Types of business entity
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A business entity is an entity that is formed and administered as per
corporate law Corporate law (also known as company law or enterprise law) is the body of law governing the rights, relations, and conduct of persons, companies, organizations and businesses. The term refers to the legal practice of law relating to corpora ...
in order to engage in
business Business is the practice of making one's living or making money by producing or Trade, buying and selling Product (business), products (such as goods and Service (economics), services). It is also "any activity or enterprise entered into for ...
activities, charitable work, or other activities allowable. Most often, business entities are formed to sell a product or a service. There are many types of business entities defined in the legal systems of various countries. These include
corporation A corporation or body corporate is an individual or a group of people, such as an association or company, that has been authorized by the State (polity), state to act as a single entity (a legal entity recognized by private and public law as ...
s,
cooperative A cooperative (also known as co-operative, coöperative, co-op, or coop) is "an autonomy, autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned a ...
s,
partnership A partnership is an agreement where parties agree to cooperate to advance their mutual interests. The partners in a partnership may be individuals, businesses, interest-based organizations, schools, governments or combinations. Organizations ...
s, sole traders, limited liability companies and other specifically permitted and labelled types of entities. The specific rules vary by country and by state or province. Some of these types are listed below, by country. For guidance, approximate equivalents in the company law of English-speaking countries are given in most cases, for example: *
private company limited by shares A private company limited by shares is a class of private limited company incorporated under the laws of England and Wales, Hong Kong, Northern Ireland, Scotland, certain Commonwealth jurisdictions, and the Republic of Ireland. It has shareh ...
or Ltd. (United Kingdom, Ireland, and the Commonwealth) *
public limited company A public limited company (legally abbreviated to PLC or plc) is a type of public company under United Kingdom company law, some Commonwealth of Nations, Commonwealth jurisdictions, and Republic of Ireland, Ireland. It is a limited liability co ...
(United Kingdom, Ireland, and the Commonwealth) *
limited partnership A limited partnership (LP) is a type of partnership with general partners, who have a right to manage the business, and limited partners, who have no right to manage the business but have only limited liability for its debts. Limited partnership ...
* general partnership * chartered company *
statutory corporation A statutory corporation is a corporation, government entity created as a statutory body by statute. Their precise nature varies by jurisdiction, but they are corporations owned by a government or controlled by national or sub-national government ...
*
state-owned enterprise A state-owned enterprise (SOE) is a business entity created or owned by a national or local government, either through an executive order or legislation. SOEs aim to generate profit for the government, prevent private sector monopolies, provide goo ...
*
holding company A holding company is a company whose primary business is holding a controlling interest in the Security (finance), securities of other companies. A holding company usually does not produce goods or services itself. Its purpose is to own Share ...
*
subsidiary company A subsidiary, subsidiary company, or daughter company is a company (law), company completely or partially owned or controlled by another company, called the parent company or holding company, which has legal and financial control over the subsidia ...
*
sole proprietorship A sole proprietorship, also known as a sole tradership, individual entrepreneurship or proprietorship, is a type of enterprise owned and run by only one person and in which there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business entity. ...
* charitable incorporated organisation (UK) * reciprocal inter-insurance exchange However, the regulations governing particular types of entities, even those described as roughly equivalent, differ from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. When creating or restructuring a business, the legal responsibilities will depend on the type of business entity chosen.


Albania

Foreign and domestic investors have a range of options to establish and organize their business in
Albania Albania ( ; or ), officially the Republic of Albania (), is a country in Southeast Europe. It is located in the Balkans, on the Adriatic Sea, Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea, and shares land borders with Montenegro to ...
. They can either create and register a business organization or establish and register a branch or representative office. Previously, foreign entity registration was handled through the National Registration Center, which had implemented a streamlined "one-stop-shop" system since September 1, 2007. However, on November 26, 2015, the enactment of Law No. 131/2015 led to the formation of the National Business Center (QKB) which aimed to simplify business procedures by centralizing registration and licensing in a single institution. Consequently, the National Registration Center and the National Licensing Center were abolished. *Sh.p.k. (): ≈ Ltd. (UK); a business entity established by one or several natural or legal persons; *Sh.A. (): ≈ PLC (UK); a company whose capital is divided into shares signed by its founders; *Sh.K. (): ≈
limited partnership A limited partnership (LP) is a type of partnership with general partners, who have a right to manage the business, and limited partners, who have no right to manage the business but have only limited liability for its debts. Limited partnership ...
; the liability of at least one partner is limited to the value of their contribution; *: ≈ general partnership; the liability of the company's partners before its creditors is unlimited; *: ≈
subsidiary A subsidiary, subsidiary company, or daughter company is a company (law), company completely or partially owned or controlled by another company, called the parent company or holding company, which has legal and financial control over the subsidia ...
; entities created by a parent company that carry the same legal presence as the company; *: ≈ representative office; business offices where a company's activities can operate from that are not intended to generate revenue.


Argentina

* S.A. (): ≈ plc (UK) *S.R.L. (): ≈ Ltd. (UK): ≈
limited liability company A limited liability company (LLC) is the United States-specific form of a private limited company. It is a business structure that can combine the pass-through taxation of a partnership or sole proprietorship with the limited liability of ...
Limited liability company A limited liability company (LLC) is the United States-specific form of a private limited company. It is a business structure that can combine the pass-through taxation of a partnership or sole proprietorship with the limited liability of ...
(USA) *S.C.S. (): ≈
limited partnership A limited partnership (LP) is a type of partnership with general partners, who have a right to manage the business, and limited partners, who have no right to manage the business but have only limited liability for its debts. Limited partnership ...
*S.C.p.A. ():
limited partnership A limited partnership (LP) is a type of partnership with general partners, who have a right to manage the business, and limited partners, who have no right to manage the business but have only limited liability for its debts. Limited partnership ...
with shares *Soc.Col. (): ≈ general partnership (USA) *S.C.e I. () *S.E. (): ≈
state-owned enterprise A state-owned enterprise (SOE) is a business entity created or owned by a national or local government, either through an executive order or legislation. SOEs aim to generate profit for the government, prevent private sector monopolies, provide goo ...
*S.G.R. () *S.A.S. () *S.A.U. (): ≈
Sole proprietorship A sole proprietorship, also known as a sole tradership, individual entrepreneurship or proprietorship, is a type of enterprise owned and run by only one person and in which there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business entity. ...
*S.A.I.C.A. () *S.A.C.I. y F. () *S.A.C.I.F.I. () *S.A.C.I.F.I. y A. ()


Australia

*LLP (
Limited liability partnership A limited liability partnership (LLP) is a partnership in which some or all partners (depending on the jurisdiction) have limited liabilities. It therefore can exhibit aspects of both partnerships and corporations. In an LLP, each partner is n ...
): partnerships are governed on a state-by-state basis in Australia. In Queensland, a limited liability partnership is composed of at least one general partner and one limited partner. It is thus similar to what is called a limited partnership in many countries. *ILP (Incorporated limited partnership): used for venture capital investments comes in four types: Venture Capital Limited Partnership (VCLP), Early-stage Venture Capital Limited Partnership (ESCVLP), Australian Venture Capital Fund of Funds (AFOF), Venture Capital Management Partnership (VCMP). ** *Inc. (Incorporated): restricted to non-profit associations *Ltd. (Limited): ≈ plc (UK). The suffix Ltd. may also be used by a private company limited by guarantee, such as a charity or university (these may obtain dispensation from the Registrar of Companies to operate without the suffix). * NL (No liability): A type of mining, speculative, or research company with no right to call up the unpaid issue price of shares. * Pty. Ltd. (Proprietary Limited Company): ≈ Ltd. (UK) ATF Trust. In Australia companies can act as a trustee for a trust. * Pty. (Unlimited Proprietary) company with a share capital: A company, similar to its limited company (Ltd., or Pty. Ltd.) counterpart, but where the liability of the members or shareholders is not limited. * Trust * Indigenous Corporation under the ''Corporations (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander) Act 2006'' ("CATSI Act"), administrated by the Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations


Belarus


Bosnia and Herzegovina

*d.d. (): ≈ plc (UK) ≈ AG (Germany) *a.d. (): ≈ plc (UK) ≈ AG (Germany) *d.n.o. (): ≈ general partnership *d.o.o. (): ≈ Ltd. (UK) ≈
GmbH (; ) is a type of Juridical person, legal entity in German-speaking countries. It is equivalent to a (Sàrl) in the Romandy, French-speaking region of Switzerland and to a (Sagl) in the Ticino, Italian-speaking region of Switzerland. It is a ...
(Germany) *k.d. (): ≈
limited partnership A limited partnership (LP) is a type of partnership with general partners, who have a right to manage the business, and limited partners, who have no right to manage the business but have only limited liability for its debts. Limited partnership ...
*s.p. (): ≈
Sole proprietorship A sole proprietorship, also known as a sole tradership, individual entrepreneurship or proprietorship, is a type of enterprise owned and run by only one person and in which there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business entity. ...
(UK)


Brazil

*Sociedade limitada (Ltda.): ≈ Ltd. (UK) * S.A. (Sociedade anônima): ≈ plc (UK) *Sociedade simples: ≈ PLLC *Sociedade em comandita simples: ≈ ordinary limited partnership *Sociedade em nome coletivo: ≈ general partnership *Sociedade em conta de participação: ≈ general partnership *Sociedade em comum: ≈ general partnership *Cooperativa ≈
cooperative A cooperative (also known as co-operative, coöperative, co-op, or coop) is "an autonomy, autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned a ...
*Empresa individual (firma individual): ≈ individual proprietorship / sole proprietorship *Empresa Individual de Responsabilidade Limitada (EIRELI): Same as Ltd., but without partners. *Micro empreendedor individual: ≈ individual enterprise *Empresa pública: ≈
Government-owned corporation A state-owned enterprise (SOE) is a business entity created or owned by a national or local government, either through an executive order or legislation. SOEs aim to generate profit for the government, prevent private sector monopolies, provide goo ...
*Sociedade de economia mista: ≈
Government-owned corporation A state-owned enterprise (SOE) is a business entity created or owned by a national or local government, either through an executive order or legislation. SOEs aim to generate profit for the government, prevent private sector monopolies, provide goo ...
*Associação em sentido estrito (sem finalidade lucrativa): ≈ nonprofit association *Organização não governamental: ≈ nonprofit association *Organização da sociedade civil de interesse público: ≈ nonprofit association *Organização social: ≈ nonprofit association *Serviços sociais autônomos: ≈ nonprofit association *Fundação privada: ≈ private foundation *Fundação pública: ≈ public foundation


Brunei

There are three main types of business entity in Brunei, namely sole proprietorship, partnership, and company. A private company contains the term "Sendirian Berhad", meaning "Private Limited" or "Sdn. Bhd." as part of its name; for a public company "Berhad" or "Bhd." is used.


Cambodia

*SP (Sole Proprietorship) *GP (General Partnership) *LP (Limited Partnership) *SM Pte Ltd. (Single Member Private Limited Company): *Pte Ltd. (Private Limited Company): ≈ Ltd.)">rivate limited company ( Ltd.)(UK) *Plc Ltd. (Public Limited Company): ≈ plc (UK) *PEEC (Public Establishment with Economic characteristics) *State Company: ≈ plc *State Joint Venture Company: ≈ plc *Import Export Co., Ltd


Canada

In Canada entities can be incorporated under either federal or provincial (or territorial) law. The word or expression "Limited", ''Limitée'', "Incorporated", ''Incorporée'', "Corporation" or ''Société par actions de régime fédéral'' or the corresponding abbreviation "Ltd.", ''Ltée'', "Inc.", "Corp." or ''S.A.R.F.'' forms part of the name of every entity incorporated under the '' Canada Business Corporations Act'' (R.S., 1985, c. C-44). ≈ Ltd. or Plc (UK) As an exception, entities registered prior to 1985 may continue to be designated ''Société commerciale canadienne'' or by the abbreviation ''S.C.C.'' Under the '' Canada Cooperatives Act'' (1998, c. 1), a co-operative must have the word "cooperative", "co-operative", "coop", "co-op", ''coopérative'', "united" or "pool", or another grammatical form of any of those words, as part of its name. Unlike in many other Western countries, Canadian businesses generally only have one form of incorporation available. Unlimited liability corporations can be formed in Alberta "AULC", British Columbia "BCULC" and Nova Scotia "NSULC". The aforementioned unlimited liability corporations are generally not used as operating business structures, but are instead used to create favorable tax positions for either Americans investing in Canada or vice versa. For U.S. tax purposes the ULC is classified as a disregarded entity. Rather, Canadian businesses are generally formed under one of the following structures: *SP (Sole Proprietorship): No formal business structure is established *GP (General Partnership): Either a formal structure with a partnership agreement, or an informal structure, in which case the Partnerships Act for the province will apply *LP (Limited Partnership): An investment structure, limiting both the liability and the participation of the investor. An investor who takes an active role will be deemed a general partner, and become exposed to unlimited liability. *Corporation *Joint Venture: A business activity shared by two or more business entities. The joint venture's activities must be finite in terms of either time or scope.


Chile

*SpA (Sociedad por acciones): Disregarded entity with shares (sole shareholder) *SRL (Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitdada) – LLC (Partnership) US purposes *EIRL (Empresa Individual de Responsabilidad Limitada): individual enterprise with limited liability * S.A. (Sociedad Anónima): ≈ plc (UK) * S.G.R. (Sociedad de Garantia Reciproca) *LTDA. (Sociedad de responsabilidad limitada): ≈ Ltd. (UK)


China

Companies include two types, * Company with limited liability, (): ≈ Ltd. (UK). * Corporation, corporated company, (): ≈ plc (UK),
joint-stock company A joint-stock company (JSC) is a business entity in which shares of the company's stock can be bought and sold by shareholders. Each shareholder owns company stock in proportion, evidenced by their shares (certificates of ownership). Shareho ...
,
corporation A corporation or body corporate is an individual or a group of people, such as an association or company, that has been authorized by the State (polity), state to act as a single entity (a legal entity recognized by private and public law as ...
. Other than companies, ordinary firms include other two types: (See also Partnership (China)) * Sole trader * Partnership


Colombia

* S.A. (Sociedad Anónima): ≈ plc (UK),
Corporation A corporation or body corporate is an individual or a group of people, such as an association or company, that has been authorized by the State (polity), state to act as a single entity (a legal entity recognized by private and public law as ...
(US) * S.A.S. (Sociedades por Acciones Simplificada): Similar to the French S.A.S (''societé par actions simplifiée'') * Ltda. (Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada): ≈ Ltd. (UK), LLC (US) * S.C. (Sociedad Colectiva): General partnership * S. en C. (Comandita Simple):
Limited partnership A limited partnership (LP) is a type of partnership with general partners, who have a right to manage the business, and limited partners, who have no right to manage the business but have only limited liability for its debts. Limited partnership ...
* S.C.A. (Comandita por Acciones): Publicly traded partnership * E.U. (Empresa Unipersonal):
Sole proprietorship A sole proprietorship, also known as a sole tradership, individual entrepreneurship or proprietorship, is a type of enterprise owned and run by only one person and in which there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business entity. ...


Costa Rica

* S.A. (Sociedad Anónima): ≈ plc (UK),
Corporation A corporation or body corporate is an individual or a group of people, such as an association or company, that has been authorized by the State (polity), state to act as a single entity (a legal entity recognized by private and public law as ...
(US) * S.R.L. or Ltda. (Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada): ≈ Ltd. (UK), LLC (US)


Dominican Republic

*C. por A. (Compañía por Acciones), also abbreviated CXA *S.A. (Sociedad Anónima): ≈
public limited company A public limited company (legally abbreviated to PLC or plc) is a type of public company under United Kingdom company law, some Commonwealth of Nations, Commonwealth jurisdictions, and Republic of Ireland, Ireland. It is a limited liability co ...
*S.A.S (Sociedad Anónima Simplificada): ≈ Simplified public limited company)*SRL. (Sociedad de Resposabilidad Limitada): ≈
Limited Liability Company A limited liability company (LLC) is the United States-specific form of a private limited company. It is a business structure that can combine the pass-through taxation of a partnership or sole proprietorship with the limited liability of ...
*EIRL. (Empresa Individual de Responsabilidad Limitada): ≈ Sole proprietor Limited Liability Company)*Sociedad En Comandita Simple.


Ecuador

*S.A. or C.A. (Sociedad Anónima): ≈
public limited company A public limited company (legally abbreviated to PLC or plc) is a type of public company under United Kingdom company law, some Commonwealth of Nations, Commonwealth jurisdictions, and Republic of Ireland, Ireland. It is a limited liability co ...
*S.A.S. (Sociedad por Acciones Simplificada):
public limited company A public limited company (legally abbreviated to PLC or plc) is a type of public company under United Kingdom company law, some Commonwealth of Nations, Commonwealth jurisdictions, and Republic of Ireland, Ireland. It is a limited liability co ...
*Cía. Ltda. (Compañía Limitada): ≈
Limited Liability Company A limited liability company (LLC) is the United States-specific form of a private limited company. It is a business structure that can combine the pass-through taxation of a partnership or sole proprietorship with the limited liability of ...
*EP (Empresa Pública): Legal entity owned by the Government.


