Émile Zurlinden
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Émile Auguste François Thomas Zurlinden (3 November 1837 – 9 March 1929) was a
French Army The French Army, officially known as the Land Army (, , ), is the principal Army, land warfare force of France, and the largest component of the French Armed Forces; it is responsible to the Government of France, alongside the French Navy, Fren ...
general and politician. An Alsatian by birth, he distinguished himself on the battlefield during the
Franco-Prussian War The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the War of 1870, was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia. Lasting from 19 July 1870 to 28 Janua ...
, and participated in the suppression of the
Paris Commune The Paris Commune (, ) was a French revolutionary government that seized power in Paris on 18 March 1871 and controlled parts of the city until 28 May 1871. During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, the French National Guard (France), Nation ...
. He was
Minister of War A ministry of defence or defense (see American and British English spelling differences#-ce.2C -se, spelling differences), also known as a department of defence or defense, is the part of a government responsible for matters of defence and Mi ...
twice, in 1895 and again in 1898, during which he was involved with the Dreyfus affair.


Life and military career

Zurlinden was born in
Colmar Colmar (; ; or ) is a city and commune in the Haut-Rhin department and Alsace region of north-eastern France. The third-largest commune in Alsace (after Strasbourg and Mulhouse), it is the seat of the prefecture of the Haut-Rhin department ...
,
Haut-Rhin Haut-Rhin (); Alsatian: ''Owerelsàss'' or '; , . is a department in the Grand Est region, France, bordering both Germany and Switzerland. It is named after the river Rhine; its name means Upper Rhine. Haut-Rhin is the smaller and less pop ...
, the son of Michel Thiébaut Zurlinden and Joséphine Albertine Eugénie Baumann. He studied at the Collège de Colmar, the
École polytechnique (, ; also known as Polytechnique or l'X ) is a ''grande école'' located in Palaiseau, France. It specializes in science and engineering and is a founding member of the Polytechnic Institute of Paris. The school was founded in 1794 by mat ...
, the École d’application de l’artillerie in
Metz Metz ( , , , then ) is a city in northeast France located at the confluence of the Moselle (river), Moselle and the Seille (Moselle), Seille rivers. Metz is the Prefectures in France, prefecture of the Moselle (department), Moselle Departments ...
, and the Saumur Cavalry School. Promoted to captain in 1866, he distinguished himself during the Franco-Prussian War, fighting in the battles of Borny, Rezonville, Saint-Privat-la-Montagne et Sainte-Barbe. Made a
prisoner of war A prisoner of war (POW) is a person held captive by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict. The earliest recorded usage of the phrase "prisoner of war" dates back to 1610. Belligerents hold prisoners of war for a ...
, he refused
parole Parole, also known as provisional release, supervised release, or being on paper, is a form of early release of a prisoner, prison inmate where the prisoner agrees to abide by behavioral conditions, including checking-in with their designated ...
and was imprisoned in a fortress in Silesia, from which he escaped, offering his services to Gambetta's Government of National Defense. He was promoted to général de brigade in 1886 and
général de division Divisional general is a general officer rank who commands an army division. The rank originates from the French Revolutionary System, and is used by a number of countries. The rank is above a brigade general, and normally below an army corps ...
in 1890. In 1898, he was appointed military governor of Paris and joined the
Conseil supérieur de la guerre The Conseil supérieur de la guerre (, ''Superior War Council'', abbr. CSG) was the highest military body in France under the Third French Republic, Third Republic. It was under the presidency of the Minister of War (France), Minister of War, althou ...
.


Political career

In January 1895, Zurlinden became Minister of War in Alexandre Ribot's government. He was deeply involved with the Dreyfus affair, and pursued the anti-Dreyfusard policies of his predecessor, Auguste Mercier. Keen to limit Dreyfus' communications with the outside world, he had the Chamber pass the Law of 9 February 1895, adding the
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as a place of deportation. He resigned with the rest of the government the same year over the Second Madagascar expedition, for which he had responsibility. In 1898, he once again served as Minister of War, in Henri Brisson's second government, following the resignation of Godefroy Cavaignac. Zurlinden recommended against the reexamination of the Dreyfus case. When the government decided, in spite of his advice, to appoint a commission to examine the matter, he resigned for the second time, to be succeeded by Charles Chanoine. Returning to his post of military governor of Paris, he undertook to prosecute Lieutenant-Colonel Georges Picquart on an allegation of forgery. He was replaced as military governor in 1899 by the Waldeck-Rousseau government and the new Minister of War, Gaston de Galliffet. Remaining a member of the Conseil supérieur de la guerre, Zurlinden retired from active service in 1902, still convinced of Dreyfus' guilt. After his retirement, he published a book on Napoleon's marshals, as well his memoirs. He stood for election to the
Chamber of Deputies The chamber of deputies is the lower house in many bicameral legislatures and the sole house in some unicameral legislatures. Description Historically, French Chamber of Deputies was the lower house of the French Parliament during the Bourb ...
in 1906, but was defeated by the incumbent, Charles Schneider. He died in Paris in 1929. He was closely involved in the Resolution of the Dreyfus affair. He was cross-eyed.


Assessments

No military honours were paid at his funeral, and no street is named after him in either Paris or Alsace, which Jean-Marie Schmitt attributes to his role in the Dreyfus affair. Jean-Denis Bredin describes him as "a handsome man of impeccable reputation and an admirable horseman". According to Joseph Jacobs, "he was an honest soldier, but narrow-minded;" insults in the press "did not fail to affect him".


References

1837 births 1929 deaths People from Colmar Politicians from Grand Est Ministers of war of France Politicians of the French Third Republic Military governors of Paris People associated with the Dreyfus affair École Polytechnique alumni Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour {{france-mil-bio-stub