conquer the greater part of the Caliphate from his principal rival, the Mecca-based caliph Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr. To that end, he concluded an unfavorable truce with the reinvigorated Byz ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yohannan The Leper
Yohannan Garba ('the Leper'), originally metropolitan of Nisibis, was anti-patriarch of the Church of the East between 691 and 693. He opposed the claims of the legitimately-elected patriarch I (686–98), who had offended the caliph with a tactless remark about Islam. In 693 Yohannan was disgraced and thrown into prison, where he died shortly afterwards. 's successor Sliba-zkha (714–28) removed Yohannan's name from the diptychs, and he is not included in the traditional list of patriarchs of the Church of the East. Sources Brief accounts of Yohannan's patriarchate are given in the ''Ecclesiastical Chronicle'' of the Jacobite writer Bar Hebraeus (''floruit'' 1280) and in the ecclesiastical histories of the Nestorian writers Mari (twelfth-century), (fourteenth-century) and Sliba (fourteenth-century). Yohannan's patriarchate The following account of Yohannan's patriarchate is given by Bar Hebraeus: , who succeeded Yohannan Bar Marta in the dignity of catholicus, w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sliba-zkha
Sliba-zkha (the name means 'the cross has conquered' in Syriac) was patriarch of the Church of the East The Church of the East ( ) or the East Syriac Church, also called the Church of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, the Persian Church, the Assyrian Church, the Babylonian Church, the Chaldean Church or the Nestorian Church, is one of three major branches o ... from 714 to 728. Sources Brief accounts of Sliba-zkha's patriarchate are given in the ''Ecclesiastical Chronicle'' of the Jacobite writer Bar Hebraeus (''floruit'' 1280) and in the ecclesiastical histories of the Nestorian writers Mari ibn Suleiman (twelfth-century), ʿAmr (fourteenth-century) and Sliba (fourteenth-century). He is also mentioned in an unfavourable anecdote in Thomas of Marga's ''Book of Governors''. Sliba-zkha's patriarchate The following account of Sliba-zkha's patriarchate is given by Bar Hebraeus: The catholicus Hnanishoʿ was succeeded by Sliba-zkha, who was consecrated at Seleucia. He was from Ka ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gabriel Arya
Gabriel Arya (fl. late 7th century), also called Gabriel Qaá¹raya, was a biblical exegete who wrote in Syriac. The byname ''Qaá¹raya'' indicates that he was a native of Beth Qaá¹raye (Qatar). ''Arya'', the Syriac for lion, is probably a nickname. He was a member of the Church of the East. Gabriel was a relative of Isaac of Nineveh, who became bishop around 676. According to a Syrian Orthodox source, Patriarch Giwargis I (c.659–680) met Isaac on a visit to Beth Qaá¹raye and brought him back to Beth Aramaye because Gabriel was active there. This source refers to Gabriel as an "interpreter of the church". It is probable therefore that Gabriel is the same person as the Gabriel Qaá¹raya mentioned in the nomocanon of Gabriel of Basra. This work survives only in fragments, but a now lost manuscript from Siirt (no. 67) contained a passage stating that Gabriel had taught at the school of Mahoze in Beth Aramaye and the future patriarchs ḤenanishoÊ¿ I (68 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
School Of Seleucia-Ctesiphon
The School of Seleucia-Ctesiphon (sometimes School of Seleucia) was a theological school of the Church of the East located in the western half of the city of Seleucia-Ctesiphon on the right bank of the Tigris. It was an independent Christian school, not attached to any particular church or monastery. The origins of the school are unclear. The Patriarch Acacius (485–495/6) taught in Seleucia-Ctesiphon after leaving the School of Edessa and this has been taken as evidence for the school existing in the late 5th century. According to the foundation legend found in the '' Chronicle of Siirt'', the Patriarch Aba I (540–552) defeated a Zoroastrian adversary in a debate and founded the school at that very spot. This, however, is not mentioned in Aba's earlier and more reliable biography. A fragment of Barḥadbshabba's ''On the Cause of the Foundation of the Schools'' also ascribes the founding of the school to Aba I. The historian Jean Maurice Fiey concluded that the school of Ac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ê¿Aqula
Kufa ( ), also spelled Kufah, is a city in Iraq, about south of Baghdad, and northeast of Najaf. It is located on the banks of the Euphrates River. The estimated population in 2003 was 110,000. Along with Samarra, Karbala, Kadhimiya and Najaf, Kufa is one of five Iraqi cities that are of great importance to Shi'ite Muslims. The city was founded in 638 CE (17 Hijrah) during the reign of the second Rashidun Caliph, Umar ibn Al-Khattab, and it was the final capital of the last Rashidun Caliph, Ali ibn Abi Talib. Kufa was also the founding capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. During the Islamic Golden Age it was home to the grammarians of Kufa. Kufic script is named for the city. The Palestinian keffiyeh, also known as kufiya and worn by Arab men, was appropriated from Kufa, and is worn today to convey diverse political sentiments. Due to heightened global consumer demand, most keffiyehs are now manufactured in China. History Establishment during Umar's era After the Arabian heg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bar Hebraeus
