William Thomas Calman (29 December 1871 – 29 September 1952) was a Scottish

zoologist Zoology ()The pronunciation of zoology as is usually regarded as nonstandard, though it is not uncommon. is the branch of biology that studies the Animal, animal kingdom, including the anatomy, structure, embryology, evolution, Biological clas ...

, specialising in the

Crustacea Crustaceans (Crustacea, ) form a large, diverse arthropod taxon which includes such animals as decapods, seed shrimp, branchiopods, fish lice, krill, remipedes, isopods, barnacles, copepods, amphipods and mantis shrimp. The crustacean gro ...

. From 1927 to 1936 he was

Keeper of Zoology The Keeper of Zoology was a zoological academic position within the Natural History Museum in London, England. The Keeper of Zoology acted as the head of the Department of Zoology. The following is a list of those who have held this position, whic ...

at the British Museum (Natural History) (now the

Natural History Museum A natural history museum or museum of natural history is a scientific institution with natural history collections that include current and historical records of animals, plants, fungi, ecosystems, geology, paleontology, climatology, and more. ...

Life

He was born in

Dundee Dundee (; sco, Dundee; gd, Dùn Dè or ) is Scotland's fourth-largest city and the 51st-most-populous built-up area in the United Kingdom. The mid-year population estimate for 2016 was , giving Dundee a population density of 2,478/km2 or ...

, the son of Thomas Calman, a music teacher, and Agnes Beatts Maclean. He studied at the

High School of Dundee The High School of Dundee is an independent, co-educational, day school in Dundee, Scotland, which provides nursery, primary and secondary education to just over one thousand pupils. Its foundation has been dated to 1239, and it is the only priv ...

. In the scientific societies in Dundee, he met

D'Arcy Thompson Sir D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson CB FRS FRSE (2 May 1860 – 21 June 1948) was a Scottish biologist, mathematician and classics scholar. He was a pioneer of mathematical and theoretical biology, travelled on expeditions to the Bering Strait a ...

. He later became Thompson's lab boy, which allowed him to attend lectures at

University College, Dundee A university () is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. Universities typically offer both undergraduate and postgraduate programs. In the United States, t ...

for free. A. D. Peacock, one of Thompson's successors to the chair of Natural history at Dundee, believed this appointment came about following a letter sent by Calman in 1891 asking Thompson's advice as to applying for a post in Edinburgh. After his graduation with distinction in 1895, he took on a lecturership at the university, where he remained for eight years. When Thompson died, Calman, along with Douglas Young, wrote his obituary notice in the

Royal Society of Edinburgh The Royal Society of Edinburgh is Scotland's national academy of science and letters. It is a registered charity that operates on a wholly independent and non-partisan basis and provides public benefit throughout Scotland. It was established i ...

Yearbook. He later worked at the Natural History Museum, where he was appointed assistant curator of Arachnida in 1904 (replacing Pocock), became assistant curator of Crustacea and

Pycnogonida Sea spiders are marine arthropods of the order Pantopoda ( ‘all feet’), belonging to the class Pycnogonida, hence they are also called pycnogonids (; named after ''Pycnogonum'', the type genus; with the suffix '). They are cosmopolitan, foun ...

and Keeper of Zoology. In 1909, he wrote the Crustacea section in Lankester's ''Treatise on Zoology'', where he introduced the

superorder Order ( la, ordo) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy. It is classified between family and class. In biological classification, the order is a taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms and ...

Eucarida Eucarida is a superorder of the Malacostraca, a class of the crustacean subphylum, comprising the decapods, krill, '' Amphionides'' and Angustidontida. They are characterised by having the carapace fused to all thoracic segments, and by the pos ...

, Peracarida and

Hoplocarida Hoplocarida is a subclass of crustaceans. The only extant members are the mantis shrimp (Stomatopoda), but two other orders existed in the Palaeozoic: Aeschronectida Aeschronectida is an extinct order of mantis shrimp-like crustacean Crus ...

as well as the concept of the '' caridoid facies'', a hypothetical ancestral

malacostraca Malacostraca (from New Latin; ) is the largest of the six classes of crustaceans, containing about 40,000 living species, divided among 16 orders. Its members, the malacostracans, display a great diversity of body forms and include crabs, lobst ...

n. He wrote several of the entries about crustacea for the

Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition The ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Eleventh Edition (1910–1911) is a 29-volume reference work, an edition of the ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. It was developed during the encyclopaedia's transition from a British to an American publication. So ...