Egypt

*SAE (Sharikat al-Mossahamah) ≈ plc (UK). Minimum capital *LLC (Limited Liability Company) ≈ Ltd. (UK). No Minimum capital . *Sharikat Tadamun ≈ شركة تضامن general partnership *Sharikat Tawssiyah Bassita ≈ شركات توصية بسيطة
limited partnership A limited partnership (LP) is a type of partnership with general partners, who have a right to manage the business, and limited partners, who have no right to manage the business but have only limited liability for its debts. Limited partnership ...
*Sharikat Tawssiyah Belashom ≈ LLP


Ethiopia

* PLC (Private limited company Amharic ሃላፊነቱ የተወሰነ የግል ማህበር) * SC (Share company Amharic አክሲዩን ማህበር) * CS (Cooperative societies Amharic ህብረት ስራ ማህበራት) * PE or PC (public enterprises or public corporations Amharic የመንግስት ልማት ድርጅቶች or ኮርፖሬሽን)


European Union and European Economic Area

*Decentralised EU/Euratom bodies established through secondary legislation ** Agencies, decentralised independent bodies, corporate bodies and joint undertakings of the European Union and the Euratom *Corporations and foundations registered at Union level (all are juridical persons): ** European Research Infrastructure Consortium (ERIC) **
European political party A European political party, formerly known as a political party at European levelArticle 10.4 of the 2007 Treaty on European Union states that "political parties at European level contribute to forming European political awareness" and Regul ...
(Europarty) ** European political foundation. (Eurofoundation) *Pan-European forms registered at member-state level **corporations: *** European grouping of territorial cooperation (EGTC) *** Societas cooperativa Europaea (SCE): a European
cooperative A cooperative (also known as co-operative, coöperative, co-op, or coop) is "an autonomy, autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned a ...
(Latin for "European Cooperative Society"). *** (SE): a European (Public) Limited Company (Latin for "European Company"). **other partnerships: *** European economic interest grouping (EEIG): an EU legal entity designed to enable cross-border cooperation between companies. It has unlimited liability and is not liable for corporate tax.


Austria

*Gen (Genossenschaft; types: Erwerbs- und Wirtschaftsgenossenschaft): ≈
cooperative A cooperative (also known as co-operative, coöperative, co-op, or coop) is "an autonomy, autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned a ...
*Privatstiftung: ≈ private foundation *Verein: ≈ nonprofit association *e.U. (eingetragenes Einzelunternehmen): ≈ sole trader (UK),
sole proprietorship A sole proprietorship, also known as a sole tradership, individual entrepreneurship or proprietorship, is a type of enterprise owned and run by only one person and in which there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business entity. ...
(US) *Kapitalgesellschaften: ≈ corporations (with juridical personality) ** AG (Aktiengesellschaft): ≈ plc (UK). Minimum capital €70,000. **GmbH (
Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (; ) is a type of Juridical person, legal entity in German-speaking countries. It is equivalent to a (Sàrl) in the Romandy, French-speaking region of Switzerland and to a (Sagl) in the Ticino, Italian-speaking region of Switzerland. It is a ...
): ≈ Ltd. (UK). Minimum capital €10,000. * Sparkasse ≈ Mutual savings bankList of legal forms
/ref> *Personengesellschaften: ≈ partnerships (without juridical personality) **''non-registered and not considered legal entities'': ***stG (stille Gesellschaft): ≈ partnership by estoppel (i.e., no partnership agreement) ***GesbR (Gesellschaft des bürgerlichen Rechts): ≈ partnership by contract (i.e., formed by partnership agreement); statutes and regulations concerning Austrian companies, especially with regards to the companies register (''Firmenbuch''), do not apply. **''registered legal entities'': *** OG (offene Gesellschaft): ≈ general partnership *** KG (Kommanditgesellschaft): ≈
limited partnership A limited partnership (LP) is a type of partnership with general partners, who have a right to manage the business, and limited partners, who have no right to manage the business but have only limited liability for its debts. Limited partnership ...
****GmbH & Co. KG: KG in which a
GmbH (; ) is a type of Juridical person, legal entity in German-speaking countries. It is equivalent to a (Sàrl) in the Romandy, French-speaking region of Switzerland and to a (Sagl) in the Ticino, Italian-speaking region of Switzerland. It is a ...
is the general partner. *Obsolete: **Erwerbsgesellschaft: small-sized partnerships (not qualifying as OG or KG, respectively. Converted into OGs or KGs as of 1. 1. 2007) ***OEG (Offene Erwerbsgesellschaft): small general partnership ***KEG (Kommanditerwerbsgesellschaft): small limited partnership See als
help.gv.at
(Austrian government site, in German)


Belgium

Dutch, French or German names may be used. Following changes to the Code of Companies and Associations, the term "Private limited liability company" (BVBA/SPRL) automatically became "Private limited company" (BV/SRL),Législation consolidée
(in French)
Geconsolideerde wetgeving
(in Dutch)
as a part of harmonising legal entity types within the European Union.


Bulgaria

*AD / ''АД'' (aktsionerno druzhestvo / ''акционерно дружество''): joint stock companyplc (UK) *ADSITs / ''АДСИЦ'' (aktsionerno druzhestvo sus spetsialna investitsionna tsel / ''акционерно дружество със специална инвестиционна цел''):
real estate investment trust A real estate investment trust (REIT, pronounced "reet") is a company that owns, and in most cases operates, income-producing real estate. REITs own many types of real estate, including office and apartment buildings, studios, warehouses, hos ...
*EAD / ''ЕАД'' (ednolichno aktsionerno druzhestvo / ''еднолично акционерно дружество''): type plc *EOOD / ''ЕООД'' (ednolichno druzhestvo s ogranichena otgovornost / ''еднолично дружество с ограничена отговорност''): type of OOD with a single member *ET / ''ЕТ'' (ednolichen turgovetz / ''едноличен търговец''):
sole proprietorship A sole proprietorship, also known as a sole tradership, individual entrepreneurship or proprietorship, is a type of enterprise owned and run by only one person and in which there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business entity. ...
*OOD / ''ООД'' (druzhestvo s ogranichena otgovornost / ''дружество с ограничена отговорност''): ≈ Ltd. (UK) *KD / ''КД'' (komanditno druzhestvo / ''командитно дружество''): ≈
limited partnership A limited partnership (LP) is a type of partnership with general partners, who have a right to manage the business, and limited partners, who have no right to manage the business but have only limited liability for its debts. Limited partnership ...
*KDA / ''КДА'' (komanditno druzhestvo s aktzii / ''командитно дружество с акции''): limited partnership with shares *SD / ''СД'' (subiratelno druzhestvo / ''събирателно дружество''): ≈ general partnership, a legal entity


Croatia

Types of legal person business entities: *d.d. (dioničko društvo): ≈ plc (UK) ≈ AG (Germany) *d.o.o. (društvo s ograničenom odgovornošću) is company with limited liability: ≈ Ltd. (UK) or LLC (US); minimum capital: kn 20,000 *j.d.o.o. (jednostavno društvo s ograničenom odgovornošću): simple Ltd.; minimum capital: kn 10 (same liabilities as an Ltd., but has to set aside 25% of annual profit to collect enough equity capital to become a d.o.o.) *j.t.d. (javno trgovačko društvo): ≈ general partnership *k.d. (komanditno društvo): ≈
limited partnership A limited partnership (LP) is a type of partnership with general partners, who have a right to manage the business, and limited partners, who have no right to manage the business but have only limited liability for its debts. Limited partnership ...
*GIU (gospodarsko interesno udruženje): economic interest grouping *zadruga:
cooperative A cooperative (also known as co-operative, coöperative, co-op, or coop) is "an autonomy, autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned a ...
Types of natural person business entities: *obrt: ≈
sole proprietorship A sole proprietorship, also known as a sole tradership, individual entrepreneurship or proprietorship, is a type of enterprise owned and run by only one person and in which there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business entity. ...
; several types: ''slobodni obrt'' (free proprietorship), ''vezani obrt'' (tied proprietorship), and ''povlašteni obrt'' (privileged proprietorship) registered according to profession where tied and privileged types are reserved only for master craftsmen): ''paušalni obrt'' (flat-rate proprietorship), ''obrt-dohodaš'' (income tax proprietorship), ''obrt-dobitaš'' (profits tax proprietorship); these are registered according to the type of taxation; first two are obligated to pay income tax and the last one is obligated to pay profits tax), ''sezonski obrt'' (seasonal proprietorship) that runs for a limited number of months during a year. *ortakluk: partnership of two or more sole proprietors *slobodna djelatnost: free profession; self-employment but only for certain types of professions: e.g. artists, journalists, lawyers, etc.; freelancing (similar to sole proprietors in their obligations) *domaća radinost and sporedno zanimanje: home business and side profession; limited forms of self-employment aimed at registering supplementary income from, say, small repairs or hobbies with yearly income limited to 10 average gross salaries (approx. EUR 11,700 in January 2020) *OPG (obiteljsko poljoprivredno gospodarstvo): family run agricultural business Non-profit: * udruga ≈
voluntary association A voluntary group or union (also sometimes called a voluntary organization, common-interest association, association, or society) is a group of individuals who enter into an agreement, usually as volunteers, to form a body (or organization) to a ...
; any form of free and voluntary association of natural or legal persons to accomplish a purpose without intent to acquire profit.


Cyprus

* Ιδιωτική Εταιρεία - LTD * Δημόσια Εταιρεία - PLC * Συνεργατικά Πιστωτικά Ιδρύματα - COOP * Αυτοτελώς εργαζόμενος - SP * Σωματεία και Ιδρυμάτα - SF * Οντότητες που διέπονται από το δημόσιο δίκαιο - PUBLaw * Ταμεία Προνοίας/ Συντάξεως - PF * Άλλη νομική μορφή - OTH


Czech Republic

* a.s., akc. spol. ( Akciová společnost): ≈ plc (UK). Minimum share capital CZK 2 000 000. Must have a supervisory board in addition to the management board. * s.r.o., spol. s r.o. (
Společnost s ručením omezeným Společnost s ručením omezeným ( lit. ‘company with limited liability’) is the Czech and Slovak legal structure for a private limited company (as it is known in the United Kingdom) or a LLC (as it is known in the United States). The com ...
): ≈ Ltd. (UK) Minimum share capital CZK 1 * v.o.s., veř. obch. spol., a. spol. ( veřejná obchodní společnost): ≈ general partnership * k.s., kom. spol. ( komanditní společnost): ≈
limited partnership A limited partnership (LP) is a type of partnership with general partners, who have a right to manage the business, and limited partners, who have no right to manage the business but have only limited liability for its debts. Limited partnership ...
* o.p.s. ( obecně prospěšná společnost): ≈ One of the legal forms for non-governmental non-profit organizations * živnost: ≈
Sole proprietorship A sole proprietorship, also known as a sole tradership, individual entrepreneurship or proprietorship, is a type of enterprise owned and run by only one person and in which there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business entity. ...
* s.p. (státní podnik): ≈ state enterprise * příspěvková organizace: ≈ subsidized organization * z.s. (zapsaný spolek): ≈
Voluntary association A voluntary group or union (also sometimes called a voluntary organization, common-interest association, association, or society) is a group of individuals who enter into an agreement, usually as volunteers, to form a body (or organization) to a ...
. Formerly o.s. (Občanské sdružení.)


Denmark

* Enkeltmandsvirksomhed:
sole proprietorship A sole proprietorship, also known as a sole tradership, individual entrepreneurship or proprietorship, is a type of enterprise owned and run by only one person and in which there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business entity. ...
* Forening: ≈ association * I/S (Interessentskab): ≈ general partnership. * IVS (Iværksætterselskab):
private limited company A private limited company is any type of business entity in Privately held company, "private" ownership used in many jurisdictions, in contrast to a Public company, publicly listed company, with some differences from country to country. Example ...
startup with limited equity capital. Must use 25% of profit to collect enough equity capital to become an ApS. * ApS (
Anpartsselskab (; ApS) is the Danish term for a private limited company. ApS, when appended to the end of a Danish company name, is similar to Ltd. after the name of a British company. An ApS is required to have capital of at least 20,000 DKK (approx. 2, ...
):
private limited company A private limited company is any type of business entity in Privately held company, "private" ownership used in many jurisdictions, in contrast to a Public company, publicly listed company, with some differences from country to country. Example ...
. * A/S ( Aktieselskab):
public limited company A public limited company (legally abbreviated to PLC or plc) is a type of public company under United Kingdom company law, some Commonwealth of Nations, Commonwealth jurisdictions, and Republic of Ireland, Ireland. It is a limited liability co ...
. * K/S (Kommanditselskab):
limited partnership A limited partnership (LP) is a type of partnership with general partners, who have a right to manage the business, and limited partners, who have no right to manage the business but have only limited liability for its debts. Limited partnership ...
* P/S (Partnerselskab ''or'' Kommanditaktieselskab): partnership limited by shares * A.M.B.A. (Andelsselskab med begrænset ansvar): limited liability co-operative, see Danish cooperative movement * F.M.B.A. (Forening med begrænset ansvar): limited liability
voluntary association A voluntary group or union (also sometimes called a voluntary organization, common-interest association, association, or society) is a group of individuals who enter into an agreement, usually as volunteers, to form a body (or organization) to a ...
. * S.M.B.A. (Selskab med begrænset ansvar):
limited liability company A limited liability company (LLC) is the United States-specific form of a private limited company. It is a business structure that can combine the pass-through taxation of a partnership or sole proprietorship with the limited liability of ...
. * Partsrederi: A form of combined and continued ownership of a merchant vessel. * Erhvervsdrivende fond: commercial foundation comparable to the German Stiftung * G/S (Gensidigt selskab): mutual organization


Estonia

*FIE (Füüsilisest isikust ettevõtja): ≈ sole trader (UK), sole proprietorship (US) *Partnerships: **UÜ (Usaldusühing): ≈ limited partnership **TÜ (Täisühing): ≈ general partnership *Corporations: **OÜ (Osaühing): ≈ (Ltd.) private limited company (UK), (LLC) limited liability company (US) **AS (Aktsiaselts): ≈ (PLC) public limited company (UK), corporation (US) *Tulundusühistu: ≈ commercial association *MTÜ (Mittetulundusühing) ≈ nonprofit organization


Finland

;General economic entities *Ay (avoin yhtiö, ): ≈ general partnership (use optional) *Ky (kommandiittiyhtiö, , ''Kb''): ≈
limited partnership A limited partnership (LP) is a type of partnership with general partners, who have a right to manage the business, and limited partners, who have no right to manage the business but have only limited liability for its debts. Limited partnership ...
*Oy (
osakeyhtiö (; " stock company"), often abbreviated to Oy (), is the term for a Finnish limited company (e.g., Ltd, LLC, or GmbH). The Swedish-language term is , often abbreviated (in Finland) to Ab. The Swedish abbreviation is sometimes included, as ...
, , ''Ab''): ≈ Ltd. (UK). No minimum
share capital A corporation's share capital, commonly referred to as capital stock in the United States, is the portion of a corporation's equity that has been derived by the issue of shares in the corporation to a shareholder, usually for cash. ''Share ...
as of 01.07.2019. *Oyj ( julkinen osakeyhtiö, , ''Abp''): ≈ plc (UK) *osk (osuuskunta, , ''Anl.''): ≈
cooperative A cooperative (also known as co-operative, coöperative, co-op, or coop) is "an autonomy, autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned a ...
*T:mi (toiminimi), Yksityinen elinkeinonharjoittaja (/''F:ma'', ''enskild näringsidkare''):
sole proprietorship A sole proprietorship, also known as a sole tradership, individual entrepreneurship or proprietorship, is a type of enterprise owned and run by only one person and in which there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business entity. ...
(use optional) The abbreviations are usually in Finnish, but Swedish names may also be used either as is or in combination with Finnish, e.g. ''Oy Yritys Ab''. ;Non-profit entities *
rekisteröity yhdistys In Finland a (Finnish for registered association) or (Swedish) is a registered, non-profit organization. The abbreviations (also ) (Finnish), (Swedish) or (Northern Sámi) are used as a suffix ending of the association's name, added when t ...
, abbr. ry (, abbr. rf): registered association, capable of acting as a legal person *rekisteröity puolue, abbr. rp ): registered political party *säätiö, abbr. rs (): foundation comparable to the German Stiftung *uskonnollinen yhdyskunta (), religious community *voluntary associations chartered by statute law (e.g. Finnish Red Cross, National Defence Training Association of Finland, Finnish Bar Association) ;For-profit entities of public law *valtion liikelaitos (): commercial government agency, expected to fund themselves, but debts directly backed by state funds—distinguished from regular companies where the government owns stock. (See: List of Finnish government enterprises) *kunnallinen liikelaitos (): municipal enterprise, similar as previous but run by a
municipality A municipality is usually a single administrative division having municipal corporation, corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate. The term ''municipality' ...
* paliskunta: a reindeer herding corporation, governed like a stock company except that the "stocks" are reindeer ;Economic entities for special purpose *asunto-osakeyhtiö (), a limited liability company for the ownership, construction and maintenance of an apartment building *julkinen keskinäinen vakuutusyhtiö, abbreviated jy (),Vakuutusyhtiölaki
, Article 10. Retrieved 2012-05-31
public mutual insurance company *keskinäinen kiinteistöosakeyhtiö (, a limited liability company for the ownership, maintenance and construction of real property. *keskinäinen vakuutusyhtiö (), mutual insurance company *laivaisännistöyhtiö (), a type of general partnership for the owning of a merchantman *säästöpankki (), a type of loans and savings association ;Real estate law corporations In the corporations of real estate law, the ownership or membership may be vested either in the real property or in a legal or natural person, depending on the corporation type. In many cases, the membership or ownership of such corporation is obligatory for a person or property that fulfils the legal requirements for membership or wishes to engage in certain activities. *keskivedenkorkeuden muuttamista varten perustettu yhteisö (), a corporation of water law for the permanent change of the median water level *ojitusyhteisö (),Vesilaki (587/2011)
, Chapter 7. Retrieved 2012-05-31
a corporation of water law for the construction and maintenance of ditches *säännöstely-yhteisö (), a corporation of water law for the regulation of water level in a body of water *tiekunta (), a type of limited-liability corporation for the maintenance of private road *uittoyhteisö (), a corporation of water law for timber-floating *vesioikeudellinen yhteisö (), a corporation of water law for a project that involves economic use of bodies of water *yhteisalue (), a corporation for the maintenance of a real property jointly used by several other properties or persons *yhteismetsä (), a jointly owned forest *osakaskunta (historically "jakokunta"), a partition unit, i.e. a corporation for maintenance of the commons.


