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Đông Yên Châu Inscription
The Đông Yên Châu inscription is an Old Cham inscription written in Pallava script, found in 1936 at Đông Yên Châu, northwest of Trà Kiệu, which used to be the old Champa capital known as Simhapura, in central Vietnam. The inscription was written in prose, is the oldest document of Cham language, Cham (and indeed of any Austronesian languages, Austronesian language), and testifies to the existence of indigenous beliefs among the ancient Cham people of the Champa kingdom. Though not itself dated, the phrasing of the inscription is identical to those of dated Sanskrit inscriptions of Fan Hu Ta, Bhadravarman I of the second dynasty, who ruled Champa at the end of the 4th century CE. It contains an imprecatory formula ordering respect for the "naga of the king", undoubtedly a reference to the protective divinity of a spring or well. This vernacular text shows that in the 4th century, the land that now constitutes modern-day central Vietnam was inhabited by an Austronesian-s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Old Cham
Cham language, Cham has the oldest literary history of any Austronesian language. The Dong Yen Chau inscription, written in Old Cham, dates from the late 4th century AD. Cham Script The Cham people had their own script, known as the Cham script, which was used for inscriptions on temple walls, steles, and other surfaces. This script is descended from the ancient Brahmic scripts, Indic scripts and is one of the distinguishing features of Cham culture. It has been used for religious and ceremonial purposes. Inscriptions Many Old Cham inscriptions have been found on archaeological sites in the areas that were once part of the Champa Kingdom, Champa kingdom. These inscriptions provide valuable insights into the history, religion, and society of the Champa people. Some of the inscriptions are written in the Cham script, and others are in Sanskrit. Cultural and religious Old Cham originated from Proto-Chamic languages, however under cultural influence from India, it was greatly ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Malayic Languages
The Malayic languages are a branch of the Malayo-Polynesian subgroup of the Austronesian language family. The two most prominent members of this branch are Indonesian and Malay. Indonesian is the official language of Indonesia and has evolved as a standardized form of Malay with distinct influences from local languages and historical factors. Malay, in its various forms, is recognized as a national language in Brunei, Malaysia, and Singapore. The Malayic branch also includes local languages spoken by ethnic Malays (e.g. Jambi Malay, Kedah Malay), further several languages spoken by various other ethnic groups of Sumatra, Indonesia (e.g. Minangkabau) and Borneo (e.g. Banjarese, Iban) even as far as Urak Lawoi in the southwestern coast of Thailand. The most probable candidate for the urheimat of the Malayic languages is western Borneo prior to spread in Sumatra. History The term "Malayic" was first coined by in his lexicostatistical classification of the Austronesian lan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Journal Of The Malaysian Branch Of The Royal Asiatic Society
The ''Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society'' (JMBRAS) is a academic journal published by the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (MBRAS). The journal covers topics of historical interest concerning Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak, Labuan and Singapore. It was founded in 1877 in Singapore. History The journal has been published under three different names during its 130-year history. The journal was first founded in 1877 by a group of British colonial administrators in Singapore and published as the ''Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (''JSBRAS) and published at six-monthly intervals by the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (SBRAS). The first volume came out in September 1878 (but bore 'July 1878' as its publication date). The final volume of JSBRAS was JSBRAS 86, published in November 1922. In 1923 SBRAS was renamed the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (MBRAS), in response to the increasing sp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Utusan Malaysia
''Utusan Malaysia'' (Jawi alphabet, Jawi: اوتوسن مليسيا; English language, English: ''The Malaysian Tribune'' or simply ''Utusan'') is a Malaysian Malay language daily newspaper headquartered outside Kuala Lumpur. Formerly owned by the Utusan Group, the newspaper is currently owned by Media Mulia. Distinctive for its blue masthead as its logo and trademark, ''Utusan Malaysia'' is the oldest Malay-language newspaper in Malaysia. It was first published in Jawi script, Jawi in 1939 and became an influential medium for people to voice their opinions against British colonial rule in Malaya. In 2018, the newspaper shifted its size from broadsheet to a tabloid format. In recent years, ''Utusan Malaysia'' went through a critical business period as its daily circulation and readership continued to decline, along with the deteriorating cash flow of its former parent company. Despite initial reports that the newspaper and its sister papers ''Mingguan Malaysia'', ''Kosmo!'', and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Languages By First Written Accounts