. He also established the current division of the

Branchiopoda Branchiopoda is a class of crustaceans. It comprises fairy shrimp, clam shrimp, Diplostraca (or Cladocera), Notostraca and the Devonian ''Lepidocaris''. They are mostly small, freshwater animals that feed on plankton and detritus. Description M ...

into the four orders

Anostraca Anostraca is one of the four orders of crustaceans in the class Branchiopoda; its members are referred to as fairy shrimp. They live in vernal pools and hypersaline lakes across the world, and they have even been found in deserts, ice-covered m ...

Notostraca The order Notostraca, containing the single family Triopsidae, is a group of crustaceans known as tadpole shrimp or shield shrimp. The two genera, ''Triops'' and '' Lepidurus'', are considered living fossils, with similar forms having existed sinc ...

Conchostraca Clam shrimp are a group of bivalved branchiopod crustaceans that resemble the unrelated bivalved molluscs. They are extant and also known from the fossil record, from at least the Devonian period and perhaps before. They were originally classifi ...

and

Cladocera The Diplostraca or Cladocera, commonly known as water fleas, are a superorder of small crustaceans that feed on microscopic chunks of organic matter (excluding some predatory forms). Over 1000 species have been recognised so far, with many more ...

. He was elected a

Fellow of the Royal Society Fellowship of the Royal Society (FRS, ForMemRS and HonFRS) is an award granted by the judges of the Royal Society of London to individuals who have made a "substantial contribution to the improvement of natural science, natural knowledge, incl ...

in 1921, being the first graduate of the University of Dundee to be so. Calman retired to

Tayport Tayport, also known as Ferry-Port on Craig, is a town and burgh, and parish, in the county of Fife, Scotland, acting as a commuter town for Dundee. The motto of the Burgh is ''Te oportet alte ferri'' ("It is incumbent on you to carry yourself ...

in 1936, but returned to teaching during the

Second World War World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...

at Queen's College, Dundee and

St Andrews St Andrews ( la, S. Andrea(s); sco, Saunt Aundraes; gd, Cill Rìmhinn) is a town on the east coast of Fife in Scotland, southeast of Dundee and northeast of Edinburgh. St Andrews had a recorded population of 16,800 , making it Fife's fou ...

. He was president of the

Quekett Microscopical Club The Quekett Microscopical Club is a learned society for the promotion of microscopy. Its members come from all over the world, and include both amateur and professional microscopists. It is a registered charity and not-for-profit publisher, with th ...

from 1926 to 1928, president of the

Linnean Society The Linnean Society of London is a learned society dedicated to the study and dissemination of information concerning natural history, evolution, and taxonomy. It possesses several important biological specimen, manuscript and literature colle ...

from 1934 to 1937, and was awarded the

Linnean Medal The Linnean Medal of the Linnean Society of London was established in 1888, and is awarded annually to alternately a botanist or a zoologist or (as has been common since 1958) to one of each in the same year. The medal was of gold until 1976, and ...

in 1946. He was awarded CB in 1935.

St Andrews University (Aien aristeuein) , motto_lang = grc , mottoeng = Ever to ExcelorEver to be the Best , established = , type = Public research university Ancient university , endowment ...

awarded him an honorary doctorate (LLD) in 1937. He died in

Coulsdon Coulsdon (, traditionally pronounced ) is a town in south London, England, within the London Borough of Croydon, in the ceremonial county of Greater London since 1965. Prior to this it was part of the historic county of Surrey. History The l ...

Surrey Surrey () is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in South East England, bordering Greater London to the south west. Surrey has a large rural area, and several significant urban areas which form part of the Greater London Built-up Area. ...

on 29 September 1952.

Publications

*''The Life of Crustacae'' (1911) *''The Classification of Animals'' (1949)

Taxa named by Calman

Taxa named by W. T. Calman include: *'' Acanthephyra faxoni'' Calman, 1939 * Anaspidacea Calman, 1904 *'' Anchicolurus occidentalis'' (Calman, 1912) *'' Anoplodactylus cribellatus'' Calman, 1923 *'' Anthracocaris'' Calman, 1933 *''

Aristaeomorpha woodmasoni ''Aristaeomorpha'' is a genus of deep water prawns from the family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the fa ...

