Đông Yên Châu Inscription
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The Đông Yên Châu inscription is an
Old Cham Cham language, Cham has the oldest literary history of any Austronesian language. The Dong Yen Chau inscription, written in Old Cham, dates from the late 4th century AD. Cham Script The Cham people had their own script, known as the Cham scri ...
inscription written in
Pallava script The Pallava script, or Pallava Grantha, is a style of Grantha script named after the Pallava dynasty of Southern India (Tamilakam) and is attested to since the 4th century CE. In India, the Pallava script evolved from Tamil-Brahmi. The Gran ...
, found in 1936 at Đông Yên Châu, northwest of
Trà Kiệu Trà Kiệu is a village in Duy Sơn commune, Duy Xuyên district, Quảng Nam province, Vietnam. Geography Trà Kiệu is located in the Thu Bồn River, Thu Bồn river valley inland west of Hội An (halfway between Hội An and My Son Sanc ...
, which used to be the old
Champa Champa (Cham language, Cham: ꨌꩌꨛꨩ, چمڤا; ; 占城 or 占婆) was a collection of independent Chams, Cham Polity, polities that extended across the coast of what is present-day Central Vietnam, central and southern Vietnam from ...
capital known as Simhapura, in central Vietnam. The inscription was written in prose, is the oldest document of Cham (and indeed of any
Austronesian language The Austronesian languages ( ) are a language family widely spoken throughout Maritime Southeast Asia, parts of Mainland Southeast Asia, Madagascar, the islands of the Pacific Ocean and Taiwan (by Taiwanese indigenous peoples). They are spoken b ...
), and testifies to the existence of indigenous beliefs among the ancient
Cham people The Chams (Cham language, Cham: , چام, ''cam''), or Champa people (Cham language, Cham: , اوراڠ چمڤا, ''Urang Campa''; or ; , ), are an Austronesian peoples, Austronesian ethnic group in Southeast Asia and are the original inhabi ...
of the Champa kingdom. Though not itself dated, the phrasing of the inscription is identical to those of dated
Sanskrit Sanskrit (; stem form ; nominal singular , ,) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in northwest South Asia after its predecessor languages had Trans-cultural ...
inscriptions of Bhadravarman I of the second dynasty, who ruled Champa at the end of the 4th century CE. It contains an imprecatory formula ordering respect for the "naga of the king", undoubtedly a reference to the protective divinity of a spring or well. This vernacular text shows that in the 4th century, the land that now constitutes modern-day central Vietnam was inhabited by an Austronesian-speaking population. The evidence, both monumental and palaeographic, also suggests that
Hinduism Hinduism () is an Hypernymy and hyponymy, umbrella term for a range of Indian religions, Indian List of religions and spiritual traditions#Indian religions, religious and spiritual traditions (Sampradaya, ''sampradaya''s) that are unified ...
was the predominant religious system. The fact that the language in the inscription shares some basic grammar and vocabulary with Malay has led some scholars to argue that the inscription contains the oldest specimen of Malay words in the form of
Old Malay Malay language, Malay was first used in the first millennia known as Old Malay, a part of the Austronesian languages, Austronesian language family. Over a period of two Millennium, millennia, Malay has undergone various stages of development th ...
, older by three centuries than the earliest
Srivijaya Srivijaya (), also spelled Sri Vijaya, was a Hinduism, Hindu-Buddhism, Buddhist thalassocracy, thalassocratic empire based on the island of Sumatra (in modern-day Indonesia) that influenced much of Southeast Asia. Srivijaya was an important ...
n inscriptions from southeastern
Sumatra Sumatra () is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the list of islands by area, sixth-largest island in the world at 482,286.55 km2 (182,812 mi. ...
. However, most scholars consider it established that this inscription was written in Old Cham instead. The shared basic grammar and vocabulary comes as no surprise, since Chamic and
Malayic languages The Malayic languages are a branch of the Malayo-Polynesian subgroup of the Austronesian language family. The two most prominent members of this branch are Indonesian and Malay. Indonesian is the official language of Indonesia and has evolved ...
are closely related; both are the two subgroups of a Malayic–Chamic group within the
Malayo-Polynesian The Malayo-Polynesian languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages, with approximately 385.5 million speakers. The Malayo-Polynesian languages are spoken by the Austronesian peoples outside of Taiwan, in the island nations of Southeast ...
branch of the Austronesian family.


