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Émile Zurlinden
Émile Auguste François Thomas Zurlinden (3 November 1837 – 9 March 1929) was a French Army general and politician. An Alsatian by birth, he distinguished himself on the battlefield during the Franco-Prussian War, and participated in the suppression of the Paris Commune. He was Minister of War twice, in 1895 and again in 1898, during which he was involved with the Dreyfus affair. Life and military career Zurlinden was born in Colmar, Haut-Rhin, the son of Michel Thiébaut Zurlinden and Joséphine Albertine Eugénie Baumann. He studied at the Collège de Colmar, the École polytechnique, the École d’application de l’artillerie in Metz, and the Saumur Cavalry School. Promoted to captain in 1866, he distinguished himself during the Franco-Prussian War, fighting in the battles of Borny, Rezonville, Saint-Privat-la-Montagne et Sainte-Barbe. Made a prisoner of war, he refused parole and was imprisoned in a fortress in Silesia, from which he escaped, offering his service ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parole
Parole, also known as provisional release, supervised release, or being on paper, is a form of early release of a prisoner, prison inmate where the prisoner agrees to abide by behavioral conditions, including checking-in with their designated parole officers, or else they may be rearrested and returned to prison. Originating from the French word ('speech, spoken words' but also 'promise'), the term became associated during the Middle Ages with the release of prisoners who gave their word. This differs greatly from pardon, amnesty or commutation of sentence in that parolees are still considered to be serving their sentences, and may be returned to prison if they violate the conditions of their parole. It is similar to probation, the key difference being that parole takes place after a prison sentence, while probation can be granted in lieu of a prison sentence. Modern development Alexander Maconochie (penal reformer), Alexander Maconochie, a Scottish geographer and captain i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Georges Picquart
Marie-Georges Picquart (6 September 1854 – 19 January 1914) was a French Army officer and Minister of War. He is best known for his role in the Dreyfus affair, in which he played a key role in uncovering the real culprit. Early career Picquart was born in Strasbourg. He began his military career in 1872, graduating from the ''École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr'' as fifth in his year. Picquart served as an infantry officer in France before undertaking staff duties in Indochina. He saw service with the 4th Zouaves in Algeria as well as with several regiments of line infantry and '' chasseurs à pied'' (light infantry) in Metropolitan France. He subsequently studied at the General Staff Academy (''École d'état-major'') where he was second in his class, after which he became a lecturer at the War Academy (''École supérieure de guerre''). One of his students at the latter institute was Alfred Dreyfus. Picquart and the Dreyfus affair Picquart was then appointed to the G ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Charles Chanoine
Charles Sulpice Jules Chanoine (; 18 December 1835, Dijon, Côte-d'Or – 9 January 1915) was a French military officer who led the first French mission sent to Japan, between 1867 and 1868, and later served as Minister of War under the Third Republic. Life and career Early in his career, he served as chief of the French troops in China during the Second Opium War (1856–1860). Later, from 1867 to 1868, he was posted to Japan as the commander of the First French Military Mission to Japan, sent to that country by Napoleon III at the request of the 14th ''shōgun'' Tokugawa Iemochi. Among the officers under his command in Japan was Jules Brunet, who would play a key role in the conflict between the Shogun and the restoration forces of the Meiji Emperor during the Boshin War. Due to the involvement of the Mission in supporting the Shogun, Chanoine had to leave Japan with the majority of the other French advisors in October 1868, per orders of the new emperor Meiji. Those wh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Godefroy Cavaignac
Godefroy is a surname of Old French origin, and originally a given name, cognate with Geoffrey/Geoffroy/ Jeffrey/Jeffries, Godfrey, Gottfried, etc. Godefroy or Godefroi may refer to: People Given name * Godefroi, Count of Durbuy (d. before 1124), son of Henry I * Godefroi, Count of Montaigu (died 1161), Count of Clermont, Count of Duras * Godefroi, Comte d'Estrades (1607–1686), French diplomat and marshal * Godefroi, prince de La Tour d'Auvergne-Lauraguais (1823–1871), French politician * Godefroy de Blonay (1869–1937), a member of the International Olympic Committee and one of the founders and first president of the Swiss Olympic Association * Godefroy Calès (1799–1868), French physician and politician * Éléonore-Louis Godefroi Cavaignac (1801–1845), French politician and journalist * Godefroy de Forçant (died 1809), French Navy officer and adventurer * Godefroy Durand (1832–1896), German-born French illustrator and draughtsman * Godefroy Engelmann ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Henri Brisson
Eugène Henri Brisson (; 31 July 1835 – 14 April 1912) was a French statesman, Prime Minister of France for a period in 1885-1886 and again in 1898. Biography He was born at Bourges (Cher), and followed his father's profession of advocate. Having made his mark in opposition during the last days of the empire, he was appointed deputy-mayor of Paris after the government was overthrown. He was elected to the Assembly on 8 February 1871, as a member of the extreme Left. While not approving of the Commune, he was the first to propose amnesty for the condemned (on 13 September 1871), but the proposal was voted down. He strongly supported compulsory primary education, and was firmly anti-clerical. He was president of the chamber from 1881 — replacing Léon Gambetta — to March 1885, when he became prime minister upon the resignation of Jules Ferry; but he resigned when, after the general elections of that year, he only just obtained a majority for the vote of credit for the To ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Second Madagascar Expedition