'' Calman, 1925 *'' Ascorhynchus extenuata'' (Calman, 1938) *'' Atyella brevirostris'' Calman, 1906a *'' Atyella longirostris'' Calman, 1906a *'' Atyella'' Calman, 1906a *'' Austropallene tibicina'' Calman, 1915 *'' Austroraptus juvenilis'' Calman, 1915 *'' Austroraptus praecox'' Calman, 1915 *'' Bankia australis'' (Calman, 1920) *'' Bathycuma longicaudatum'' Calman, 1912 *'' Bathycuma longirostre'' Calman, 1905 *'' Bathypallenopsis annandalei'' (Calman, 1923) *'' Bathyzetes extenuata'' (Calman, 1938) *'' Bodotria parva'' Calman, 1907 *'' Bodotria similis'' Calman, 1907 *'' Bodotria sublevis'' Calman, 1907 *'' Bresilia atlantica'' Calman, 1896 *'' Bresilia'' Calman, 1896 * Bresiliidae Calman, 1896 *

Bresilioidea Bresilioidea is a superfamily (zoology), superfamily of Caridea, shrimp. It is likely to be an polyphyly, artificial group, containing five families which may or may not be related. References

Caridea Arthropod superfamilies {{Caride ...

Calman, 1896 *'' Brevitalitrus hotulanus'' (Calman, 1912) *'' Callipallene pectinata'' (Calman, 1923) *'' Calocarcinus africanus'' Calman, 1909 *'' Calocarcinus'' Calman, 1909 *''

Campylaspis antarctica ''Campylaspis'' is a genus of crustaceans in the order Cumacea. Species of ''Campylaspis'' have a "bulky" carapace, which makes up more than 40% of the animal's length, as well as distinctive features of the mouthparts. There are currently 170 r ...

'' Calman, 1907 *''

Campylaspis orientalis ''Campylaspis'' is a genus of crustaceans in the order Cumacea. Species of ''Campylaspis'' have a "bulky" carapace, which makes up more than 40% of the animal's length, as well as distinctive features of the mouthparts. There are currently 170 ...

'' Calman, 1911 *'' Campylaspis platyuropus'' Calman, 1911 *'' Campylaspis rostrata'' Calman, 1905 *'' Campylaspis spinosa'' Calman, 1906 *'' Campylaspis vitrea'' Calman, 1906 *'' Caridella cunningtoni'' Calman, 1906a *'' Caridella minuta'' Calman, 1906a *'' Caridella paski'' Calman, 1928 *'' Caridella'' Calman, 1906a *'' Caridina indistincta indistincta'' Calman, 1926 *'' Caridinides wilkinsi'' Calman, 1926 *'' Caridinides'' Calman, 1926 *'' Ceratocuma horridum'' Calman, 1905 *'' Ceratocuma'' Calman, 1905 * Ceratocumatidae Calman, 1905 *'' Cilunculus sewelli'' Calman, 1938 *'' Colossendeis drakei'' Calman, 1915 *'' Colossendeis scotti'' Calman, 1915 *'' Colossendeis wilsoni'' Calman, 1915 *'' Colurostylis lemurum'' Calman, 1917 *'' Colurostylis pseudocuma'' Calman, 1911 *'' Colurostylis'' Calman, 1911 *'' Cryptocnemus haddoni'' Calman, 1900 *'' Cumella australis'' Calman, 1907 *'' Cumella clavicauda'' Calman, 1911 *'' Cumella forficula'' Calman, 1911 *'' Cumella gracilima'' Calman, 1905 *'' Cumella hispida'' Calman, 1911 *'' Cumella laevis'' Calman, 1911 *'' Cumella leptopus'' Calman, 1911 *'' Cumella serrata'' Calman, 1911 *'' Cumellopsis helgae'' Calman, 1905 *'' Cumellopsis puritani'' Calman, 1906 *'' Cumellopsis'' Calman, 1905 *'' Cyclaspis cingulata'' Calman, 1907 *'' Cyclaspis coelebs'' Calman, 1917 *'' Cyclaspis costata'' Calman, 1904 *'' Cyclaspis elegans'' Calman, 1907 *'' Cyclaspis herdmani'' Calman, 1904 *''Cyclaspis hornelli'' Calman, 1904 *''Cyclaspis longipes'' Calman, 1907 *''Cyclaspis persculpta'' Calman, 1905 *''Cyclaspis picta'' Calman, 1904 *''Cyclaspis sibogae'' Calman, 1905 *''Cyclaspis similis'' Calman, 1907 *''Cyclaspis thomsoni'' Calman, 1907 *''Cyclaspis triplicata'' Calman, 1907 *''Cyclaspis unicornis'' Calman, 1907 *''Cyclaspis uniplicata'' Calman, 1907 *''Cyclaspis varians'' Calman, 1912 *''Diastylis alaskensis'' Calman, 1912 *''Diastylis argentata'' Calman, 1912 *''Diastylis aspera'' Calman, 1912 *''Diastylis bidentata'' Calman, 1912 *''Diastylis dalli'' Calman, 1912 *''Diastylis insularum'' (Calman, 1908) *''Diastylis koreana'' Calman, 1911 *''Diastylis mawsoni'' Calman, 1918 *''Diastylis nucella'' Calman, 1912 *''Diastylis planifrons'' Calman, 1912 *''Diastylis sulcata'' Calman, 1912 *''Diastylopsis crassior'' Calman, 1911 *''Diastylopsis elongata'' Calman, 1911 *''Dipteropeltis hirundo'' Calman, 1912 *''Dodecolopoda mawsoni'' Calman & Gordon, 1933 *''Dodecolopoda'' Calman & Gordon, 1933 *''Ekleptostylis walkeri'' (Calman, 1907) *''Endeis flaccida'' Calman, 1923 *''Eocuma affine'' Calman, 1904 *''Eocuma dollfusi'' Calman, 1907 *''Eocuma latum'' Calman, 1907 *''Eocuma longicorne'' Calman, 1907 *''Eocuma stelliferum'' Calman, 1907 *''Eocuma taprobanicum'' Calman, 1904 *