France

*Micro-entreprise: special framework for minute businesses, a recent addition to French business law -with both revenue and pre-tax net income caps, of which Auto-entrepreneur (below) is a special case * Freelancers, individual independent contractors: **Auto-entrepreneur: ≈ self-employed (UK), independent contractor (US), a recent addition to French business law -with both a revenue cap and a specific set of derogatory
income tax An income tax is a tax imposed on individuals or entities (taxpayers) in respect of the income or profits earned by them (commonly called taxable income). Income tax generally is computed as the product of a tax rate times the taxable income. Tax ...
rates **Profession libérale: ≈
sole proprietorship A sole proprietorship, also known as a sole tradership, individual entrepreneurship or proprietorship, is a type of enterprise owned and run by only one person and in which there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business entity. ...
such as a medical practice, an enduring entity stemming from the protected status designed for " liberal professions" with unlimited personal liability **: the incorporated equivalent of the latter, sole shareholder
limited liability Limited liability is a legal status in which a person's financial Legal liability, liability is limited to a fixed sum, most commonly the value of a person's investment in a corporation, company, or joint venture. If a company that provides limi ...
being key **EI (Entreprise individuelle/entreprise en nom personnel): *
Investment fund An investment fund is a way of investment, investing money alongside other investors in order to benefit from the inherent advantages of working as part of a group such as reducing the risks of the investment by a significant percentage. These ad ...
s/companies: **FCP ( Fonds commun de placement): unincorporated investment fund **SICAF (Société d'investissement à capital fixe): ≈ investment trust (UK);
closed-end fund A closed-end fund (CEF), also known as a closed-end mutual fund, is an investment vehicle fund that raises capital by issuing a fixed number of shares at its inception, and then invests that capital in financial assets such as stocks and bonds. ...
(CEF), closed-end company (US); listed investment company (LIC) (Au) **SICAV (Société d'investissement à capital variable): ≈ investment company with variable capital (ICVC), open-ended investment company (OEIC) (UK);
mutual fund A mutual fund is an investment fund that pools money from many investors to purchase Security (finance), securities. The term is typically used in the United States, Canada, and India, while similar structures across the globe include the SICAV in ...
, open-end company (US) *GIE (Groupement d'intérêt économique): economic interest grouping *Association: ≈ nonprofit association **Association non-déclarée: ≈ unincorporated association (UK) **Association déclarée: ≈ incorporated association (Au) *Partnerships (''société de personnes''): **SEP (Société en participation): ≈ equity partnership *** SPPL (Société en participation de professions libérales) *** Société en participation avec personne morale *** Société en participation entre personnes physiques **SNC (Société en nom collectif): ≈ general partnership (GP) **SCS (Société en commandite simple): ≈
limited partnership A limited partnership (LP) is a type of partnership with general partners, who have a right to manage the business, and limited partners, who have no right to manage the business but have only limited liability for its debts. Limited partnership ...
(LP) **SCA (Société en commandite par actions): ≈ publicly traded partnership (PTP) (US) **SCI (Société Civile Immobilière): ≈ French property company (SCI) *Corporations (''société de capitaux''): **share companies (both partnership and company) *** SARL, SàRL (): ≈ private limited company ( Ltd.) (UK),
limited liability company A limited liability company (LLC) is the United States-specific form of a private limited company. It is a business structure that can combine the pass-through taxation of a partnership or sole proprietorship with the limited liability of ...
(US) ****EURL (Entreprise unipersonnelle à responsabilité limitée): ≈ single shareholder limited company (SME Pvt) (UK) **stock companies (''société par actions'') *** SA (Société anonyme): ≈ public limited company ( plc) (UK), Inc. (US/Can) **** SCOP (Société coopérative de production): ≈ cooperative corporation (Can) ****SEM (Société d'économie mixte): ≈
government-owned corporation A state-owned enterprise (SOE) is a business entity created or owned by a national or local government, either through an executive order or legislation. SOEs aim to generate profit for the government, prevent private sector monopolies, provide goo ...
*** SAS (Société par actions simplifiée): ≈
limited liability company A limited liability company (LLC) is the United States-specific form of a private limited company. It is a business structure that can combine the pass-through taxation of a partnership or sole proprietorship with the limited liability of ...
(US, especially in Delaware),
unlisted public company An unlisted public company, also known as an unquoted public company, is a public company that is not listed on any stock exchange. This enables it to raise finance by the issuing and sale of shares to the public, such as through advertising, but ...
(Au), close corporation (CC) (S. Africa), private corporation (Can); often used for subsidiaries; minimum of one director and two members/shareholders; no limit on share capital; liability can be restricted to director; no "one share – one vote" principle **** (U- unipersonnelle): limited liability, sole shareholder Ltd. company (UK) or single member close corporation


Germany

* individuals **''Einzelunternehmen'': individual entrepreneur ≈ sole trader (UK),
sole proprietorship A sole proprietorship, also known as a sole tradership, individual entrepreneurship or proprietorship, is a type of enterprise owned and run by only one person and in which there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business entity. ...
; only professional services, agriculture and forestry as well as small commercial businesses **''Eingetragener Kaufmann'' (male/both genders)/''eingetragene Kauffrau'' (female) (e.K./e.Kfm./e.Kfr.): registered merchant ≈ sole trader (UK),
sole proprietorship A sole proprietorship, also known as a sole tradership, individual entrepreneurship or proprietorship, is a type of enterprise owned and run by only one person and in which there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business entity. ...
(US); individual entrepreneur with commercial business (''Handelsgewerbe'') * partnerships (''Personengesellschaften'') **' (''GbR''), ''BGB-Gesellschaft'': simple partnership; no minimum capital, two or more partners, unlimited liability of partners, no commercial business (''Handelsgewerbe'') that is not small. ***''nicht-eingetragener Verein'': non-registered association; non-commercial/idealistic purposes only; similar to ''e.V.'' but lacking juridical personality **commercial partnerships (''Personenhandelsgesellschaften'') ***''Offene Handelsgesellschaft'' (''OHG''): literally "open business company" ≈ general partnership: no minimum capital, unlimited liability of partners; GbR with commercial business (''Handelsgewerbe'') ***'' Kommanditgesellschaft'' (''KG'') ≈
limited partnership A limited partnership (LP) is a type of partnership with general partners, who have a right to manage the business, and limited partners, who have no right to manage the business but have only limited liability for its debts. Limited partnership ...
****In case the general partner is a limited company, the legal form of the general partner, followed by "''& Compagnie''" (shortened to ''& Co.''), must be included in the name of the company, resulting in combined legal forms such as: *****GmbH & Co. KG: the general partner is a GmbH *****AG & Co. KG: the general partner is an AG *****SE & Co. KG: the general partner is a *****GmbH & Co. OHG: each of the general partners are a GmbH *****The same rule also applies when the general partner is a limited company incorporated outside Germany, for example: ******Limited & Co. KG: the general partner is a UK
private company limited by shares A private company limited by shares is a class of private limited company incorporated under the laws of England and Wales, Hong Kong, Northern Ireland, Scotland, certain Commonwealth jurisdictions, and the Republic of Ireland. It has shareh ...
******PLC & Co. KG: the general partner is a UK plc ******ApS & Co. KG: the general partner is a Danish
Anpartsselskab (; ApS) is the Danish term for a private limited company. ApS, when appended to the end of a Danish company name, is similar to Ltd. after the name of a British company. An ApS is required to have capital of at least 20,000 DKK (approx. 2, ...
******LLC & Co. KG: the general partner is a US LLC *****Note that when a KG's general partner is a limited company, the resulting form is legally considered as a different subtype of KG **''Partnerschaftsgesellschaft'' (''PartG''): partnership company; only for professional services ***''Partnerschaftsgesellschaft mit beschränkter Berufshaftung'' (''PartGmbBH''): partnership company with limited professional liability ≈ limited liability partnership (US); only for professional services **''Partenreederei'': combined and continued ownership of a single merchant vessel; no longer available for new businesses since 24 April 2013. *corporations (''Körperschaften'') **'' eingetragener Verein'' (''e.V.''): incorporated association; non-commercial/idealistic purposes only, commercial business cannot be the main purpose of the ''e.V.'' ***''altrechtlicher Verein''/''rechtsfähiger Verein'' (''r.V.''): association established before 1 January 1900; extremely rare ***''wirtschaftlicher Verein'': commercial purpose, established by public grant; rare **Companies limited by shares (equity) (''Kapitalgesellschaften'') ***''
Kommanditgesellschaft auf Aktien A (abbreviated KG, ; from + ) is the German name for a limited partnership Types of business entity, business entity and is used in Germany, German, Belgium, Belgian, Netherlands, Dutch, Austrian, and some other European Union, European law, le ...
'' (''KGaA''): ≈ publicly traded partnership (US); although it is a company limited by shares, the KGaA has at least one general partner whose liability is not limited ****As with the ''KG'', the legal form of the general partner, followed by "''& Compagnie''" (shortened to ''& Co.''), must be included if it is another limited company, resulting in combined legal forms such as: *****GmbH & Co. KGaA: the general partner is a GmbH *****AG & Co. KGaA: the general partner is an AG *****SE & Co. KGaA: the general partner is a ''societas Europaea'' *****Note that when a KGaA's general partner is a limited company, the resulting form is legally considered as a different subtype of KGaA ***''
Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (; ) is a type of Juridical person, legal entity in German-speaking countries. It is equivalent to a (Sàrl) in the Romandy, French-speaking region of Switzerland and to a (Sagl) in the Ticino, Italian-speaking region of Switzerland. It is a ...
'' (''GmbH''; ): company with limited liability ≈
private limited company A private limited company is any type of business entity in Privately held company, "private" ownership used in many jurisdictions, in contrast to a Public company, publicly listed company, with some differences from country to country. Example ...
( Ltd.) (UK),
limited liability company A limited liability company (LLC) is the United States-specific form of a private limited company. It is a business structure that can combine the pass-through taxation of a partnership or sole proprietorship with the limited liability of ...
(LLC) (US); at least one shareholder; minimum equity €25,000. ****The "mit beschränkter Haftung (mbH)" suffix (, "with limited liability") is sometimes added to the name of a firm that already ends in "-gesellschaft" ("company"), e.g., "Mustermann Dental-Handelsgesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung" ("dental trading company with limited liability"), which would be abbreviated as "Mustermann Dental-Handelsgesellschaft mbH". **** (gGmbH); In German tax law, the non-profit GmbH is a limited liability company whose income is used for charitable purposes. ****'' Unternehmergesellschaft (haftungsbeschränkt)'' (''UG (haftungsbeschränkt)''): literally "entrepreneurship company (with limited liability)": identical to ''GmbH'' but with a minimum capital of €1 (times the number of shares); part of earnings needs to remain in the company to reach a minimum equity of €25,000; the word ''haftungsbeschränkt'' ("with limited liability") may not be abbreviated. ***'' Aktiengesellschaft'' ('' AG''): literally "stock company" ≈
public limited company A public limited company (legally abbreviated to PLC or plc) is a type of public company under United Kingdom company law, some Commonwealth of Nations, Commonwealth jurisdictions, and Republic of Ireland, Ireland. It is a limited liability co ...
(plc) (UK), Inc. (US); minimum capital €50,000. **''eingetragene Genossenschaft'' (''e.G.''): registered
cooperative A cooperative (also known as co-operative, coöperative, co-op, or coop) is "an autonomy, autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned a ...
**''Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts'': corporation under public law; main purpose is non-commercial, part of public administration *others **'' Stiftung'' ≈ (private) foundation, trust **''Stiftung des öffentlichen Rechts'': foundation under public law; main purpose is non-commercial, part of public administration **''Anstalt des öffentlichen Rechts'': institution under public law; main purpose is non-commercial, part of public administration


Greece

*A.E. (Anónimi Etaireía / Ανώνυμη Εταιρεία, Α.E.): ≈ plc (UK), minimum capital €25,000 ** A.V.E.E. (Anónimi Viomichanikí Emborikí Etaireía / Ανώνυμη Βιομηχανική Εμπορική Εταιρεία, Α.Β.Ε.Ε.) *E.E. (Eterórrithmi Etaireía / Ετερόρρυθμη Εταιρία, Ε.Ε.):
limited partnership A limited partnership (LP) is a type of partnership with general partners, who have a right to manage the business, and limited partners, who have no right to manage the business but have only limited liability for its debts. Limited partnership ...
*E.P.E. (Etaireía Periorisménis Efthínis / Εταιρεία Περιορισμένης Ευθύνης, Ε.Π.Ε.): ≈ Ltd. (UK), no minimum capital ** M.E.P.E. (Monoprósopi Etaireía Periorisménis Efthínis / Μονοπρόσωπη Ε.Π.Ε., Μ.Ε.Π.Ε.): type of E.P.E. with a single member *O.E. (Omórrithmi Etaireía / Ομόρρυθμη Εταιρεία, Ο.Ε.): general partnership ** O.V.E.E. (Omórrithmi Viomichanikí Emborikí Etaireía / Ομόρρυθμη Βιομηχανική Εμπορική Εταιρεία, Ο.Β.Ε.Ε.) *I.K.E. (Idiotiki Kefalaiouchiki Etaireía / Ιδιωτική Κεφαλαιουχική Εταιρεία) = Private Company, minimum capital=€0. The shares do not take the form just of capital but also warranties, labor offer etc. This form is a composite form between A.E. E.P.E and O.E. which is greatly affected by the Articles of Incorporation. *atomikís epicheírisis / ατομικής επιχείρησης: sole proprietorship Companies of the type "Anónimi Etaireía" would translate this designation into the French translation ''société anonyme'' or S.A. in non-Greek languages.


Hungary

In Hungary, business entities are mainly regulated by the Companies Act of 2006, the Companies Registration Act of 2006 and the new Civil Code of 2013. All companies are required to indicate their type in their name.


Iceland


Ireland

The situation in
Ireland Ireland (, ; ; Ulster Scots dialect, Ulster-Scots: ) is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean, in Northwestern Europe. Geopolitically, the island is divided between the Republic of Ireland (officially Names of the Irish state, named Irelan ...
is similar to the
United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of European mainland, the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...
below, though without the class ''Community Interest Company''. There were two forms of Company Limited by Guarantee, but only the form ''without a share capital'' is now used. Irish names may also be used, such as ''cpt'' () for plc, and ''Teo'' (Teoranta) for Ltd. *Limited Company – Four types: **Private company limited by shares – If company is wound up, members' liability is limited to the amount, if any, unpaid on the shares they hold. Maximum number of members in Ireland is 99. **Company limited by guarantee not having a share capital – Public company. Must have at least seven members. Members' liability limited to amount they have undertaken to contribute to company assets. If wound up, liability does not exceed amount specified in memorandum. If a guarantee company does not have a share capital, members are not required to buy shares (such as charities). **Company limited by guarantee having a share capital – As with a private company if the maximum number of members is 99. Members have liability either for the amount, if any, that is unpaid on the shares they hold, or for the amount they have undertaken to contribute to company assets, in the event that it is wound up. **A public limited company. Must have at least seven members. Liability is limited to the amount, if any, unpaid on shares they hold. Unlawful to issue any form of prospectus except in compliance with the Companies Acts 1963–2006. Nominal value of Company's allotted share capital must satisfy specified minimums which must be fully paid before company commences business or exercises any borrowing powers. *Single Member Company – Private company limited by shares or a guarantee company having a share capital, which is incorporated with one member, or whose membership is reduced to one person. Must have at least two directors and one secretary. Sole member can dispense with holding General Meetings including Annual General Meetings. *Unlimited Company – No limit on liability of members. Creditors may have recourse to shareholders for unpaid liabilities of the company. Must have at least two shareholders. *Undertakings for Collective Investment in Transferable Securities (UCITS) – Public limited companies formed under EU Regulation and the Companies Acts 1963–2006. Sole object of a UCIT is collective investment in transferable securities of capital raised from the public that operates on the principle of risk-spreading. Central Bank of Ireland must approve all registrations of UCITS. *A designated activity company ( Irish: ''Cuideachta Ghníomhaíochta Ainmnithe'') or DAC is a form of company in
Ireland Ireland (, ; ; Ulster Scots dialect, Ulster-Scots: ) is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean, in Northwestern Europe. Geopolitically, the island is divided between the Republic of Ireland (officially Names of the Irish state, named Irelan ...
created by the Companies Act 2014. Like a
limited company In a limited company, the Legal liability, liability of members or subscribers of the company is limited to what they have invested or guaranteed to the company. Limited companies may be limited by Share (finance), shares or by guarantee. In a c ...
, designated activity companies have limited liability. Additionally, they may only carry out activities listed in their constitution documents, and so the concept of ultra vires continues to apply to them. * Irish Section 110 Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV)