Text

The language of the inscription is not far from modern Cham or Malay in its grammar and vocabulary. The similarities to modern Malay and Cham grammar are evident in the ''yang'' and ''ya'' relative markers, both found in Cham, in the ''dengan'' ("with") and ''di'' (locative marker), in the syntax of the equative sentence ''Ni yang naga punya putauv'' ("this that serpent possessed by the king"), in the use of ''punya'' as a genitive marker, and so on. Indian influence is evident in the Sanskrit terms ''siddham'', a frequently used invocation of fortune; ''
nāga In various Asian religious traditions, the Nāgas () are a divine, or semi-divine, race of half-human, half-serpent beings that reside in the netherworld (Patala), and can occasionally take human or part-human form, or are so depicted in art. ...
'' ("serpent, dragon"); '' svarggah'' ("heaven"), ''paribhū'' ("to insult"), ''
naraka Naraka () is the realm of hell in Indian religions. According to schools of Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism, ''Naraka'' is a place of torment. The word ''Neraka'' (modification of ''Naraka'') in Indonesian language, Indonesian and Malaysian langu ...
'' ("hell"), and ''kulo'' ("family"). The text of the inscription itself, associated with a well near Indrapura, is short but linguistically revealing: Transliteration :''Siddham! Ni yang nāga punya putauv.'' :''Ya urāng sepuy di ko, kurun ko jemā labuh nari svarggah.'' :''Ya urāng paribhū di ko, kurun saribu thun davam di naraka, dengan tijuh kulo ko.'' Word-for-word English equivalent, except that Thurgood leaves unglossed the words given here as "(that)", "(O)", "(in)". :''fortune! this (that) serpent possess king.'' :''(O) person respect (in) him, for him jewels fall from heaven.'' :''(O) person insult (in) him, for one-thousand year remain (in) hell, with seven family he.'' English translation :''Fortune! this is the divine serpent of the king.'' :''Whoever respects him, for him jewels fall from heaven.'' :''Whoever insults him, he will remain for a thousand years in hell, with seven generations of his family.'' Malay translation :''Sejahtera! Inilah naga suci kepunyaan Raja.'' :''Orang yang menghormatinya, turun kepadanya permata dari syurga.'' :''Orang yang menghinanya, akan seribu tahun diam di neraka, dengan tujuh keturunan keluarganya.'' Western Cham translation :''Nabuwah! Ni kung nāga milik patao.'' :''Hây urāng adab tuei nyu, ka pak nyu mâh priak yeh hu plêk mâng syurga mai.'' :''Hâi urāng papndik harakat pak nyu, ka ye saribau thun tram di naraka, hong tajuh mangawom nyu.'' Vietnamese translation :''Thời vận! Đây là xà thần của người.'' :''Ai tôn trọng người, với ngươi vàng bạc rơi từ thiên đường.'' :''Ai sỉ nhục người, kẻ đó sẽ ở địa ngục nghìn năm, với bảy đời gia đình hắn.''


See also

*
List of languages by first written accounts This is a list of languages arranged by age of the oldest existing text recording a complete sentence in the language. It does not include undeciphered writing systems, though there are various claims without wide acceptance, which, if substanti ...


References


Bibliography

* * * * * * * * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Dong Yen Chau inscription Cham Austronesian inscriptions 4th-century inscriptions Earliest known manuscripts by language History of literature in Vietnam 1st millennium in Vietnam