Calman, 1904 *''Eudorella monodon'' Calman, 1912 *''Eudorella similis'' Calman, 1907 *''Eudorellopsis biplicata'' Calman, 1912 *''Eudorellopsis resima'' Calman, 1907 *''Gennadas capensis'' Calman, 1925 *''Gennadas gilchristi'' Calman, 1925 *''Gennadas gilchristi'' Calman, 1925 *''Glyphocrangon mabahissae'' Calman, 1939 *''Glyptelasma hamatum'' (Calman, 1919) *''Gynodiastylis bicristata'' Calman, 1911 *''Gynodiastylis carinata'' Calman, 1911 *''Gynodiastylis costata'' Calman, 1911 *''Gynodiastylis'' Calman, 1911 *''Hemileucon comes'' Calman, 1907 *''Hemileucon uniplicatus'' Calman, 1907 *''Hemileucon'' Calman, 1907 *''Heteroleucon akaroensis'' Calman, 1907 *''Heteroleucon'' Calman, 1907 *''Heteromysoides cotti'' (Calman, 1932) *''Holthuisana wollastoni'' (Calman, 1914) *

Calman, 1904 *''Hyastenus uncifer'' Calman, 1900 *''Lamprops beringi'' Calman, 1912 *''Leucon heterostylis'' Calman, 1907 *''Leucon siphonatus'' Calman, 1905 *''Lioxanthodes alcocki'' Calman, 1909 *''Lioxanthodes'' Calman, 1909 *''Litogynodiastylis laevis'' (Calman, 1911) *''Litoscalpellum juddi'' (Calman, 1918) *''Lophopilumnus cristipes'' (Calman, 1900) *''Makrokylindrus cingulatus'' (Calman, 1905) *''Makrokylindrus fistularis'' (Calman), 1911 *''Makrokylindrus tubulicauda'' (Calman, 1905) *''Namlacium crepidatum'' (Calman, 1925) *''Nannastacus agnatus'' Calman, 1911 *''Nannastacus brevicaudatus'' Calman, 1905 *''Nannastacus gibbosus'' Calman, 1911 *''Nannastacus gurneyi'' Calman, 1927 *''Nannastacus minor'' Calman, 1911 *''Nannastacus pardus'' Calman, 1905 *''Nannastacus reptans'' Calman, 1911 *''Nannastacus stebbingi'' Calman, 1904 *''Nannastacus tardus'' Calman, 1911 *''Nannastacus zimmeri'' Calman, 1911 *Nebaliacea Calman, 1904 *''Nematobrachion boopis'' (Calman, 1905) *''Nematobrachion'' Calman, 1905 *''Nymphon andamanense'' Calman, 1923 *''Nymphon arabicum'' Calman, 1938 *''Nymphon foxi'' Calman, 1927 *''Nymphon proximum'' Calman, 1915 *''Oxyurostylis smithi'' Calman, 1912 *''Oxyurostylis'' Calman, 1912 *''Pallenopsis alcocki'' Calman, 1923 *''Pandalina'' Calman, 1899 *''Paradiastylis brachyura'' Calman, 1904 *''Paradiastylis longipes'' Calman, 1905 *''Paradiastylis'' Calman, 1904 *''Paralamprops orbicularis'' (Calman, 1905) *''Paraleucon suteri'' Calman, 1907 *''Paraleucon'' Calman, 1907 *''Paralimnoria andrewsi'' (Calman, 1910) *''Parapallene challengeri'' Calman, 1937 *''Parapallene longipes'' Calman, 