Italy

* (Individuals): ** (Chief) ** (Artisan) ** (Independent worker) ** (
Professional A professional is a member of a profession or any person who work (human activity), works in a specified professional activity. The term also describes the standards of education and training that prepare members of the profession with the partic ...
) ** ≈ sole trader (UK),
sole proprietorship A sole proprietorship, also known as a sole tradership, individual entrepreneurship or proprietorship, is a type of enterprise owned and run by only one person and in which there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business entity. ...
(US) * (Partnerships): **S.s. (): ≈ general partnership (non commercial) **S.n.c. (): ≈ general partnership (commercial) **S.a.s. (): ≈
limited partnership A limited partnership (LP) is a type of partnership with general partners, who have a right to manage the business, and limited partners, who have no right to manage the business but have only limited liability for its debts. Limited partnership ...
* (Corporations): **S.p.a. (): ≈ plc (UK),
corporation A corporation or body corporate is an individual or a group of people, such as an association or company, that has been authorized by the State (polity), state to act as a single entity (a legal entity recognized by private and public law as ...
(US) **S.a.p.a. (): ≈ publicly traded partnership **S.c.p.a. () **S.c.a.r.l. () **S.r.l. (): ≈ Ltd. (UK), LLC (US) **S.r.l.s. (): **: ≈ benefit corporation (US) * (Cooperatives): **S.c.r.l. ()
cooperative A cooperative (also known as co-operative, coöperative, co-op, or coop) is "an autonomy, autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned a ...
limited (liability) company


Latvia

*SIA (Sabiedrība ar ierobežotu atbildību): ≈ LLC or Ltd. (UK) *AS or a/s ( Akciju sabiedrība): ≈ JSC or plc (UK) *IK or i/k (Individuālais komersants): ≈
sole proprietorship A sole proprietorship, also known as a sole tradership, individual entrepreneurship or proprietorship, is a type of enterprise owned and run by only one person and in which there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business entity. ...
*PS (Pilnsabiedrība) ≈ general partnership, joint venture *KS (Komandītsabiedrība): ≈
limited partnership A limited partnership (LP) is a type of partnership with general partners, who have a right to manage the business, and limited partners, who have no right to manage the business but have only limited liability for its debts. Limited partnership ...
*ĀKF (Ārzemju komersanta filiāle): branch of a foreign enterprise *BO (Bezpeļņas organizācija): ≈
nonprofit organization A nonprofit organization (NPO), also known as a nonbusiness entity, nonprofit institution, not-for-profit organization, or simply a nonprofit, is a non-governmental (private) legal entity organized and operated for a collective, public, or so ...
*VSIA (Valsts sabiedrība ar ierobežotu atbildību): ≈ state-owned LLC/Ltd. *VAS (Valsts akciju sabiedrība): ≈ state-owned JSC/plc


Liechtenstein

*AG: Aktiengesellschaft *GmbH: Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung


Lithuania

*UAB (Uždaroji akcinė bendrovė): ≈ Ltd. (UK) *AB (Akcinė bendrovė): ≈ plc (UK) *VšĮ (Viešoji įstaiga): ≈
non-profit organization A nonprofit organization (NPO), also known as a nonbusiness entity, nonprofit institution, not-for-profit organization, or simply a nonprofit, is a non-governmental (private) legal entity organized and operated for a collective, public, or so ...
*IĮ (Individuali įmonė): ≈ personal enterprise *Individuali veikla =
sole proprietorship A sole proprietorship, also known as a sole tradership, individual entrepreneurship or proprietorship, is a type of enterprise owned and run by only one person and in which there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business entity. ...
(does not possess legal personality of its own) *TŪB (Tikroji ūkinė bendrija): ≈ general partnership *KŪB (Komanditinė ūkinė bendrija): ≈
limited partnership A limited partnership (LP) is a type of partnership with general partners, who have a right to manage the business, and limited partners, who have no right to manage the business but have only limited liability for its debts. Limited partnership ...
*MB (Mažoji bendrija) : ≈
Limited liability partnership A limited liability partnership (LLP) is a partnership in which some or all partners (depending on the jurisdiction) have limited liabilities. It therefore can exhibit aspects of both partnerships and corporations. In an LLP, each partner is n ...
*BĮ (Biudžetinė įstaiga): ≈ budgetary institution (government/municipality agency) *PP (Politinė partija) : ≈
Political Party A political party is an organization that coordinates candidates to compete in a particular area's elections. It is common for the members of a party to hold similar ideas about politics, and parties may promote specific political ideology, ...


Luxembourg

* S.A. (Société anonyme): ≈ plc (UK) * S.A R.L. (Société à responsabilité limitée): ≈ Ltd. (UK) *Société à responsabilité limitée simplifiée (SARL-S) = simplified limited liability company *Société en commandite simple (SCS): ≈
limited partnership A limited partnership (LP) is a type of partnership with general partners, who have a right to manage the business, and limited partners, who have no right to manage the business but have only limited liability for its debts. Limited partnership ...
*Société en Commandite Spéciale (SCSp): unlike an SCS, an SCSp does not have a legal personality separate from those of its partners; it is formed by an agreement among its partners and allows for more flexible structuring, not having to comply with corporate law requirements *Société en commandite par actions (SCA): ≈ corporate limited partnership *SAS (Société par Actions Simplifiée): ≈ simplified joint stock company, offering flexible corporate governance and well-suited for diverse business models. *SOPARFI (Société de Participations Financières): ≈ non-regulated holding company, primarily used for holding and financing, benefitting from Luxembourg’s tax treaties. *SIF (Specialized Investment Fund): ≈ regulated investment vehicle for institutional and qualified investors. *RAIF (Reserved Alternative Investment Fund): ≈ unregulated alternative fund structure requiring an authorized AIFM. *SC (Société Civile): ≈ civil company used mainly for estate planning and holding assets. *GIE (Groupement d'Intérêt Économique): ≈ economic interest grouping enabling cooperation between companies without merger.


Malta

*Ltd: Limited liability company *Plc: Public limited liability company


Netherlands

All non-governmental legal entities are registered on the companies register by the chamber of commerce. * Stichting: ≈ foundation, comparable to German Stiftung. They can run a business but no profit distributions to the founders or board members are allowed. *''mutual societies'' (associations which are allowed to pay dividends to their members; liability may be unlimited (W.A. – wettelijke aansprakelijkheid), limited (B.A. – beperkte aansprakelijkheid) or exempt (U.A. – uitsluiting van aansprakelijkheid)): **Coöperatie: ≈ co-operative society **Onderlinge waarborgmaatschappij: ≈ mutual insurance company *Vereniging ≈ association. Can run a business, but may not distribute profit among its members. ** vve (Vereniging van Eigenaars) ≈ Homeowner association *Mts (Maatschap): ≈ group practice (of professionals, e.g. doctors, accountants, lawyers); share facilities not profits, members are treated as natural persons for tax and liability purposes. *Eenmanszaak: ≈ sole trader (UK),
sole proprietorship A sole proprietorship, also known as a sole tradership, individual entrepreneurship or proprietorship, is a type of enterprise owned and run by only one person and in which there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business entity. ...
(US) *vof (vennootschap onder firma): ≈ GP *cv (commanditaire vennootschap): ≈ LP * bv (besloten vennootschap): ≈ Ltd (UK), Ltd. (US). May appear in a company name as the suffix of "B.V.". A bv can be started by an individual (perhaps as the major or only shareholder) or together with partners. Private liability as a director is limited. * nv (naamloze vennootschap): ≈ plc (UK), Corp. (US). May appear in company name as the suffix of "N.V." Minimum issued share capital upon incorporation: €45,000. Literally translated, the title is "nameless company", as shareholders are not formally known as such in company statutes and other legal documents.


Norway

* ASA (Allmennaksjeselskap): ≈ plc (UK). Minimum capital NKr 1,000,000 * AS (Aksjeselskap): ≈ Ltd. (UK). Minimum capital NKr 30,000. * ANS (Ansvarlig selskap): general partnership with mutual liability * BA (Selskap med begrenset ansvar): cooperatives and companies created by legislation * BL (Borettslag): housing share company * DA (Selskap med delt ansvar): general partnership with apportioned liability *
Enkeltpersonforetak (ENK) is a type of sole proprietorship in Norway. The company is considered part of the personal assets of the owner, who holds the full juridical and economic liability of the company. The sole proprietorship entity holds a number of advantag ...
: sole proprietorship * Etat: state, county or municipal agency * FKF (Fylkeskommunalt foretak): county enterprise * HF (helseforetak): subsidiary health enterprise * IKS (Interkommunalt selskap): inter-municipal enterprise (owners' liability) * KF (Kommunalt foretak): municipal enterprise (owner's liability) * KS (Kommandittselskap): ≈
limited partnership A limited partnership (LP) is a type of partnership with general partners, who have a right to manage the business, and limited partners, who have no right to manage the business but have only limited liability for its debts. Limited partnership ...
* NUF (Norskregistrert utenlandsk foretak): foreign enterprise registered in Norway * RHF (regionalt helseforetak): regional health enterprise * SF (Statsforetak): state enterprise * Sparebank: savings bank * Stiftelse: a foundation, comparable to German Stiftung, with capital but without members or shareholders. It is allowed to make a profit, but is more suited for non-commercial purposes. * UB (Ungdomsbedrift): youth enterprise, only used in education


Poland

No universal definitions of company and business exist in the
Polish law The Polish law or legal system in Poland has been developing since the first centuries of Polish history, over 1,000 years ago. The public and private laws of Poland are codified. The supreme law in Poland is the Constitution of Poland. Po ...
. The usage of the equivalent terms in the Polish legal system may often be confusing because each of them has several different definitions for various purposes. Przedsiębiorca ('entrepreneur' or 'undertaking')—known as kupiec ('merchant') until 1964; jednostka gospodarcza ('economic unit') from 1964 to 1988; podmiot gospodarczy ('economic entity') from 1988 to 1997—is the closest equivalent of company understood as an entity. As of January 2021, there are at least thirteen different definitions of entrepreneur/undertaking, enshrined in the following acts: * the Civil Code, * the Law of the Entrepreneurs, * the Bankruptcy and Restructuring Law, * the Law of Industrial Property Rights, * the Geological and Mining Law * Act on the National Court Register, * Act on Protection of Competition and Consumers, * Act on Combatting Unfair Competition, * Act on Counteracting Unfair Market Practices, * Act on Informing about Prices of Goods and Services, * Act on Protection of Classified Information, * Commission Regulation (EU) on the application of Articles 107 and 108 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to de minimis aid, * Regulation (EU) No 952/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 October 2013 laying down the Union Customs Code. Przedsiębiorstwo ('enterprise') is defined in the Civil Code as an organized complex of material and non-material components designated to perform economic activity. Therefore, it is equivalent to company understood as a set of assets organized to do business. Działalność gospodarcza ('economic activity') is the closest equivalent of business. As of January 2021, there are at least six different definitions of economic activity, enshrined in the following acts: * the Law of the Entrepreneurs, * the Tax Ordinance, * Act on Personal Income Tax, * Act on Goods and Services Tax (VAT), * Act on Social Security System, * Act on Procedures Concerning Public Aid (transcription of the definition developed in the EU case law).


Entities registered as entrepreneurs in the Central Registration and Information on Business (''Centralna Ewidencja i Informacja o Działalności Gospodarczej'', ''CEIDG'')

*''przedsiębiorca będący osobą fizyczną'' (an entrepreneur who is a
natural person In jurisprudence, a natural person (also physical person in some Commonwealth countries, or natural entity) is a person (in legal meaning, i.e., one who has its own legal personality) that is an individual human being, distinguished from the br ...
), previously known as ''osoba fizyczna wykonującą działalność gospodarczą'' or ''działalność gospodarcza osoby fizycznej'' or ''jednoosobowa działalność gospodarcza'' or ''kupiec jednoosobowy'' —
sole proprietorship A sole proprietorship, also known as a sole tradership, individual entrepreneurship or proprietorship, is a type of enterprise owned and run by only one person and in which there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business entity. ...
; the company's name must include the first name and surname of the entrepreneur; *''s.c. (spółka cywilna)'': "civil law partnership", itself neither a proper legal entity nor a juridical person, as it is the partners ( natural persons) who retain their separate statuses as entrepreneurs and legal entities, albeit bound by an agreement on the sharing of profits, losses and ownership of a business (common pool of assets). Although it is granted NIP and REGON numbers distinct from those belonging to the partners, its legal capacity is limited exclusively to matters related to
value-added tax A value-added tax (VAT or goods and services tax (GST), general consumption tax (GCT)) is a consumption tax that is levied on the value added at each stage of a product's production and distribution. VAT is similar to, and is often compared wi ...
, excise and
customs duties A tariff or import tax is a duty (tax), duty imposed by a national Government, government, customs territory, or supranational union on imports of goods and is paid by the importer. Exceptionally, an export tax may be levied on exports of goods ...
, as well as the roles of an
employer Employment is a relationship between two parties regulating the provision of paid labour services. Usually based on a contract, one party, the employer, which might be a corporation, a not-for-profit organization, a co-operative, or any ot ...
in labor law contracts and a payer for its employees (but not partners) of their personal income tax advances, social insurance contributions and
health insurance Health insurance or medical insurance (also known as medical aid in South Africa) is a type of insurance that covers the whole or a part of the risk of a person incurring medical expenses. As with other types of insurance, risk is shared among ma ...
contributions. Can be likened to a
voluntary association A voluntary group or union (also sometimes called a voluntary organization, common-interest association, association, or society) is a group of individuals who enter into an agreement, usually as volunteers, to form a body (or organization) to a ...
. Its name must include the first names and surnames of the entrepreneurs;


Entities registered in the National Court Register (''Krajowy Rejestr Sądowy'', ''KRS'')


=Entities registered as entrepreneurs in the Register of Entrepreneurs (''Rejestr przedsiębiorców''), excluding the pan-EU forms

= Except for the ''spółki osobowe'' (partnerships), all are
juridical person A juridical person is a legal person that is not a natural person but an organization recognized by law as a fictitious person such as a corporation, government agency, non-governmental organisation, or international organization (such as the ...
s. *''spółki handlowe'' commercial/trade partnerships and companies/corporations (regulated by Code of Commercial Companies) **''spółki osobowe'' partnerships ( entities possessing separate
juridical person A juridical person is a legal person that is not a natural person but an organization recognized by law as a fictitious person such as a corporation, government agency, non-governmental organisation, or international organization (such as the ...
ality) ***''sp.j. (spółka jawna)'': ≈ registered partnership, otherwise translated general partnership ***''sp.p. (spółka partnerska)'': ≈ professional partnership, otherwise translated
limited liability partnership A limited liability partnership (LLP) is a partnership in which some or all partners (depending on the jurisdiction) have limited liabilities. It therefore can exhibit aspects of both partnerships and corporations. In an LLP, each partner is n ...
May also be denoted by the addition of ''i partner(zy)'' ("and partner(s)") to the firm's name. Can only be used for the purpose of practicing as a professional licensed by a regulatory body, in a profession listed in the appropriate provision of the Commercial Companies Code (e.g. physicians, barristers). The partners are fully liable for the partnership's debts, with the exception of debts incurred by other partners practicing their licensed profession and employees under their direction. ***''sp.k. (spółka komandytowa)'': ≈
limited partnership A limited partnership (LP) is a type of partnership with general partners, who have a right to manage the business, and limited partners, who have no right to manage the business but have only limited liability for its debts. Limited partnership ...
***''S.K.A. (spółka komandytowo-akcyjna)'': limited joint-stock partnership, otherwise translated partnership limited by shares. Minimum share capital zl 50,000 (approx. €12,500). **''spółki kapitałowe'' companies/corporations ***'' S.A. (spółka akcyjna)'': ≈
joint-stock company A joint-stock company (JSC) is a business entity in which shares of the company's stock can be bought and sold by shareholders. Each shareholder owns company stock in proportion, evidenced by their shares (certificates of ownership). Shareho ...
, otherwise translated plc (UK). Minimum share capital zl 100,000 (approx. €25,000). ***''P.S.A. (prosta spółka akcyjna)'' = simple
joint-stock company A joint-stock company (JSC) is a business entity in which shares of the company's stock can be bought and sold by shareholders. Each shareholder owns company stock in proportion, evidenced by their shares (certificates of ownership). Shareho ...
, otherwise translated simple plc, a new company type 2021, actually a simplified version of the former type ***'' Sp. z o.o. (spółka z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością)'': ≈ Ltd. (UK). Minimum share capital zl 5,000 (approx. €1,250) *''spółdzielnia'': ≈
cooperative A cooperative (also known as co-operative, coöperative, co-op, or coop) is "an autonomy, autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned a ...
(regulated by Cooperatives Act of Poland) May also be denoted by the adjective ''Spółdzielczy(-a/-e)'' in the firm's name. Some subtypes of cooperatives are governed by additional dedicated laws along the general cooperative law, these include ''spółdzielcza kasa oszczędnościowo-kredytowa'' (a
credit union A credit union is a member-owned nonprofit organization, nonprofit cooperative financial institution. They may offer financial services equivalent to those of commercial banks, such as share accounts (savings accounts), share draft accounts (che ...
), ''bank spółdzielczy'' (a
cooperative bank Cooperative banking is retail and commercial banking organized on a cooperative basis. Cooperative banking institutions take deposits and lend money in most parts of the world. Cooperative banking, as discussed here, includes retail banking carr ...
), ''spółdzielnia mieszkaniowa'' (a housing cooperative), ''rolnicza spółdzielnia produkcyjna'' (an agricultural production cooperative), ''spółdzielnia kółek rolniczych'' (a farming societies cooperative, providing agricultural services), and ''spółdzielnia pracy'' (a labor cooperative), including ''spółdzielnia socjalna'' (a social cooperative). *''p.p. (przedsiębiorstwo państwowe)'': state undertakings or state enterprise *''instytut badawczy'': (government research institute, excluding those operated by the
Polish Academy of Sciences The Polish Academy of Sciences (, PAN) is a Polish state-sponsored institution of higher learning. Headquartered in Warsaw, it is responsible for spearheading the development of science across the country by a society of distinguished scholars a ...
), *''instytut Sieci Badawczej Łukasiewicz'' (Łukasiewicz Research Network institute) *''przedsiębiorstwo zagraniczne'' (foreign undertaking), *''towarzystwo ubezpieczeń wzajemnych'' (mutual insurance society), *''towarzystwo reasekuracji wzajemnej'' (mutual reinsurance society) * branches of foreign undertakings active on the territory of Poland, *main branches of foreign insurance undertakings, *main branches of foreign reinsurance undertakings *as well as any of the juridical persons registered in the Register of Associations, Other Social and Professional Organizations, Foundations and Independent Public Healthcare Institutions (see below) if they intend to perform business activities (when allowed by their bylaws, excluding Independent Public Healthcare Institutions, as they are not allowed to register as an entrepreneur, as well as excluding those of juridical persons or other legal entities who are registered in the KRS exclusively for the purpose of obtaining status of an officially recognized charity – public benefit organization, and would otherwise be exempt from the registration in the KRS – see below) From business perspective spółki z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością (limited liability companies) are the most popular forms of legal entities in Poland as approx. 96% of foreign investments is performed in this legal form.


