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γ-pyrone
4-Pyrone (γ-pyrone or pyran-4-one) is an unsaturated cyclic chemical compound with the molecular formula C5H4O2.It is isomeric with 2-pyrone. Preparation 4-Pyrone is prepared via the thermal decarboxylation of chelidonic acid. Reactions 4-Pyrone and its derivatives react with amines in protic solvents to form 4-Pyridones. Derivatives 4-Pyrone forms the central core of several natural chemical compounds, including maltol, meconic acid, kojic acid, and of the important class of the Flavones. : See also * Pyrone * 4-Pyridone 4-Pyridone is an organic compound with the formula . It is a colorless solid. Preparation 4-Pyridone, and its derivatives, are prepared from 4-pyrone and amines in protic solvents. : Tautomerism 4-Pyridone exists a keto-enol tautomerism with ... * Dehydroacetic acid References {{DEFAULTSORT:Pyrone, 4- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kojic Acid
Kojic acid is an organic compound with the formula . It is a derivative of 4-Pyrone, 4-pyrone that functions in nature as a chelation agent produced by several species of fungus, especially ''Aspergillus oryzae'', which has the Japanese common name ''koji''. Kojic acid is a by-product in the fermentation process of malting rice, for use in the manufacturing of sake, the Japanese rice wine. It is a mild inhibitor of the formation of pigment in plant and animal tissues, and is used in food and cosmetics to preserve or change colors of substances. It forms a bright red complex with ferric ions. Biosynthesis 13C-Labeling studies have revealed at least two pathways to kojic acid. In the usual route, dehydratase enzymes convert glucose to kojic acid. Pentoses are also viable precursors in which case dihydroxyacetone is invoked as an intermediate. Applications Kojic acid may be used on cut fruits to prevent redox, oxidative browning, in seafood to preserve pink and red colors, and in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maltol
Maltol is a naturally occurring organic compound that is used primarily as a flavor enhancer. It is found in nature in the bark of larch trees and in the needles of pine trees, and is produced during the roasting of malt (from which it gets its name) and in the baking of bread. It has the odor of caramel and is used to impart a pleasant aroma to foods and fragrances. It is used as a flavor enhancer, is designated in the U.S. as INS number 636, and is known in the European E number food additive series as E636. Chemistry Maltol is a white crystalline powder that is soluble in hot water and other polar solvents. Like related 3-hydroxy-4-Pyrylium salt, pyrones such as kojic acid, it binds to HSAB theory, hard metal centers such as Fe3+, Ga3+, Al3+, and VO2+. Related to this property, maltol has been reported to greatly increase aluminium uptake in the body and to increase the oral bioavailability of gallium and iron. Maltol's strong metal binding affinity (good iron chelator ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pyrone
Pyrones or pyranones are a class of heterocyclic chemical compounds. They contain an unsaturated six-membered ring, which has one oxygen atom and a carbonyl functional group. There are two isomers, denoted as 2-pyrone and 4-pyrone. The 2-pyrone (or α-pyrone) structure is a lactone and is found in nature as part of the coumarin ring system. The 4-pyrone (or γ-pyrone) structure is an ether–ketone found in some natural chemical compounds such as chromone, maltol and kojic acid. See also * Furanone 2-Furanone is a heterocyclic organic compound. It is also known as γ-crotonolactone (GCL), as it is formally the lactone derived from γ-hydroxy isocrotonic acid. The chemical is colloquially called "butenolide", and is the parent structure for ..., which has one fewer carbon atom in the ring. * Pyridones, which contain a nitrogen in place of the oxygen that is part of the ring References {{heterocyclic-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maltol
Maltol is a naturally occurring organic compound that is used primarily as a flavor enhancer. It is found in nature in the bark of larch trees and in the needles of pine trees, and is produced during the roasting of malt (from which it gets its name) and in the baking of bread. It has the odor of caramel and is used to impart a pleasant aroma to foods and fragrances. It is used as a flavor enhancer, is designated in the U.S. as INS number 636, and is known in the European E number food additive series as E636. Chemistry Maltol is a white crystalline powder that is soluble in hot water and other polar solvents. Like related 3-hydroxy-4-Pyrylium salt, pyrones such as kojic acid, it binds to HSAB theory, hard metal centers such as Fe3+, Ga3+, Al3+, and VO2+. Related to this property, maltol has been reported to greatly increase aluminium uptake in the body and to increase the oral bioavailability of gallium and iron. Maltol's strong metal binding affinity (good iron chelator ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sigma-Aldrich
Sigma-Aldrich (formally MilliporeSigma) is an American chemical, life science, and biotechnology company owned by the multinational chemical conglomerate Merck Group. Sigma-Aldrich was created in 1975 by the merger of Sigma Chemical Company and Aldrich Chemical Company. It grew through various acquisitions until it had over 9,600 employees and was listed on the Fortune 1000. The company has two United States headquarters, in St. Louis and Burlington, MA and has operations in approximately 40 countries. In 2015, the multinational chemical conglomerate Merck Group acquired Sigma-Aldrich for $17 billion. The company is currently a part of Merck's life science business and in combination with Merck's earlier acquired Millipore Corporation, Millipore, operates as MilliporeSigma. It is headquartered in Burlington, Massachusetts, United States. History Sigma Chemical Company of St. Louis and Aldrich Chemical Company of Milwaukee were both American specialty chemical companies when they ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flavones