1938 *''Parapotamon spinescens'' (Calman, 1905) * Peracarida Calman, 1904 *''Periclimenaeus arabicus'' (Calman, 1939) *''Periclimenaeus crassipes'' (Calman, 1939) *''Pigrogromitus timsanus'' Calman, 1927 *''Pigrogromitus'' Calman, 1927 *''Platycuma holti'' Calman, 1905 *''Platycuma'' Calman, 1905 *''Plesionika minor'' Calman, 1939 *''Polycheria osborni'' Calman, 1898 *''Pontonides unciger'' Calman, 1939 *''Potamonautes warreni'' (Calman, 1918) *''Procampylaspis bonnieri'' Calman, 1906 *''Propallene kempi'' (Calman, 1923) *''Pseudione giardi'' Calman, 1898 *''Pseudodiastylis ferox'' Calman, 1905 *''Pseudodiastylis'' Calman, 1905 *''Pseudolambrus confragosus'' (Calman, 1900) *''Pseudoleptocuma minus'' (Calman, 1912) *''Pycnogonum africanum'' Calman, 1938 *''Rouxana ingrami'' (Calman, 1908) *''Rouxana plana'' (Calman, 1914) *''Scherocumella brachydactyla'' (Calman, 1905) *''Scherocumella gurneyi'' (Calman, 1927) *''Scherocumella lepturus'' Calman, 1911 *''Schizotrema bifrons'' Calman, 1911 *''Schizotrema depressum'' Calman, 1911 *''Schizotrema sordidum'' Calman, 1911 *''Schizotrema'' Calman, 1911 *''Seguapallene echinata'' (Calman, 1938) *''Sesarma boulengeri'' Calman, 1920 *''Spinoserolis beddardi'' (Calman, 1920) *''Squilla brasiliensis'' Calman, 1917 *''Styloptocuma gracillimum'' (Calman, 1905) *''Sympodomma diomedeae'' (Calman), 1912 *''Sympodomma weberi'' (Calman, 1905) *''Teloscalpellum ecaudatum'' (Calman, 1918) *''Thaumastocheles japonicus'' Calman, 1913 *''Trachycaris'' Calman, 1906b *''Trianguloscalpellum annandalei'' (Calman, 1918) *''Tropichelura insulae'' (Calman, 1910) *''Typhlocaris'' Calman, 1909 *''Typhlocaris galilea'' Calman, 1909 *''Vaunthompsonia arabica'' Calman, 1907 *''Zanclopus cephalodisci'' Calman, 1908 *''Zanclopus'' Calman, 1908 *''Zygosiphon mortenseni'' Calman, 1907 *''Zygosiphon'' Calman, 1907

References

External links

* * {{DEFAULTSORT:Calman, William Thomas 1871 births 1952 deaths People from Dundee People educated at the High School of Dundee Alumni of the University of Dundee Scottish zoologists Employees of the Natural History Museum, London Fellows of the Royal Society Presidents of the Linnean Society of London British carcinologists Academics of the University of Dundee Academics of the University of St Andrews Scottish marine biologists Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh Companions of the Order of the Bath