=Entities registered in the Register of Associations, Other Social and Professional Organizations, Foundations and Independent Public Healthcare Institutions (''Rejestr stowarzyszeń, innych organizacji społecznych i zawodowych, fundacji oraz samodzielnych publicznych zakładów opieki zdrowotnej'')

= All the following types are juridical persons: * (foundation); Polish law currently envisages only public purpose foundations *''stowarzyszenie rejestrowe'' (registered association) *''związek stowarzyszeń'' (union of associations), *territorial branches of an association who have their own juridical personality (if allowed by the association's bylaws), *''stowarzyszenie ogrodowe'' family garden association *''związek stowarzyszeń ogrodowych'' (union of family garden associations), *''stowarzyszenie kultury fizycznej'' (physical culture association) *''związek sportowy'' (sport union = a union of physical culture associations), *''polski związek sportowy'' (Polish sport union), a ''sui generis'' juridical person holding the authority of the officially recognized national sports governing body in disciplines which are managed by an IOC-recognized international federation (all Olympic and some established non-Olympic disciplines, but not the Paralympic ones, the latter obligated to operate under the general rules as unions of associations because of their non-commercial and often charitable character); each discipline is always governed by one such body only though some of the latter cover multiple disciplines; this highly regulated legal form may be described as based on a union of associations entrusted with the status of a national sports governing body on behalf of the respective international federation and the state authorities, thus exhibiting also some features of an official authority, but also of a company, as it is designated by law as the obligatory owner and trader of exclusive rights related to sponsorship, advertisement and broadcasting of national events and national team, and therefore, it is indirectly obligated (in practice in all cases) to register also as an entrepreneur; its incorporation is possible only through transforming an existing union of associations whose direct membership is composed exclusively of sports clubs active in a specific sport, as well as their subnational unions, or other juridical persons active in the particular discipline, and following the mandatory prior admission of such Union to the respective international federation, and subsequently, the mandatory consent of the minister responsible for sports before applying to the KRS; registration is synonymous with official recognition as the national governing body of a discipline and is coupled with a number of additional rights and obligations *''związek zawodowy'' (trade union) as well as their federations and confederations, as well as territorial branches of a trade union who have their own juridical personality if allowed by the trade union's bylaws), *organizations of employers (and their unions, federations and confederations), *organizations of economic self government (chambers of industry and commerce, Polish Chamber of Commerce, guilds and chambers of craft, Polish Union of Craft, and chambers of agriculture), *organizations of professional self government of certain entrepreneurs (trade and services unions for entrepreneurs active in trade, gastronomy or services, excluding those acknowledged as craft or those exercising a profession governed by a regulatory college; transportation unions for entrepreneurs active in transportation; federations of the former two), *various types of agricultural unions (trade unions of individual farmers, farming societies and their unions, sectoral agricultural organisations and their unions) *''samodzielny publiczny zakład opieki zdrowotnej'' (independent public healthcare institution) – a ''
sui generis ( , ) is a Latin phrase that means "of its/their own kind" or "in a class by itself", therefore "unique". It denotes an exclusion to the larger system an object is in relation to. Several disciplines use the term to refer to unique entities. ...
'' type of juridical persons, mandatory for the majority of public healthcare entities (hospitals, clinics etc.) established by the State Treasury, a territorial self-government unit, or a public higher education institution, except for entities operating as a trade partnership (a limited liability company or a joint-stock company, whose absolute majority of shares or stocks is held by the State Treasury, a territorial self government unit or a public higher education institution), or those operating as a budgetary unit, on behalf either of the State Treasury (including centers for forensic psychiatry, units of the State Sanitary Inspection, as well as some of the healthcare entities operated by a uniformed service, and a few addiction treatment centers and nursing homes operated directly by the Ministry of Health, mainly due to historical reasons) or of a self-government unit (all voivodeship centres for occupational medicine, a dozen communal rehabilitation centers or nursing homes, and three communal GP clinics). In addition, any juridical persons or other legal entities (including those originally or otherwise exempt from the registration in the KRS – see below) also have to register, if they apply for and obtain the status of an officially recognized charity (''organizacja pożytku publicznego'' = public benefit organization), when eligible; however, as an exception, registration solely for that purpose neither confers juridical personality to entities lacking one, nor does it create obligation or right to register as an entrepreneur.


Entities excluded from registration as entrepreneurs

Types of entities excluded from registration as entrepreneurs include the following.


=Natural persons

= *''Działalność pozarejestrowa osoby fizycznej'' (non-registered activity of a natural person): unless explicitly stated in a sector-specific particular act, unregulated activity of a natural person is not considered “fully fledged” economic activity, thus being entitled to exemption from registration in the CEIDG, if the person has not performed business activities during the preceding 60 months and the monthly gross income generated by the activity does not exceed 50% of the minimum wage. Such activity is also free from the obligation to pay social insurance contributions, nevertheless, it is still subject to taxation and health insuranće contributions. Individual prostitution is in all cases excluded from registration, unregulated, untaxed and not subject to compulsory social or health insurance, whereas organised prostitution is illegal. *''Kancelaria komornicza'' (an office of a judicial enforcement officer commonly known as bailiff) – a court bailiff is a public official (but not a civil servant) who is assigned to undertake enforcement action within the area of the jurisdiction of a single regional court; it is an individual who is appointed to act as such by the minister of justice on application of the person concerned, filed via the intermediary of the president of the court of appeal, within whose area the candidate intends to perform acts in enforcement proceedings. Before appointing, the minister of justice shall request the council of the chamber of the court bailiffs to give the opinion of the candidate. A bailiffs is not employed by the court in spite of acting on behalf of its authority, but is self-employed and operates an own single chancellery (named Bailiff's Office of the Regional Court in...), a quasi-undertaking excluded from registration as an entrepreneur in CEIDG, but treated as such for most other purposes, including income taxation or social and health insurance, obligated to obtain NIP and REGON numbers by registering in the respective registers, and is remunerated by percentage on money recovered and the other fees specified in ''The Court Bailiffs and Enforcement Act of 20 August 1997''. The bailiff also incurs expenses, to be covered by the debtor or by the creditor if the enforcement proceedings are ineffective. *''Biuro poselskie, senatorskie lub posła do Parlamentu Europejskiego'' (a constituency office of a Sejm deputy, a senator, or a
member of European Parliament A member of the European Parliament (MEP) is a person who has been Election, elected to serve as a popular representative in the European Parliament. When the European Parliament (then known as the Common Assembly of the European Coal and S ...
) – it is the elected official himself who personally acts as the employer of staff in the office, he/she uses own PESEL number instead of obtaining NIP for the purposes of paying employees′ income tax or health and social insurance contributions, but is obligated to obtain a REGON number for the office; the office is financed exclusively from funds assigned by the chancellery of the respective parliamentary chamber and may not perform economic activity *''Gospodarstwo rolne rolnika indywidualnego'' (agricultural holding of an individual farmer): proper agricultural activity of an individual farmer
animal husbandry Animal husbandry is the branch of agriculture concerned with animals that are raised for meat, animal fiber, fibre, milk, or other products. It includes day-to-day care, management, production, nutrition, selective breeding, and the raising ...
; inland fisheries; plant production, including crop cultivation, vegetable farming,
horticulture Horticulture (from ) is the art and science of growing fruits, vegetables, flowers, trees, shrubs and ornamental plants. Horticulture is commonly associated with the more professional and technical aspects of plant cultivation on a smaller and mo ...
,
orchard An orchard is an intentional plantation of trees or shrubs that is maintained for food production. Orchards comprise fruit tree, fruit- or nut (fruit), nut-producing trees that are generally grown for commercial production. Orchards are also so ...
farming, fungiculture,
seed In botany, a seed is a plant structure containing an embryo and stored nutrients in a protective coat called a ''testa''. More generally, the term "seed" means anything that can be Sowing, sown, which may include seed and husk or tuber. Seeds ...
production, plant nursery,
forestry Forestry is the science and craft of creating, managing, planting, using, conserving and repairing forests and woodlands for associated resources for human and Natural environment, environmental benefits. Forestry is practiced in plantations and ...
) is excluded from registration as entrepreneur (but a farmer is still obligated to obtain NIP and REGON numbers by registering in the respective registers, as well as to obtain in most cases registration in the Register of Producers, Agricultural Holdings and Applications for Payment Entitlements, the latter being obligatory for all holders of pigs, cattle, goats or sheep, and a prerequisite to receive any public state or EU funding). Proper agricultural activity is exempt from income and real estate taxes, being subject to much more lenient agricultural tax instead. Such farmer is obligated to pay agricultural social and health insurance contributions subsidized by the state, instead of paying much higher regular social and health insurance contributions. A farmer may also produce certain amount of liquid biofuels for own use, after registering in a dedicated Register of Farmers Producing Biofuels for Their Own Use, and in the Central Register of Excise Entities as a (token amount) excise taxpayer, but without the obligation to register as VAT taxpayer. Certain other types of individual farmer's economic activities performed on a limited scale (agri-tourism, direct-to-consumer sales of own products at the farm or at marketplaces, winemaking out of own crops) may also be performed without registering as an entrepreneur, unless he/she decides otherwise, and unless such income does not exceed certain limits; such farmer may also retain the right to participate in the preferentiaL agricultural social insurance system if he has been covered by it for at least three years preceding initiation of an additional activity and intends to continue proper agricultural production; however, land and buildings used for such additional activities are subject to standard real estate tax, instead of agricultural tax; ** in case of agri-tourism or direct-to-consumer sales of own products at the farm or at marketplaces, the farmer may remain exempt from income tax and may choose whether or not to become a VAT taxpayer; in the case of agri-tourism, a limit of five rooms is also applicable; ** in the case of winemaking, the production is subject to income tax, VAT and excise (albeit at preferential rates); an annual production volume quota of 10000 liters is also applicable); * ''Jednostka systemu oświaty prowadzona przez osobę fizyczną'' (a school or an educational institution other than a higher education institution, operated by a natural person)


=Juridical persons and other collective legal entities, excluding the pan-EU forms