This is a list of languages arranged by age of the oldest existing text recording a complete sentence in the language. It does not include undeciphered writing systems, though there are various claims without wide acceptance, which, if substantiated, would push backward the first attestation of certain languages. It also does not include inscriptions consisting of isolated words or names from a language. In most cases, some form of the language had already been spoken (and even written) considerably earlier than the dates of the earliest extant samples provided here. A written record may encode a stage of a language corresponding to an earlier time, either as a result of oral tradition, or because the earliest source is a copy of an older manuscript that was lost. An oral tradition of epic poetry may typically bridge a few centuries, and in rare cases, over a millennium. An extreme case is the Vedic Sanskrit of the ''Rigveda'': the earliest parts of this text date to 1500 BC, wh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (PMP) is the reconstructed ancestor of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, which is by far the largest branch (by current speakers) of the Austronesian language family. Proto-Malayo-Polynesian is ancestral to all Austronesian languages spoken outside Taiwan, as well as the Yami language on Taiwan's Orchid Island. The first systematic reconstruction of Proto-Austronesian ("''Uraustronesisch''") by Otto Dempwolff was based on evidence from languages outside of Taiwan, and was therefore actually the first reconstruction of what is now known as Proto-Malayo-Polynesian. Phonology Consonants The following consonants can be reconstructed for Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (Blust 2009): The phonetic value of the reconstructed sounds *p, *b, *w, *m, *t, *d, *n, *s, *l, *r, *k, *g, *ŋ, *q, *h was as indicated by the spelling. The symbols *ñ, *y, *z, *D, *j, *R are orthographic conventions first introduced by Dyen (1947). The assumed phonetic values are given in the t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Svarga
Svarga (, ), also known as Swarga, Indraloka and Svargaloka, is the celestial abode of the devas in Hinduism. Svarga is one of the seven higher lokas ( esoteric planes) in Hindu cosmology. Svarga is often translated as heaven, though it is regarded to be dissimilar to the concept of the Abrahamic Heaven. Description Svarga is a set of celestial worlds located on and above Mount Meru, where those who had led righteous lives by adhering to the scriptures delight in pleasures, before their next birth on earth. It is described to have been built by the deity Tvashtar, the Vedic architect of the devas. The king of the devas, Indra, is the ruler of Svarga, ruling it with his consort, Indrani. His palace in the abode is called Vaijayanta. This palace holds the famous hall, Sudharma, unrivalled among all the princely courts. The capital of Svarga is Amaravati, and its entrance is guarded by the legendary elephant, Airavata. Svarga is described to be the home of Kamadhenu, the c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Naraka
Naraka () is the realm of hell in Indian religions. According to schools of Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism, ''Naraka'' is a place of torment. The word ''Neraka'' (modification of ''Naraka'') in Indonesian language, Indonesian and Malaysian language, Malaysian has also been used to describe the Jahannam, Islamic concept of Hell. Naraka was also a Khmer language, Khmer word for hell in Cambodia. Alternatively, the "hellish beings" that are said to reside in this underworld are often referred to as ''Narakas''. These beings are also termed in Sanskrit as ''Narakiyas'' (, ), ''Narakarnavas'' (, ) and ''Narakavasis'' (, ). Hinduism Naraka is a realm in the Vedas, a place where souls are sent for the expiation of their sins. It is mentioned primarily in the dharmaśāstra, Dharmashastras, itihāsa, Itihasas, and the Puranas, but also described in the Vedas, Vedic samhitas, the Aranyakas and the Upanishads. Some Upanishads speak of 'darkness' instead of hell. A summary of the Upanis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Svarga
Svarga (, ), also known as Swarga, Indraloka and Svargaloka, is the celestial abode of the devas in Hinduism. Svarga is one of the seven higher lokas ( esoteric planes) in Hindu cosmology. Svarga is often translated as heaven, though it is regarded to be dissimilar to the concept of the Abrahamic Heaven. Description Svarga is a set of celestial worlds located on and above Mount Meru, where those who had led righteous lives by adhering to the scriptures delight in pleasures, before their next birth on earth. It is described to have been built by the deity Tvashtar, the Vedic architect of the devas. The king of the devas, Indra, is the ruler of Svarga, ruling it with his consort, Indrani. His palace in the abode is called Vaijayanta. This palace holds the famous hall, Sudharma, unrivalled among all the princely courts. The capital of Svarga is Amaravati, and its entrance is guarded by the legendary elephant, Airavata. Svarga is described to be the home of Kamadhenu, the c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