The Second Madagascar expedition was a French military intervention which took place in 1894–1895, sealing the conquest of the Merina Kingdom on the island of Madagascar by France. It was the last phase of the Franco-Hova War and followed the First Madagascar expedition of 1883–1885. Background Madagascar was at the time an independent country, ruled from the capital of Antananarivo by the Merina dynasty from the central highlands. The French invasion was triggered by the refusal of Queen Ranavalona III to accept a protectorate treaty from France, despite the signature of the Franco- Hova Treaty of 1885 following the First Madagascar expedition. Resident-general Charles Le Myre de Vilers broke negotiation and effectively declared war on the Malagasy monarchy. The expedition An expeditionary corps was sent under General Jacques Duchesne. First, the harbor of Toamasina on the east coast, and Mahajanga on the west coast, were bombarded and occupied in December 1894 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Îles Du Salut
The Salvation Islands ( French: ''Îles du Salut'', so called because the missionaries went there to escape plague on the mainland), sometimes mistakenly called the Safety Islands, are a group of small islands of volcanic origin about off the coast of French Guiana, north of Kourou, in the Atlantic Ocean. Although closer to Kourou, the islands are part of Cayenne (municipality), specifically . Geography Islands There are three islands, from north to south: Devil's Island, the most famous due to the political imprisonment there of Captain Alfred Dreyfus, is better known to French speakers as . The total area is . Devil's Island and Île Royale are separated by , Île Royale and Saint-Joseph Island by . Climate The climate of Salvation Islands focuses on the characteristics of Royale Island. Royale Island () has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification). The average annual temperature in Royale Island is . The average annual rainfall is with May as the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Auguste Mercier
Auguste Mercier (8 December 1833 – 3 March 1921) was a French general and Minister of War at the time when the political scandal that became known as the Dreyfus Affair began. Military career Auguste Mercier was born in Arras. He entered the École Polytechnique at the age of 19 in 1852, and came 4th in a class of 106. He continued for a second period in 1854 and chose to enter the artillery. Appointed in 1856 as a second lieutenant in the 13th Regiment of Mounted Artillery, then in 1856, he was assigned to the 2nd Regiment of Mounted Artillery. Subsequently, he was assigned to the Regiment of Horse Artillery of the Guard. Promoted to Lieutenant in 1857, he was appointed captain of the 18th Regiment of Horse Artillery in 1860 until December 1861. Next in 1862 he was posted to the 5th Regiment of Foot Artillery. In Mexico from 1862 to 1864, he was deputy commanding general of the depot. He ran the foundry during the siege of Puebla. He was a recipient of the Medal of Mex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexandre Ribot
Alexandre-Félix-Joseph Ribot (; 7 February 184213 January 1923) was a French politician, four times Prime Minister. Early life and early career Ribot was born on 7 February 1842, in Saint-Omer. After graduating from the University of Paris, where he was ''lauréat'' of the faculty of law, he was admitted to the bar. He was secretary of the conference of advocates and one of the founders of the ''Sociéte de legislation comparée''. In 1875 and 1876, he was director of criminal affairs and secretary-general at the ministry of justice. Representative In 1877, he entered politics, becoming a member of the committee of legal resistance during the Broglie ministry; in 1878, he returned to the chamber as a moderate republican member for Boulogne, in his native ''département'' of Pas-de-Calais. His impassioned yet reasoned eloquence gave him an influence which was increased by his articles in the ''Parlement'' in which he opposed violent measures against the unauthorized congregat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conseil Supérieur De La Guerre
The Conseil supérieur de la guerre (, ''Superior War Council'', abbr. CSG) was the highest military body in France under the Third French Republic, Third Republic. It was under the presidency of the Minister of War (France), Minister of War, although vice presidents presided in his absence and took care of day-to-day activities. On 5 December 1889, a corresponding Conseil supérieur de la Marine (CSM) for naval affairs was created, and in April 1931 a Conseil supérieur de l'Air (CSA).Frédéric Guelton, "Les hautes instances de la Défense nationale sous la Troisième République", in Olivier Forcade, Eric Duhamel, Philippe Vial, eds., ''Militaires en République (1870–1962): les officiers, le pouvoir et la vie publique en France'' (Publications de la Sorbonne, 1999), pp. 58–59. The CSG was created by President Adolphe Thiers by executive decree on 27 July 1872. It is not to be confused with the Conseil de Défense created on 29 June 1872, which was charged with planning the co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Military Governor Of Paris
The military governor of Paris is a post within the French Army. He commands the garrison of Paris and represents all the military based in Paris at high state occasions. He is also responsible (subordinate to the President of France) for organizing major national ceremonies such as the Bastille Day military parade down the Champs-Élysées. The foundation of the post is blurred, but it has subsequently evolved in two phases. Under the Ancien Régime, its role was limited in comparison to his colleagues in the provinces, who represented the King of France in his absence, whereas in Paris the King was present. The post was dispensed with at the time of the French Revolution before being re-established by Napoleon in 1804, when it was reinforced by becoming a military-command role. List of governors Governors of Paris under the Ancien Régime * Louis I d'Anjou: 1356–1357 * Jean de Berry: 1411 * Waléran III de Luxembourg: 1411–1413 * Jean II de Luxembourg: 1418–14 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