= Certain types of juridical persons or other collective legal entities which have been established otherwise than by registration in the KRS, may in few situations be authorized by law to perform business activity (sometimes of a limited scope and/or scale, along with their main, often non-commercial or not-for-profit activity), despite remaining excluded and exempt from the obligation to register in the KRS, but are still obligated (except for the State Treasury as a whole) to obtain NIP and REGON numbers by registering in the relevant registers, and are usually still subject to the general taxation rules (including VAT); examples of such situations include: *''spółka wodna'' (a water corporation) – a not-for-profit water law corporation and a juridical person, incorporated to provide water services to its shareholders, usually in a rural or suburban setting, registered by the local starosta, while a union of such entities is registered by the voivode; *''związek wałowy'' (a levee union) – a similar not-for-profit corporation and a juridical person, incorporated to construct and manage a levee, registered by the local starosta, while a union of such entities is registered by the voivode; *''spółka dla zagospodarowania wspólnoty gruntowej'' (a common land management corporation) – a similar not-for-profit corporation and a juridical person, incorporated to manage common land, registered by the local starosta * ''fundacja rodzinna'' (a family foundation) *''koło łowieckie'' (a hunting club) – a juridical person incorporated by its members to manage game on a certain territory (hunting circuit) leased from the state, legally allowed to perform business activities related to its statutory tasks; according to the Act on Hunting Law, it acquires juridical personality through registration by the respective district board of the ''Polski Związek Łowiecki'' (Polish Hunting Association, itself also a
juridical person A juridical person is a legal person that is not a natural person but an organization recognized by law as a fictitious person such as a corporation, government agency, non-governmental organisation, or international organization (such as the ...
and a quango, actually a modified, highly regulated union of associations exempt from registration in the KRS) *''koło gospodyń wiejskich'' (a rural women's association) and their unions – in accord with a dedicated act, they acquire juridical personality by registering in the National Register of the Rural Women's Associations maintained by the Agency for Modernisation and Restructuring of Agriculture *''uczelnia'' (a higher education institution, regardless whether public or private) – may perform business activity organized as a separate part of its own juridical personality (or as a separate juridical person e.g. a limited liability partnership or a joint-stock partnership). According to the Act on Law on Higher Education and Science, a private institution may only be founded by a natural person or by a juridical person (other than a state or a self-governmental juridical person); it comes into existence through registration by the Minister of Science and Higher Education and acquires its own juridical personality which is distinct from the founding entity's one; however, a slightly different procedure concerns the private ecclesiastical institutions which acquire juridical personality in the same way as other juridical persons created by a church or an other confessional community (see below) but require the Ministry's approval to award state-recognised diplomas. On the other hand, a public institution is established through an act of Parliament or by a regulation of the Minister of Science and Higher Education, and therefore, its existence as a legal person does not depend on registration anywhere; *''osoby prawne i jednostki organizacyjne nieposiadające osobowości prawnej utworzone przez kościół lub inną wspólnotę wyznaniową'' (juridical persons or legal entities lacking juridical personality which have been created by a church or an other confessional community recognized by the state) – they are established and (in the case of juridical persons) acquire juridical personality through a regulation of the minister competent for religious confessions, or (in the case of territorial or personal institutions of the
Catholic Church in Poland Polish members of the Catholic Church, like elsewhere in the world, are under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Holy See, Rome. The Latin Church includes 41 dioceses. There are three eparchies of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in th ...
) by notifying the Polish government by the relevant church authority, that an ecclesiastical juridical person (such as a parish or a diocese) or other legal entity has been established in accord with the
canon law Canon law (from , , a 'straight measuring rod, ruler') is a set of ordinances and regulations made by ecclesiastical jurisdiction, ecclesiastical authority (church leadership) for the government of a Christian organization or church and its membe ...
; such entities may be allowed to perform business activities by their bylaws, and are registered by the Ministry of Interior and Administration in the detailed part of the Register of Churches and Other Confessional Communities; exceptions include religious foundations and religious associations of lay people, both subject to standard KRS registration under general rules, albeit with some oversight authority awarded to a church or an other confessional community; *''instytut naukowy Polskiej Akademii Nauk'' (a research institute of the
Polish Academy of Sciences The Polish Academy of Sciences (, PAN) is a Polish state-sponsored institution of higher learning. Headquartered in Warsaw, it is responsible for spearheading the development of science across the country by a society of distinguished scholars a ...
) – created as a juridical person by registration in the dedicated register maintained by the academy (itself also a
juridical person A juridical person is a legal person that is not a natural person but an organization recognized by law as a fictitious person such as a corporation, government agency, non-governmental organisation, or international organization (such as the ...
and a quango – a regulated body combining features of a
learned society A learned society ( ; also scholarly, intellectual, or academic society) is an organization that exists to promote an academic discipline, profession, or a group of related disciplines such as the arts and sciences. Membership may be open to al ...
with a statutory membership cap, a regulatory college and a corporation, itself also exempt from registration in the KRS), *''partia polityczna'' (a political party) – it is created and becomes a juridical person through registration on the List of Political Parties. The list is not a part of the KRS and it is maintained by the District Court in Warsaw. Political parties in Poland are generally banned from performing economic activities; they may, however, perform certain minor activities, such as minor office services, selling promotional items with party logo, selling publications concerning its manifesto, its political agenda, its bylaws and its activities. *''fundusz emerytalny'' (a
pension fund A pension fund, also known as a superannuation fund in some countries, is any program, fund, or scheme which provides pension, retirement income. The U.S. Government's Social Security Trust Fund, which oversees $2.57 trillion in assets, is the ...
) – either ''otwarty fundusz emerytalny'' (open pension fund), ''pracowniczy fundusz emerytalny'' (employees' pension fund) or ''dobrowolny fundusz emerytalny'' (voluntary pension fund) – it is created on permission of the Polish Financial Supervision Authority and becomes a juridical person through registration in the Register of Pension Funds. The register is not a part of the KRS and it is maintained by the District Court in Warsaw. * ''fundusz inwestycyjny'' (an
investment fund An investment fund is a way of investment, investing money alongside other investors in order to benefit from the inherent advantages of working as part of a group such as reducing the risks of the investment by a significant percentage. These ad ...
) – either ''fundusz inwestycyjny otwarty'' (open investment fund), ''specjalistyczny fundusz inwestycyjny otwarty'' (specialist open investment fund), or ''fundusz inwestycyjny zamknięty'' (closed investment fund); it is created on permission of the Polish Financial Supervision Authority and becomes a juridical person through registration in the Register of Investment Funds. The register is not a part of the KRS and it is maintained by the District Court in Warsaw. *''jednostka doradztwa rolniczego'' (a farm advice unit) – a state juridical person established by the act on farm advice units *''wojewódzki ośrodek ruchu drogowego'' (a voivodeship centre for road traffic) – a juridical person subordinate to the self-government of a voivodeship, responsible for conducting tests for driving licenses in all categories, tests for special traffic qualifications, as well as for traffic safety education and promotion; they are legally permitted to conduct not-for-profit economic activity; *''park narodowy'' (a
national park A national park is a nature park designated for conservation (ethic), conservation purposes because of unparalleled national natural, historic, or cultural significance. It is an area of natural, semi-natural, or developed land that is protecte ...
) — a state juridical person established by a regulation of the Council of Ministers, authorized by law to perform economic activity, unless it contravenes the Act on the Conservation of Nature, *''wspólnota mieszkaniowa'' (a homeowner community) – a legal entity lacking juridical personality or a dedicated register, established ''ipso iure'' without any registration procedures in buildings or building complexes with at least one separate owner-occupancy delimited; such a community is required to obtain NIP and REGON and to maintain simplified accounting documentation and a bank account; also subject to company income tax, in contrast to the real estate tax which is paid directly by its members; may perform activities outside the scope of its obligatory core responsibilities, including activities related to lending out parts of common areas of the real estate, or parts of advertising-suitable surfaces such as siding or fencing, becoming in such situations a VAT taxpayer; a community in a building or a building complex with four or more separate owner-occupancies delimited is required to elect a managing board, or to select and contract a professional real-estate manager; *''wspólnota gruntowa'' (a common land community) – a similar legal entity lacking juridical personality or a dedicated register, established ''ipso iure'' for the management of common land, unless a dedicated common land management partnership (a juridical person) has been incorporated instead (see above); *''publiczna jednostka systemu oświaty'' (a public school or educational institution other than a higher education institution) – a legal entity lacking juridical personality, established and registered by an organ of the government or a territorial self-government unit *''stowarzyszenie zwykłe'' (a common/simple/ordinary association) – registered by the local starosta, a legal entity lacking juridical personality, less formalized compared to a registered association (which is a juridical person registered in the KRS) *''uczniowski klub sportowy'' (a schoolchildren's sport club) and ''inny niż uczniowski klub sportowy działający w formie stowarzyszenia, którego statut nie przewiduje prowadzenia działalności gospodarczej'' (sport club other than a schoolchildren's sport club which operates as an association whose bylaws do not foresee economic activity) – both are technically associations registered by a local starosta instead of the KRS, but nevertheless acquire as an exception juridical personality, though are not authorized to undertake economic activity *''samorząd zawodu zaufania publicznego'' (a regulatory college), a public-law corporation constituting the self-governmental regulatory body for a certain
profession A profession is a field of Work (human activity), work that has been successfully professionalized. It can be defined as a disciplined group of individuals, professionals, who adhere to ethical standards and who hold themselves out as, and are ...
(designated in such case a ''public confidence profession'') or their pair with membership mandatory for every professional, established in each case through an act of Parliament, depending on profession either as a single one-tier national body or as a two-tier system of a number of territorial bodies united in a national body *''państwowa lub samorządowa instytucja kultury'' (a state or a (territorial) self-governmental cultural institution) – a juridical person such as a museum, a theatre, a musical theatre, a ballet, an opera house, a philharmonica, a cameral or a symphony orchestra, a folk song and dance ensemble, an art gallery or a public library (created and registered by a minister or a territorial self-government unit) – even though the main (cultural/artistic) activity of a public cultural institution is not legally regarded as business activity, an institution may be allowed to perform additional business activity, if its bylaws state so; *''jednostka samorządu terytorialnego: gmina, powiat, województwo'' (a territorial self-government unit: municipality=gmina, county=powiat), province=voivodeship) – a juridical person established by a regulation or (in the case of voivodeship) by an act of Parliament; *''związek międzygminny, powiatów lub powiatowo-gminny'' (an inter-municipal union, a union of counties, or a municipal-county union) – juridical person registered by the Minister of the Interior, incorporated to carry out specific services on behalf of member municipalities and/or counties); *''bank państwowy'' (a state bank) – established as a juridical person by a regulation of the Council of Ministers (in the interwar period, by the President of the Republic; dominant type of banks during the times of communism; nowadays, this status is restricted to national development banks; only one exists as of 1 December 2020; the Bank Gospodarstwa Krajowego; *''Narodowy Bank Polski'' (National Bank of Poland) (established by the Constitution of Poland, granted juridical personality by the Act governing it) * ''kluby i koła'' – caucuses in the Sejm and the Senate (called clubs when grouping ≥15 members or circles if grouping 3–14 members) – legally they are quangos, entities lacking juridical personality, operating on behalf of the State Treasury, but may enter into work contracts as an
employer Employment is a relationship between two parties regulating the provision of paid labour services. Usually based on a contract, one party, the employer, which might be a corporation, a not-for-profit organization, a co-operative, or any ot ...
, sue and be sued in a labour court, and are obligated to obtain NIP and REGON numbers by registering in the relevant registers ** ''kluby i koła poselskie'' – clubs and circles of (Sejm) deputies ** ''kluby i koła senatorskie'' – clubs and circles of senators ** ''kluby i koła parlamentarne'' – parliamentary (joint cross-chamber) clubs and circles – of both (Sejm) deputies and senators *selected other state juridical persons e.g. civilian technical inspection units (Office of Technical Inspection, Transportation Technical Supervision), Polish Waters National Water Management Holding; Polish Air Navigation Agency, National Health Fund, Social Insurance Institution, State Fund for Rehabilitation of Disabled Persons, National Fund of Environment Protection and voivodeship funds for environment protection, Polish Film Institute. *selected state (''statio fisci'') or self-governmental legal entities other than legal persons: budgetary units: e.g. State Forests National Forest Holding, Agricultural Social Insurance Fund, statistical offices and the Central Statistical Office, units of various state uniformed services, state inspections and their laboratories – operating on behalf of the State Treasury or the parent territorial self-government unit; *''Skarb Państwa'' (the State Treasury) – the juridical person impersonating the state and its government apparatus (with some exceptions enumerated above), established by the Civil Code; itself, it is not assigned NIP and REGON numbers, as they are assigned to its organizational units (''statio fisci'') Some of the abovementioned types of entities (e.g. hunting clubs, church entities), other than the state or self-governmental ones, may nevertheless be subject to registration in the KRS exclusively for the purpose of official recognition as a charity (public benefit organization – see above), if they are eligible for, apply for and obtain such.


Portugal

*Cooperativa ≈
cooperative A cooperative (also known as co-operative, coöperative, co-op, or coop) is "an autonomy, autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned a ...
: The name of the entity should include the expression "Cooperativa" or "União de Cooperativas" or "Federação de Cooperativas" or "Confederação de Cooperativas" ** CRL (Cooperativa de Responsabilidade Limitada): limited liability cooperative * S.A. (Sociedade Anónima): ≈ plc (UK), and these are further classified as: **S.A., Sociedade Aberta: ≈ publicly traded corporation (literally "open company"). **S.F., Sociedade Fechada: ≈ privately held (closely held) corporation (literally "closed company") *Lda. (Limitada): ≈ Ltd. (UK), and these might be: **Unipessoal Lda.: single member company (literally: "Unipersonal Ltd.") *SGPS (Sociedade Gestora de Participações Sociais):
holding company A holding company is a company whose primary business is holding a controlling interest in the Security (finance), securities of other companies. A holding company usually does not produce goods or services itself. Its purpose is to own Share ...
(literally "shareholding management company") *SUA (Sociedade Unipessoal Anónima): ≈
Sole Proprietorship A sole proprietorship, also known as a sole tradership, individual entrepreneurship or proprietorship, is a type of enterprise owned and run by only one person and in which there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business entity. ...
* Self-managed collective investment companies **SGOIC (Sociedades Gestoras de Organismos de Investimento Coletivo) = Self-managed collective investment management companies **SIC (Sociedades de Investimento Coletivo) = self-managed collective investment companies


Romania

''Societăți comerciale'', abbreviated SC (Companies): # ''Societăți de persoane'' (Unincorporated companies, also called Partnerships) #* ''Societatea în nume colectiv'', abbreviated ''SNC'' (General Partnership, abbreviated GP) #* ''Societatea în comandită simplă'', abbreviated ''SCS'' (Limited Partnership, abbreviated LP) # ''Societăți de capitaluri'' (Incorporated companies, also called Corporations) #* ''Societatea în comandită pe acțiuni'', abbreviated ''SCA'' (Company Limited by Shares) #* ''Societatea pe acțiuni'', abbreviated ''SA'' (Joint-Stock Company) # Societăți hibride (Hybrid companies) #* '' Societate cu răspundere limitată'', abbreviated ''SRL'' (Limited Liability Company) #* ''Societatea cu răspundere limitată cu proprietar unic'', abbreviated ''SRL cu proprietar unic'' # S.A. (Societate pe Acţiuni): ≈ plc (UK) # S.C.A. (societate în comandită pe acţiuni): limited partnership with shares # S.C.S. (societate în comandită simplă): ≈
limited partnership A limited partnership (LP) is a type of partnership with general partners, who have a right to manage the business, and limited partners, who have no right to manage the business but have only limited liability for its debts. Limited partnership ...
# S.N.C. (societate în nume colectiv): ≈ general partnership # S.R.L. (societate cu răspundere limitată): ≈ Ltd. (UK) # PFA (persoana fizica autorizata): ≈ self-employed (UK)
Sole Proprietorship A sole proprietorship, also known as a sole tradership, individual entrepreneurship or proprietorship, is a type of enterprise owned and run by only one person and in which there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business entity. ...
(US) # O.N.G. (Organizație Non-Guvernamentală): ≈ Non-state pension fund (literally: Non-Governmental Organization) — strictly speaking, ONGs do not exist in Romanian law, they are legally called either associations or foundations. Political parties, trade unions and religious denominations/churches/temples/synagogues/mosques aren't considered ONGs. And "privately managed pension funds" (legal term) are another matter than ONGs. limited liability company "societate cu raspundere limitata" (SRL);


Slovakia

*a.s. (Akciová spoločnosť): ≈ plc (UK). Minimum share capital 25,000. Must have a supervisory board in addition to the management board. *s.r.o., spol. s r.o. (Spoločnosť s ručením obmedzeným): ≈ Ltd. (UK) *k.s. (Komanditná spoločnosť): ≈ LLP. or
Limited liability partnership A limited liability partnership (LLP) is a partnership in which some or all partners (depending on the jurisdiction) have limited liabilities. It therefore can exhibit aspects of both partnerships and corporations. In an LLP, each partner is n ...
(UK). Must have at least one "general partner" with unlimited liability. *v.o.s. (Verejná obchodná spoločnosť): ≈ general partnership or unlimited partnership *družstvo: ≈
Cooperative A cooperative (also known as co-operative, coöperative, co-op, or coop) is "an autonomy, autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned a ...
*živnosť: ≈
Sole proprietorship A sole proprietorship, also known as a sole tradership, individual entrepreneurship or proprietorship, is a type of enterprise owned and run by only one person and in which there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business entity. ...


Slovenia

*d.d. (Delniška družba): ≈ plc (UK) *d.o.o. (Družba z omejeno odgovornostjo): ≈ Ltd. (UK) *d.n.o. (Družba z neomejeno odgovornostjo): ≈ Unlimited company (UK) *k.d. (Komanditna družba): ≈ LP (UK) *s.p. (Samostojni podjetnik): ≈
Sole proprietorship A sole proprietorship, also known as a sole tradership, individual entrepreneurship or proprietorship, is a type of enterprise owned and run by only one person and in which there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business entity. ...
(UK)


Spain

*C.B. Comunidad de Bienes (partnership) * S.A. (Sociedad Anónima): ≈ plc (UK), minimum capital €60,101.21 *S.L. ( Sociedad Limitada): ≈ Ltd. (UK), minimum capital €3,012 *S.L.N.E. (Sociedad Limitada Nueva Empresa): similar to S.L., it was introduced in 2003 to speed up new company registration (registration can be completed in one day), minimum capital €3,012 * S.A.D. (Sociedad Anónima Deportiva): a limited liability sports corporation *S.L.L. (Sociedad Limitada Laboral): a labour limited corporation *S.C. (Sociedad Colectiva): roughly a general partnership *S.C.P. (Sociedad Civil Privada): ¿? *S.Cra. (Sociedad Comanditaria): roughly a
limited partnership A limited partnership (LP) is a type of partnership with general partners, who have a right to manage the business, and limited partners, who have no right to manage the business but have only limited liability for its debts. Limited partnership ...
**S.Com. p. A. (Sociedad Comanditaria por Acciones) **S.Com p.A.P. (Sociedad Comanditaria por Acciones Profesional) *S.Coop. (Sociedad Cooperativa): a
cooperative A cooperative (also known as co-operative, coöperative, co-op, or coop) is "an autonomy, autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned a ...
that typically is owned and democratically controlled by its workers **Other initialisations are used for cooperatives; Sociedad Anónima Laboral (SAL); some are region specific e.g. Sociedad Cooperativa Catalana Limitada (SCCL) * UTE () ≈ temporary consortium or joint venture *
Venture capital Venture capital (VC) is a form of private equity financing provided by firms or funds to start-up company, startup, early-stage, and emerging companies, that have been deemed to have high growth potential or that have demonstrated high growth in ...
fund: **SCR (Sociedades de Capital Riesgo) **FCR (Fondos de Capital Riesgo), FCR-Pyme for SME **SICC (Sociedades de inversión colectiva de tipo cerrado) **FICC (Fondos de inversión colectiva de tipo cerrado) **SGEIC (Sociedades Gestoras de Entidades de Inversión Colectiva de tipo cerrado)


Sweden

*
Aktiebolag (, " stock company") is the Swedish term for "limited company" or "corporation". When used in company names, it is abbreviated as "AB" (in Sweden), "Ab" (in Finland), or, rarely, "A/B" (dated), roughly equivalent to the abbreviations ''Corp.'', ...
– AB: a private limited company ≈ Ltd. (UK). The minimum capital is SEK 25,000. *Publikt aktiebolag – AB (publ): public limited company ≈ plc (UK). The minimum capital is SEK 500,000. **Bankaktiebolag: joint-stock bank company **Försäkringsaktiebolag: joint-stock insurance company **Tjänstepensionsaktiebolag: joint-stock occupational pension company *Ekonomisk förening – Ek. för.: economic association (minimum three members) ≈
cooperative A cooperative (also known as co-operative, coöperative, co-op, or coop) is "an autonomy, autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned a ...
**Bostadsrättsförening: condominium/home-owners' association **Kooperativ hyresrättsförening: home-renters' association **Bostadsförening: apartment-owners' association (established before 1930) **Sambruksförening: cooperative farming or gardening association **Försäkringsförening: insurance association *Enskild näringsidkare (a.k.a. enskild firma): sole trader *Handelsbolag – HB: trading partnership *Kommanditbolag – KB:
limited partnership A limited partnership (LP) is a type of partnership with general partners, who have a right to manage the business, and limited partners, who have no right to manage the business but have only limited liability for its debts. Limited partnership ...
*Enkelt bolag: regulated partnership between two parts (companies or private persons) *Ideell förening: non-profit organisation *Samfällighetsförening: community association *Stiftelse: foundation, comparable to German Stiftung *Trossamfund: religious organisation *Filial: foreign branch **Bankfilial: foreign bank branch **Försäkringsfilial: foreign insurance branch *Sparbank: savings bank *Medlemsbank: credit union *Ömsesidigt försäkringsbolag: mutual insurance company *Ömsesidigt tjänstepensionsbolag: mutual occupational pension company *Tjänstepensionsförening: occupational pension association


Ghana

* Sole Proprietorship * Private Limited By Share * Private Unlimited By Share * Private Limited By Guarantee * Public Unlimited Company * External Company * Public Limited Company * Public Limited By Guarantee * Partnership * Subsidiary Business Name


Guatemala


Haiti

*Standardized Company; Legal Form, Sociedad Anónima (SA) – Stock Corporation; Minimum Capital Requirement, G 25,000


Hong Kong

*Ltd (Limited/有限公司): may denote either a private or
public company A public company is a company whose ownership is organized via shares of share capital, stock which are intended to be freely traded on a stock exchange or in over-the-counter (finance), over-the-counter markets. A public (publicly traded) co ...
limited by shares, or a company limited by guarantee. Under the Companies Ordinance, the name of a Hong Kong incorporated company may be registered in English, Chinese, or both. * Unltd or Ultd (Unlimited/無限公司): similar to a limited liability company (Ltd) but whose members or shareholders do not benefit from limited liability should the company ever go into formal
liquidation Liquidation is the process in accounting by which a Company (law), company is brought to an end. The assets and property of the business are redistributed. When a firm has been liquidated, it is sometimes referred to as :wikt:wind up#Noun, w ...
. It is not a requirement under company law to add or state the word or designation Unlimited (無限公司) or its abbreviations (Unltd or Ultd) at the ending of its legal company name, and most unlimited companies do not.