Flavones (from Latin ''flavus'' "yellow") are a class of flavonoids based on the backbone of 2-phenylchromen-4-one (2-phenyl-1-benzopyran-4-one) (as shown in the first image of this article). Flavones are common in foods, mainly from spices, and some yellow or orange fruits and vegetables. Common flavones include apigenin (4',5,7-trihydroxyflavone), luteolin (3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone), tangeritin (4',5,6,7,8-pentamethoxyflavone), chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone), and 6-hydroxyflavone. Intake and elimination The estimated daily intake of flavones is about 2 mg per day. Following ingestion and metabolism, flavones, other polyphenols, and their metabolites are absorbed poorly in body organs and are rapidly excreted in the urine, indicating mechanisms influencing their presumed absence of metabolic roles in the body. Drug interactions Flavones have effects on CYP (P450) activity, which are enzymes that metabolize most drugs in the body. Biosynthesis The biosynthesis of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Meconic Acid
Meconic acid, also known as acidum meconicum and poppy acid, is a chemical substance found in certain plants of the poppy family, Papaveraceae, such as ''Papaver somniferum'' (opium poppy) and '' Papaver bracteatum''. Meconic acid constitutes about 5% of opium and can be used as an analytical marker for the presence of opium. Meconic acid has erroneously been described as a mild narcotic, but it has little or no physiological activity, and is not used medicinally. Meconic acid forms salts with alkaloids and metals. These salts as well as meconic acid esters are called meconates. Meconic acid was first isolated by Friedrich Sertürner in 1805.Friedrich Sertürner (1805(Untitled letter to the editor) ''Journal der Pharmacie für Aerzte, Apotheker und Chemisten'' (Journal of Pharmacy for Physicians, Apothecaries, and Chemists), 13 : 229–243. See also: Sertuerner (1817"Ueber das Morphium, eine neue salzfähige Grundlage, und die Mekonsäure, als Hauptbestandtheile des Opiums"(On mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
4-Pyridone
4-Pyridone is an organic compound with the formula . It is a colorless solid. Preparation 4-Pyridone, and its derivatives, are prepared from 4-pyrone and amines in protic solvents. : Tautomerism 4-Pyridone exists a keto-enol tautomerism with its enol tautomer 4-hydroxypyridine. In solution, the keto tautomer is favoured, and the enol tautomer only becomes important in very dilute solutions or solutions of non-polar solvents. However, the enol tautomer is dominant in the gas phase. Derivatives Fluridone is an aquatic herbicide Herbicides (, ), also commonly known as weed killers, are substances used to control undesired plants, also known as weeds.EPA. February 201Pesticides Industry. Sales and Usage 2006 and 2007: Market Estimates. Summary in press releasMain page f ... that contains a 4-pyridone subunit. : See also * 2-Pyridone * 4-Piperidone * Dehydroacetic acid References {{DEFAULTSORT:Pyridone, 4- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saturated And Unsaturated Compounds
A saturated compound is a chemical compound (or ion) that resists addition reactions, such as hydrogenation, oxidative addition, and the binding of a Lewis acids and bases, Lewis base. The term is used in many contexts and classes of chemical compounds. Overall, saturated compounds are less reactive than unsaturated compounds. Saturation is derived from the Latin word ''saturare'', meaning 'to fill'.An unsaturated compound is also a chemical compound (or ion) that attracts reduction reactions, such as dehydrogenation,oxidative reduction Organic chemistry Generally distinct types of unsaturated organic compounds are recognized. For hydrocarbons: *alkene (unsaturated) vs alkane (saturated) *alkyne (unsaturated) vs alkane (saturated) *arene (unsaturated) vs cycloalkane (saturated) For organic compounds containing heteroatoms (other than C and H), the list of unsaturated groups is long but some common types are: *carbonyl, e.g. ketones, aldehydes, esters, carboxylic acids (unsatura ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protic Solvent
In chemistry, a protic solvent is a solvent that has a hydrogen atom bound to an oxygen (as in a hydroxyl group ), a nitrogen (as in an amine group or ), or fluoride (as in hydrogen fluoride). In general terms, any solvent that contains a labile is called a protic solvent. The molecules of such solvents readily donate protons () to solutes, often via hydrogen bonding In chemistry, a hydrogen bond (H-bond) is a specific type of molecular interaction that exhibits partial covalent character and cannot be described as a purely electrostatic force. It occurs when a hydrogen (H) atom, Covalent bond, covalently b .... Water is the most common protic solvent. Conversely, polar aprotic solvents cannot donate protons but still have the ability to dissolve many salts. Methods for purification of common solvents are available See also * Autoprotolysis References {{Chemical solutions Solvents ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amine
In chemistry, amines (, ) are organic compounds that contain carbon-nitrogen bonds. Amines are formed when one or more hydrogen atoms in ammonia are replaced by alkyl or aryl groups. The nitrogen atom in an amine possesses a lone pair of electrons. Amines can also exist as hetero cyclic compounds. Aniline is the simplest aromatic amine, consisting of a benzene ring bonded to an amino group. Amines are classified into three types: primary (1°), secondary (2°), and tertiary (3°) amines. Primary amines (1°) contain one alkyl or aryl substituent and have the general formula RNH2. Secondary amines (2°) have two alkyl or aryl groups attached to the nitrogen atom, with the general formula R2NH. Tertiary amines (3°) contain three substituent groups bonded to the nitrogen atom, and are represented by the formula R3N. The functional group present in primary amines is called the amino group. Classification of amines Amines can be classified according to the nature and number o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