Gregory Bar Hebraeus (, b. 1226 - d. 30 July 1286), known by his Syriac ancestral surname as Barebraya or Barebroyo, in Arabic sources by his kunya Abu'l-Faraj, and his Latinized name Abulpharagius in the Latin West, was a Maphrian (regional primate) of the Syriac Orthodox Church from 1264 to 1286. He was a prominent writer, who created various works in the fields of Christian theology, philosophy, history, linguistics, and poetry. For his contributions to the development of Syriac literature, has been praised as one of the most learned and versatile writers among Syriac Orthodox Christians. In his numerous and elaborate treatises, he collected as much contemporary knowledge in theology, philosophy, science and history as was possible in 13th century Syria. Most of his works were written in Classical Syriac language. He also wrote some in Arabic, which was the common language in his day. Name It is not clear when Bar Hebraeus adopted the Christian name Gregory ( ''Grig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Robert Hoyland
Robert G. Hoyland (born 1966) is a historian, specializing in the medieval history of the Middle East. He was a student of historian Patricia Crone and was a Leverhulme Fellow at Pembroke College, Oxford. He is currently Professor of Late Antique and Early Islamic Middle Eastern History at New York University's Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, having previously been Professor of Islamic history at the University of Oxford's Faculty of Oriental Studies and a professor of history at the University of St. Andrews and UCLA. Research Hoyland's best-known academic work '' Seeing Islam as Others Saw It'' is a contribution to early Islamic historiography, being a survey of non-Muslim eyewitness accounts of that period. Hoyland also authored ''In God's Path: The Arab Conquests and the Creation of an Islamic Empire'' (2014) in which he questions the traditional Islamic view of the Early Muslim conquests. According to Hoyland, Islam still had to evolve, so he prefers to call t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
A Survey And Evaluation Of Christian, Jewish And Zoroastrian Writings On Early Islam
A, or a, is the first letter and the first vowel letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, and others worldwide. Its name in English is '' a'' (pronounced ), plural ''aes''. It is similar in shape to the Ancient Greek letter alpha, from which it derives. The uppercase version consists of the two slanting sides of a triangle, crossed in the middle by a horizontal bar. The lowercase version is often written in one of two forms: the double-storey and single-storey . The latter is commonly used in handwriting and fonts based on it, especially fonts intended to be read by children, and is also found in italic type. In English, '' a'' is the indefinite article, with the alternative form ''an''. Name In English, the name of the letter is the ''long A'' sound, pronounced . Its name in most other languages matches the letter's pronunciation in open syllables. History The earliest known ancestor of A is ''aleph''—the first letter of the Phoenician ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Church Of The East
The Church of the East ( ) or the East Syriac Church, also called the Church of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, the Persian Church, the Assyrian Church, the Babylonian Church, the Chaldean Church or the Nestorian Church, is one of three major branches of Eastern Christianity, Eastern Nicene Christianity that arose from the Christological controversies in the Christianity in the 5th century, 5th century and the Christianity in the 6th century, 6th century, alongside that of Miaphysitism (which came to be known as the Oriental Orthodox Churches) and Chalcedonian Christianity (from which Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy and Protestantism would arise). Having its origins in Mesopotamia during the time of the Parthian Empire, the Church of the East developed its own unique form of Christian theology and East Syriac Rite, liturgy. During the early modern period, a series of Schism#Christianity, schisms gave rise to rival patriarchates, sometimes two, sometimes three. In the latter half of the 20 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yohannan I
Yohannan I bar Marta was patriarch of the Church of the East The patriarch of the Church of the East (also known as patriarch of the East, patriarch of Babylon, the catholicose of the East or the grand metropolitan of the East) is the patriarch, or leader and head bishop (sometimes referred to as Cath ... between 680 and 683. Sources Brief accounts of Yohannan's patriarchate are given in the ''Ecclesiastical Chronicle'' of the Jacobite writer Bar Hebraeus (''floruit'' 1280) and in the ecclesiastical histories of the Nestorian writers Mari (twelfth-century), (fourteenth-century) and Sliba (fourteenth-century). Yohannan's patriarchate The following account of Yohannan's patriarchate is given by Mari: Yohannan, also known as Bar Marta, came from a noble family of al-Ahwaz, and was educated in the school of Jundishapur. He later became metropolitan of Jundishapur, and was shortly afterwards elected patriarch. He was consecrated in al-Madaïn in the usual way. His hea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