India

*
Sole Proprietorship A sole proprietorship, also known as a sole tradership, individual entrepreneurship or proprietorship, is a type of enterprise owned and run by only one person and in which there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business entity. ...
– Sole Proprietorship firm is the simplest form of business entity in India. It is owned and managed by a single person. It is usually considered to be the easiest way of registering and starting a business. It is not governed by any law and hence it is the easiest form of business in India. All the decisions and management of the business are in the hands of one person. Documents required for the registration of a sole proprietorship in India are Aadhar card, PAN card, bank account and a proof of registered office. *Joint Hindu Family Business- a type of Family business which is unique because it is controlled by The members of the family.The Karta is the head of the Family Business who is the eldest person in the house.It come under the Jurisdiction of Hindu Succession Act,1956. * *
Partnership A partnership is an agreement where parties agree to cooperate to advance their mutual interests. The partners in a partnership may be individuals, businesses, interest-based organizations, schools, governments or combinations. Organizations ...
– liability is joint and unlimited. Registration is not compulsory and can be done through the registrar of firms. Active partners take part in day-to-day operations of the business, in addition to investing in it. Active partners are entitled to a share of the enterprise's profits. Sleeping partners invest in the business and are entitled to a share of its profits, but do not participate in day-to-day operations. *
Limited Liability Partnership A limited liability partnership (LLP) is a partnership in which some or all partners (depending on the jurisdiction) have limited liabilities. It therefore can exhibit aspects of both partnerships and corporations. In an LLP, each partner is n ...
– Liability is limited and similar to Partnership except for registration is mandatory and liability is limited. At least two partners are 'designated partner' (equivalent to directors in the company), who manages day-to-day working. Regulated by the union government. *
Company A company, abbreviated as co., is a Legal personality, legal entity representing an association of legal people, whether Natural person, natural, Juridical person, juridical or a mixture of both, with a specific objective. Company members ...
**Private Limited Company: have 2–200 shareholders; shares are held privately and cannot be offered to the public. Have limited liability and registration is mandatory. Regulated by the union government. **Public Limited Company: have more than 200 shareholders. Can be listed or unlisted in the share market. **One-person company – It is a type of private company which can have only one director and member. ** Unlimited Company – A company, similar to its limited company (Ltd, or Pvt Ltd) counterpart, but where the liability of the members or shareholders is not limited. * Public sector undertaking (PSU) – Alternatively known as Public Sector Enterprise (PSE). It may be a public limited company listed on stock exchanges with a major ownership by a state government, central government, or local government, or it may be an unlisted entity with a major ownership by a state government, central Government, or local government. Some of these entities are formed as business entities through special legislation, where these entities are governed by the statutes of this legislation and may or may not be governed by company laws like a typical business entity. * Cooperative Societies ** E.g. Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd. (GCMMF) owner of Amul brand. * NGO – A non-governmental organization (NGO), Section 8 company, or a non-profit company is a citizen-led organization that functions separately from the government, usually to advance some social cause.


Indonesia

Most of the legal entity types are regulated in a modified version of the original version of the Dutch '' Burgerlijk Wetboek''. *''Yayasan'': foundation *''Perkumpulan'': association *UD ():
sole proprietorship A sole proprietorship, also known as a sole tradership, individual entrepreneurship or proprietorship, is a type of enterprise owned and run by only one person and in which there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business entity. ...
** Sometimes this kind of legal entity is called a ''perusahaan dagang'' or abbreviated as PD, which sometimes makes confusion with the former name for municipally-owned statutory corporations, ''Perusahaan Daerah'', also abbreviated as PD (today they are called ''Perusahaan Umum Daerah'' and abbreviated as ''Perumda''). *vof/Fa (, known locally as just ''firma''): general partnership *Koperasi:
cooperative A cooperative (also known as co-operative, coöperative, co-op, or coop) is "an autonomy, autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned a ...
*mts (, ): group practice (of professionals, e.g. doctors, accountants, lawyers); share facilities not profits, members are treated as natural persons for tax and liability purposes. **Persekutuan Perdata Umum () **Persekutuan Perdata Khusus () **Persekutuan Keuntungan () *CV (, ):
limited partnership A limited partnership (LP) is a type of partnership with general partners, who have a right to manage the business, and limited partners, who have no right to manage the business but have only limited liability for its debts. Limited partnership ...
(US), kommanditgesellschaft (Germany); a more common type for smaller businesses. *PT ():
private company limited by shares A private company limited by shares is a class of private limited company incorporated under the laws of England and Wales, Hong Kong, Northern Ireland, Scotland, certain Commonwealth jurisdictions, and the Republic of Ireland. It has shareh ...
(UK) ** State-owned PT (both in majority and complete ownership) ends with ''(Persero)''. *PT Tbk ():
public limited company A public limited company (legally abbreviated to PLC or plc) is a type of public company under United Kingdom company law, some Commonwealth of Nations, Commonwealth jurisdictions, and Republic of Ireland, Ireland. It is a limited liability co ...
(UK),
naamloze vennootschap (; abbreviated as N.V. or NV ) or (in the French Community of Belgium) ' ('' SA'') is a type of public company defined by business law in the Netherlands, Belgium, Indonesia (where it is known as , correctly abbreviated PT and allows for pri ...
(Netherlands); listed on the
Indonesia Stock Exchange Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) ( (BEI)) is a stock exchange based in Jakarta, Indonesia. It was previously known as the Jakarta Stock Exchange (JSX) before its name changed in 2007 after merging with the Surabaya Stock Exchange (SSX). In rece ...
.


Iran

* (): ≈ plc (UK), public * (): ≈ plc (UK), private * (): ≈ Ltd. (UK) * (): ≈
limited partnership A limited partnership (LP) is a type of partnership with general partners, who have a right to manage the business, and limited partners, who have no right to manage the business but have only limited liability for its debts. Limited partnership ...
* (): mixed joint-stock partnership * (): ≈ general partnership * (): proportional liability partnership * (): production and consumption cooperative


Israel

*Company (''khevra'', חברה) – for-profit entity which may engage in any lawful activity. Most companies limit the liability of their shareholders. In that case, the phrase "Limited" or the abbreviation "Ltd." must appear as part of the full name of the company. The term "B.M."/"BM" (בע"מ), literally: by limited liability/warranty, is usually translated as "Ltd." in English and pronounced "ba'AM" in Hebrew. Companies are governed by the Companies Act, 5759-1999 (חוק החברות, תשנ"ט-1999). Few sections are still in force from the Companies Ordinance ew Form 5743-1983 (פקודת החברות �וסח חדש תשמ"ג-1983). **Private company – any company which is not a public company. **Public company – any company whose shares are listed on an exchange or have been offered to the public, and are held by the public. **Charity company (''khevra le'to'ellet ha'tzibur'', חברה לתועלת הציבור) – company generally governed by the Companies Act, except it is a nonprofit. A charity company must have pre-defined goals, rather than engage in any lawful activity. Some provisions in the Companies Act apply specifically to charity companies. The letters "CC" (חל"צ) must be appended to such company's name. *Partnership (''shutafut'', שותפות) – created by default, even without registration, when two or more persons run a business together for profit. Personal liability of partners is not limited, unless they are limited partners of a limited partnership. Partnerships are governed by the Partnerships Ordinance ew Form 5735-1975 (פקודת השותפויות �וסח חדש תשל"ה-1975). *Cooperative (''aguda shitufit'', אגודה שיתופית) – entity which may pursue profit, but with certain legal properties meant to facilitate greater participation by each shareholder, or member, in the entity's affairs. Shareholders usually have an additional relationship with the cooperative, such as employees or consumers. This type of entity is found mainly in agriculture (a
kibbutz A kibbutz ( / , ; : kibbutzim / ) is an intentional community in Israel that was traditionally based on agriculture. The first kibbutz, established in 1910, was Degania Alef, Degania. Today, farming has been partly supplanted by other economi ...
or moshav is often a cooperative), transportation, or certain types of marketing operations associated with agricultural products. Cooperatives are governed by the Cooperatives Ordinance (פקודת האגודות השיתופיות). *Voluntary association (''amuta'', עמותה) – nonprofit entity, which must have its goals defined in its founding agreement. Includes, among others, academic institutions, hospitals and various charitable organizations. Voluntary associations are governed by the Voluntary Associations Act, 5740-1980 (חוק העמותות, תש"מ-1980).


Japan

Business corporations are referred to as ''kaisha'' (会社) and are formed under the
Companies Act Companies Act (with its variations) is a stock short title used for legislation in Botswana, Hong Kong, India, Kenya, Malaysia, New Zealand, South Africa and the United Kingdom in relation to company law. The Bill for an Act with this short title w ...
of 2005. There are currently (2015) 4 types and each of them has legal personality: *株式会社 (''
kabushiki gaisha A or ''kabushiki kaisha'', commonly abbreviated K.K. or KK, is a type of defined under the Companies Act of Japan. The term is often translated as "stock company", "joint-stock company" or "stock corporation". The term ''kabushiki gaisha'' in ...
'' or ''kabushiki kaisha'', "K.K." (usually translated in company names as "Company, Limited"/"Co., Ltd.")) – lit. "stock company", the most typical form of business corporation. *合同会社 ('' gōdō gaisha'' or ''gōdō kaisha'', "G.K.") – lit. "amalgamated company", a close corporation form similar to the American LLC, introduced in 2006 **有限会社 (''
yūgen gaisha A , abbreviated in English as "Y.K." or "Co., Ltd.", was a form of business organization in Japan. were based on the Germany, German and were implemented in Japan in the of 1940. The Companies Act of Japan, implemented on May 1, 2006, replaced ...
'' or ''yūgen kaisha'', "Y.K.") – lit. "limited company", a close corporation form for smaller businesses, abolished in 2006 and replaced by G.K. above *合名会社 ('' gōmei gaisha'' or ''gōmei kaisha'', "GMK") – corporation similar to a general partnership *合資会社 ('' gōshi gaisha'' or ''gōshi kaisha'', "GSK") – corporation similar to a limited partnership Partnerships are referred to as ''kumiai'' (組合). Each of these 4 types has no legal personality though other corporations, which include "''kumiai''" in their name, have: *任意組合 (''nin'i kumiai'', "NK") – general partnership (Civil Code) *匿名組合 ('' tokumei kumiai'', "TK") – anonymous partnership, an investment bilateral contract (Commercial Code, Book 2 Ch.4 Article 535 et seq) *投資事業有限責任組合 ('' tōshi jigyō yūgen sekinin kumiai'') – limited partnership for investment (Limited Partnership for Investment Act 1998, Rev.2004) *有限責任事業組合 ('' yūgen sekinin jigyō kumiai'') – similar to a Limited Liability Partnership (Limited Liability Partnership Act of 2005)


Jordan

*Partnership ('' General Partnership Company''). *Limited Liability (''
Limited Liability Company A limited liability company (LLC) is the United States-specific form of a private limited company. It is a business structure that can combine the pass-through taxation of a partnership or sole proprietorship with the limited liability of ...
''). *Limited Liability in Shares ('' Limited Liability in Shares''). *Public Shareholding ('' Public listed stock company''). *Private Shareholding Companies ('' Private listed stock company''). *Foreign Company ('' Non-Jordanian company operating in Jordan'').


Kazakhstan

*АО (Aktsionernoe obschestvo/): Joint stock company *ТОО (Tovarishchestvo s ogranichennoy otvetstvennostyu/): limited liability partnership *TDO/ТДО (Tovarishchestvo s dopolnitelnoyu otvetstvennostyu/Товарищество с дополнительной ответственностью) Additional liability partnership *GP/ГП (Gosudarstvenoe predpriyatie/): State company *КТ (Komanditnoe Tovarishchestvo; Командитное товарищество) *ОО (Obshestvennoe Obedinenie / Общественное объединение) Social association *PT/ПТ (Polnoe Tovarishchestvo / Полное товарищество) Full partnership *PtK/ПтК (Potrebibitelskii Kooperativ / Потребительский кооператив) *PrK/ПрК (Proizvodstvenni Kooperativ / Производственный кооператив) *РО (Relitioznoe Obedinenie / Религиозное объединение) *Uchr/Учр (Uchrezhdenie/Учреждение)


Korea, South

*Company: In the Korean Commercial Act, a company is a corporation established for commercial activities or other for-profit purposes. A company comes into existence by registering its incorporation at the location of its head office. ** : gōmei gaisha (Japan); corporation similar to a general partnership ** : gōshi gaisha (Japan); corporation similar to a
limited partnership A limited partnership (LP) is a type of partnership with general partners, who have a right to manage the business, and limited partners, who have no right to manage the business but have only limited liability for its debts. Limited partnership ...
** :
limited liability company A limited liability company (LLC) is the United States-specific form of a private limited company. It is a business structure that can combine the pass-through taxation of a partnership or sole proprietorship with the limited liability of ...
; ≈ gōdō gaisha (Japan) ** ((주) or ㈜ for short) : ≈
kabushiki gaisha A or ''kabushiki kaisha'', commonly abbreviated K.K. or KK, is a type of defined under the Companies Act of Japan. The term is often translated as "stock company", "joint-stock company" or "stock corporation". The term ''kabushiki gaisha'' in ...
(Japan); plc (UK) ** : ≈
yūgen gaisha A , abbreviated in English as "Y.K." or "Co., Ltd.", was a form of business organization in Japan. were based on the Germany, German and were implemented in Japan in the of 1940. The Companies Act of Japan, implemented on May 1, 2006, replaced ...
/ gōdō gaisha (Japan); Ltd. (UK);
GmbH (; ) is a type of Juridical person, legal entity in German-speaking countries. It is equivalent to a (Sàrl) in the Romandy, French-speaking region of Switzerland and to a (Sagl) in the Ticino, Italian-speaking region of Switzerland. It is a ...
(Germany) *Cooperative: In Korean Framework Act On Cooperatives, a cooperative is a business organization that seeks to improve the rights and interests of its members and contribute to the local community by engaging in cooperative purchasing, production, sales, and provision of goods or services. Cooperatives cannot engage in finance or insurance business. ** ** : It is a federation established to promote the common interests of cooperatives.


Kosovo

* Individual Business (B.I.) * General Partnership (O.P.) * Partnership (SH.K.M.) * Limited Liabilities Companies (SH.P.K. Limited Liability) * Joint Stock Companies (J.S.C., SH.A.) * Foreign Company ("DEGA NË KOSOVË", "KOSOVO BRANCH") * Socially owned enterprises * Public enterprises * Agricultural cooperatives


Lebanon

* s.a.l. (Societe Anonyme Libanaise): a form of a joint stock company * S.A.R.L. (Société à responsabilité limitée): a form of a
Limited Liability Company A limited liability company (LLC) is the United States-specific form of a private limited company. It is a business structure that can combine the pass-through taxation of a partnership or sole proprietorship with the limited liability of ...
*
Partnership A partnership is an agreement where parties agree to cooperate to advance their mutual interests. The partners in a partnership may be individuals, businesses, interest-based organizations, schools, governments or combinations. Organizations ...
# S.N.C.(Société en Nom Collectif): General partnership # S.C.S.(Société en Commandite Simple): Partnership in commendam *
Holding Company A holding company is a company whose primary business is holding a controlling interest in the Security (finance), securities of other companies. A holding company usually does not produce goods or services itself. Its purpose is to own Share ...
* Offshore companyRR *Branch of Foreign Company *Representative Office


Malaysia

* PLT (Perkongsian Liabiliti Terhad): ≈ LLP *Bhd. (Berhad): ≈ plc (UK) *Sdn. Bhd. (Sendirian Berhad): ≈ Ltd. (UK)


Mexico

;Business entities according to the "Ley General de Sociedades Mercantiles" (General Law of Business entities) *Persona Física *S.A. ( Sociedad Anónima): ≈ plc (UK) *S. de R.L.(Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada): ≈ Ltd. (UK) *Associates name and "y compañía" or Associates name and "y sucesores"(Sociedad en Nombre Colectivo): ≈ general partnership *S. en C. (Sociedad en Comandita Simple): ≈
limited partnership A limited partnership (LP) is a type of partnership with general partners, who have a right to manage the business, and limited partners, who have no right to manage the business but have only limited liability for its debts. Limited partnership ...
*S. en C. por A. (Sociedad en Comandita por Acciones): ≈ master limited partnership Note: Any of these entities can be incorporated as a "Capital Variable" entity, in which case has to add the "de C.V." sufix to its company name. Example: "S.A. de C.V.", "S. de R.L. de C.V." ;Business entities according to the "Ley del Mercado de Valores" (Stock Market Law) *S.A.B. (Sociedad Anónima Bursátil) *S.A.P.I. (Sociedad Anónima Promotora de Inversión)


Monaco

*SAM (Société Anonyme Monégasque): ≈ joint stock company *SARL (Société à Responsabilité Limitée): ≈ Ltd. (UK), LLC (USA) *SNC (Societe en Nom Collectif): ≈ General Partnership *SCS (Societe En Commandite Simple): ≈ Limited Partnership *SCA (Société en Commandite par Actions): ≈ Limited Partnership with Shares *Sole Trader


Mongolia


Montenegro

*Preduzetnik (Preduzetnik): ≈
Sole proprietorship A sole proprietorship, also known as a sole tradership, individual entrepreneurship or proprietorship, is a type of enterprise owned and run by only one person and in which there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business entity. ...
(UK) ≈ Einzelunternehmen/Eingetragener Kaufmann (D) *O.D. (Ortačko Društvo): ≈ General partnership (UK) ≈ Offene Handelsgesellschaft ≈ OHG (D) *K.D. (Komanditno Društvo): ≈
Limited partnership A limited partnership (LP) is a type of partnership with general partners, who have a right to manage the business, and limited partners, who have no right to manage the business but have only limited liability for its debts. Limited partnership ...
(UK) ≈ KG (D) *A.D. (Akcionarsko Društvo): ≈
joint-stock company A joint-stock company (JSC) is a business entity in which shares of the company's stock can be bought and sold by shareholders. Each shareholder owns company stock in proportion, evidenced by their shares (certificates of ownership). Shareho ...
, plc (UK) ≈ AG (D) *D.O.O. (Društvo sa Ograničenom Odgovornošću): ≈ Private Limited Companies (Ltd.) (UK) ≈
GmbH (; ) is a type of Juridical person, legal entity in German-speaking countries. It is equivalent to a (Sàrl) in the Romandy, French-speaking region of Switzerland and to a (Sagl) in the Ticino, Italian-speaking region of Switzerland. It is a ...
(D) *Dio stranog društva (Dio stranog društva): **Literally ''part of a foreign company'' this sort of business entity contains the original name, legal organizational form from origin country which is converted in one of above mentioned form (Preduzetnik; O.D.; K.D.; A.D.; D.O.O.), as such it is registered in the Central Register of Companies. This form is a little bit specific and was created for companies that are domiciled registered in other countries and have its part in Montenegro.


Morocco

*S.A (Société Anonyme): ≈
Public Limited Company A public limited company (legally abbreviated to PLC or plc) is a type of public company under United Kingdom company law, some Commonwealth of Nations, Commonwealth jurisdictions, and Republic of Ireland, Ireland. It is a limited liability co ...
(P.L.C) (UK),
Corporation A corporation or body corporate is an individual or a group of people, such as an association or company, that has been authorized by the State (polity), state to act as a single entity (a legal entity recognized by private and public law as ...
(US/Can) *S.A.S (Société Anonyme Simplifiée): ≈
Unlisted public company An unlisted public company, also known as an unquoted public company, is a public company that is not listed on any stock exchange. This enables it to raise finance by the issuing and sale of shares to the public, such as through advertising, but ...
(Au), Close Corporation (CC) (S. Africa),
Private Corporation A privately held company (or simply a private company) is a company whose Stock, shares and related rights or obligations are not offered for public subscription or publicly negotiated in their respective listed markets. Instead, the Private equi ...
(Can); often used for subsidiaries; minimum of one director and two members/shareholders; no limit on share capital; liability can be restricted to director; no "one share – one vote" principle *S.A.R.L (Société à Responsabilité Limitée): ≈
Private Limited company A private limited company is any type of business entity in Privately held company, "private" ownership used in many jurisdictions, in contrast to a Public company, publicly listed company, with some differences from country to country. Example ...
(Ltd.) (UK),
Limited Liability Company A limited liability company (LLC) is the United States-specific form of a private limited company. It is a business structure that can combine the pass-through taxation of a partnership or sole proprietorship with the limited liability of ...
(US) *G.I.E (Groupement d'Intérêt Economique): economic interest grouping *S.N.C (Société en Nom Collectif): ≈ General Partnership (GP) *S.C.S (Société en Commandite Simple): ≈
Limited Partnership A limited partnership (LP) is a type of partnership with general partners, who have a right to manage the business, and limited partners, who have no right to manage the business but have only limited liability for its debts. Limited partnership ...
(LP) *S.C.A (Société en Commandite par Actions): ≈ Publicly Traded Partnership (PTP) (US)


Namibia

*Close Corporation* *Companies (Private, Public and Section 21)* *Sole Trader* *Partnership* *Trusts* *Co-operatives*


Nepal

*Private Limited Company: Liability, limited by shares; Name, cannot be deceptively similar to another registered company; Management, at least 1 director; Shareholders, limited to 1–50 excluding persons who are employed by company, prohibition against any invitation to the public to subscribe for shares; Founders, 1–50; Nationality, Nepalese company; Company purpose, any lawful purpose except industry on Negative List; Formation, file Memorandum and Articles of Association with Registrar of Companies. *Public Limited Company: Liability, limited by shares; Name, cannot be deceptively similar to another registered company; Management, at least 3 directors; Shareholders, minimum 7, no maximum, share subscription by public pursuant to a prospectus that complies with Companies Act of 2007 and Securities Act; a Private Limited Company can convert to Public Limited Company by complying with Companies Act of 2007; Founders, minimum 7; Nationality, Nepalese company; Company purpose, any lawful purpose except industry on Negative List; Formation, file Memorandum and Articles of Association with Registrar of Companies. *Branch: Liability, main company remains liable; Name, same as main company; Nationality, foreign company; Company purpose, any lawful purpose except industry on Negative List; Formation, file Memorandum and Articles of Association with Registrar of Companies, plus permission to work in Nepal by concerned authority; Founders, main branch.


New Zealand

*Ltd (Limited): ≈ plc or Ltd. (UK). Names of limited liability companies that were registered under the Companies Act 1993 (but not those that were registered under the Companies Act 1955) must end with the word "Limited", the words "Tāpui (Limited)", or the suffix "Ltd". **Such companies can also be registered as a co-operative under the Co-operative Companies Act 1996 provided that they conduct "co-operative activities." These co-operatives are still obligated to issue stock, which may be
publicly traded A public company is a company whose ownership is organized via shares of share capital, stock which are intended to be freely traded on a stock exchange or in over-the-counter (finance), over-the-counter markets. A public (publicly traded) co ...
(an example of such publicly traded co-operative is the nation's largest company, Fonterra) * Look-through company


Nicaragua

The Commercial Code establishes the following types of companies: *S.A.: Sociedad Anónima *Cia.: Sociedad en Nombre Colectivo *Cia. Ltda.: Sociedad en Nombre Colectivo de Responsabilidad Limitada *S.C.S.: Sociedad en Comandita Simple *S.C.A.: Sociedad en Comandita por Acciones


Nigeria

*
Private Limited Company A private limited company is any type of business entity in Privately held company, "private" ownership used in many jurisdictions, in contrast to a Public company, publicly listed company, with some differences from country to country. Example ...
(Ltd.): a private company limited by shares *
Public Limited Company A public limited company (legally abbreviated to PLC or plc) is a type of public company under United Kingdom company law, some Commonwealth of Nations, Commonwealth jurisdictions, and Republic of Ireland, Ireland. It is a limited liability co ...
(PLC): a public company limited by shares *Limited by Guarantee (Ltd./Gte.): a company limited by guarantee (non-profit company) * Unlimited (ULtd.): A company with a share capital, similar to its limited company (Ltd., or PLC.) counterparts, but where the liability of the members or shareholders is not limited *Limited Liability Partnership (LLP): Only allowed in the state of Lagos, Nigeria. *
Partnership A partnership is an agreement where parties agree to cooperate to advance their mutual interests. The partners in a partnership may be individuals, businesses, interest-based organizations, schools, governments or combinations. Organizations ...
: Arrangement in which parties agree to cooperate to advance their mutual interests.


North Macedonia

*A.D./А.Д. (Akcionersko Društvo / Акционерско друштво): ≈ plc (UK) or
Joint-stock company A joint-stock company (JSC) is a business entity in which shares of the company's stock can be bought and sold by shareholders. Each shareholder owns company stock in proportion, evidenced by their shares (certificates of ownership). Shareho ...
*D.O.O./Д.О.О. (Društvo so Ograničena Odgovornost / Друштво со ограничена одговорност): ≈ Ltd. (UK) *D.O.O.E.L./Д.О.О.Е.Л. (Društvo so Ograničena Odgovornost od Edno Lice / Друштво со ограничена одговорност основано од едно лице): type of DOO with a single member *K.D./К.Д. (Komanditno Društvo / Командитно друштво): ≈
limited partnership A limited partnership (LP) is a type of partnership with general partners, who have a right to manage the business, and limited partners, who have no right to manage the business but have only limited liability for its debts. Limited partnership ...
*K.D.A./К.Д.А. (Komanditno Društvo so Akcie / Командитно друштво со акции): ≈ limited partnership with shares *J.T.D./Ј.Т.Д. (Javno Trgovsko Društvo / Јавно трговско друштво): ≈ General partnership


Oman

* SAOG (Société Anonyme Omanaise Générale) Public Joint Stock Company * SAOC (Société Anonyme Omanaise Close) Closed Joint Stock Company


Pakistan

There are three main forms of business: (a) Sole Proprietorship (b) Partnership (c) Company *Sole Proprietorship In a sole proprietorship, an individual on his/her own account carries out the business or profession. No formal procedure or formality is required for setting up a sole proprietary concern. *Partnership A partnership is a business relationship entered into by a formal agreement between two or more persons or corporations carrying on a business in common. The capital for a partnership is provided by the partners who are liable for the total debts of the firms and who share the profits and losses of the business concern according to the terms of the partnership agreement. Partnerships (other than banking companies) are generally limited in size to twenty partners. The interest of a partner is transferable only with the prior consent of the other partner(s). However, a partner's right to a share of the partnership income may be received in trust for another person. For taxation purposes, partnerships are classified into: (i) Registered Firms (ii) Unregistered Firms The income of the registered firm is subject to Super Tax before distribution to the partners. Also the individual income of the partners is subject to income tax at the usual rates. For unregistered firms, income tax is levied on the firm's income and the partners are not liable to pay tax on the shares of profit received from the unregistered firm(s). *Company A company is a legal entity formed under the Companies Ordinance, 1984. It can have share capital or can be formed without share capital. A company having share capital may be formed as: (i) A company limited by shares. (ii) A company limited by guarantee. (iii) An unlimited company. *Company Limited by Shares The liability of its members is limited to the extent of their shares in the paid-up capital of the company. These companies may further be classified as public limited and private limited companies. *Public Limited Companies can be formed by at least seven persons by subscribing their names to the 'Memorandum and Articles of Association' of the company. The word 'Limited' is used as the last word of its name. *Private Limited Companies may be formed by at least two persons by subscribing their names to the 'Memorandum and Articles of Association' of the company. A private limited company, by its Articles of Association: (i) Restricts the right to transfer its shares; (ii) Limits the number of its members to fifty; and; (iii) Prohibits any invitation to the public to subscribe for shares or debentures of the company. A private limited company is required to use the words "(Private) Limited" as the last words of its name. *Company Limited By Guarantee Means a company having the liability of its members limited by memorandum to such amounts as the members may respectively undertake to contribute to the capital of the company in the event of its winding up. A company limited by guarantee is usually formed on a 'non profit basis'. Companies limited by guarantee use the words (Guarantee) Limited" as the last words of their n Unlimited Company Means a company having unlimited liability of its members


Peru

* S.A. (Sociedad Anónima): ≈ plc (UK) *Sociedad Anónima Abierta (S.A.A.): To qualify to register as an S.A.A., a company must meet one or more conditions laid down in Article 249 of Peru's General Corporation Law. Those conditions state there must be a primary public offering of shares or convertible bonds in stocks, which are held by more than 750 shareholders, more than 35% of its capital belonging to 175 shareholders, or that all shareholders entitled to vote approve the adjustment to the scheme. The S.A.A. is then audited by the Comisión Nacional Supervisora de Empresas y Valores (CONASEV). *Sociedad Anónima Cerrada (S.A.C.): These companies must have a minimum of 2 and a maximum of 20 shareholders. These shares can't be registered in the Public Registry.


Philippines

All legal entities in the Philippines, including the recently approved one-person corporation (OPC), are registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission. *Corporations: **Corporation (Corp.) and Incorporated (Inc.): ≈ Ltd and plc (UK),
corporation A corporation or body corporate is an individual or a group of people, such as an association or company, that has been authorized by the State (polity), state to act as a single entity (a legal entity recognized by private and public law as ...
(US). ** Government-owned and controlled corporation (GOCC): ≈ statute corporation (UK), GSE and FOE (US). Except when legislated otherwise (''e.g.'' Government Service Insurance System and Land Bank of the Philippines), these use the ''Corp.'' and ''Inc.'' suffixes as with other corporations. **One-Person Corporation (OPC): ≈ LLC (US). Newly approved corporate equivalent of a sole proprietorship. *Partnerships: **Company (Co.): ≈ general partnership (UK, US). Historically also used by corporations and other legal entities, such as the Manila Railroad Company. Some still-existing corporations like Meralco and Metrobank still retained this older suffix, but new corporations must now include either ''Corp.'' or ''Inc.'' in their legal name to distinguish them from partnerships. **Limited Company (Ltd., Ltd. Co.): ≈
limited partnership A limited partnership (LP) is a type of partnership with general partners, who have a right to manage the business, and limited partners, who have no right to manage the business but have only limited liability for its debts. Limited partnership ...
(UK, US). Not to be confused with the obsolete ''private limited company'' below. **Limited (Liability) Partnership (LP, LLP): ≈
limited partnership A limited partnership (LP) is a type of partnership with general partners, who have a right to manage the business, and limited partners, who have no right to manage the business but have only limited liability for its debts. Limited partnership ...
and
limited liability partnership A limited liability partnership (LLP) is a partnership in which some or all partners (depending on the jurisdiction) have limited liabilities. It therefore can exhibit aspects of both partnerships and corporations. In an LLP, each partner is n ...
(UK, US) *Others: **Cooperative (Coop.) ≈
Cooperative A cooperative (also known as co-operative, coöperative, co-op, or coop) is "an autonomy, autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned a ...
s. **Enterprise (Ent.): Used by some
sole proprietorship A sole proprietorship, also known as a sole tradership, individual entrepreneurship or proprietorship, is a type of enterprise owned and run by only one person and in which there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business entity. ...
s but are not true legal entities. *Obsolete: **''Compañía'' (Cía): For partnerships and other forms of business during the Spanish rule (''e.g.'' Ayala y Compañía). **''Sociedad Anónima'' ( SA, S.A.): Formed under Spanish rule. Replaced by private limited company. **Private limited company (Ltd., Co. Ltd., or Co., Ltd.): ≈ Ltd (UK), LLC (US). Initially used during the early American colonial period, it has been replaced by Corp. and Inc.


Russia

According to the Civil Code of Russian Federation the following corporate entities may be created: * NGO or NPO ():
Nonprofit organization A nonprofit organization (NPO), also known as a nonbusiness entity, nonprofit institution, not-for-profit organization, or simply a nonprofit, is a non-governmental (private) legal entity organized and operated for a collective, public, or so ...
. There are many types of non-profits in Russia; the type depends on the ownership of the assets * IP (): a
sole proprietorship A sole proprietorship, also known as a sole tradership, individual entrepreneurship or proprietorship, is a type of enterprise owned and run by only one person and in which there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business entity. ...
; self-employed
entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship is the creation or extraction of economic value in ways that generally entail beyond the minimal amount of risk (assumed by a traditional business), and potentially involving values besides simply economic ones. An entrepreneu ...
.


Unitary enterprise

* GP or GUP (): state (unitary) enterprise * MP or MUP (: municipal (unitary) enterprise


Joint-stock companies

Joint-stock companies: * OOO ():
limited liability company A limited liability company (LLC) is the United States-specific form of a private limited company. It is a business structure that can combine the pass-through taxation of a partnership or sole proprietorship with the limited liability of ...
(US-like) * AO ():
private limited company A private limited company is any type of business entity in Privately held company, "private" ownership used in many jurisdictions, in contrast to a Public company, publicly listed company, with some differences from country to country. Example ...
(ltd) (UK), privately held shares (similar to a close corporation, or closely held corporation, in the US) (maximum fifty "owners of capital" (not shareholders); if there are more than fifty "owners of capital", they have a year to transform into a PAO) * ПАО (public plc) (): plc (UK), publicly traded shares (similar to a corporation in the US) * НАО (private plc), NAO, ()


Partnerships

*
Cooperative A cooperative (also known as co-operative, coöperative, co-op, or coop) is "an autonomy, autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned a ...
(): these include many types, which differ by the type of activity, e.g.
farming Agriculture encompasses crop and livestock production, aquaculture, and forestry for food and non-food products. Agriculture was a key factor in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created ...
or other kind of production These are less common: * ( general partnership) * (
limited partnership A limited partnership (LP) is a type of partnership with general partners, who have a right to manage the business, and limited partners, who have no right to manage the business but have only limited liability for its debts. Limited partnership ...
). These types of business entities are not popular (approximately 0.5% of the total number of business entities in Russia). * ()


Saudi Arabia

* Private Limited Company ( شركة ذات مسئولية محدودة) * Joint-Stock company ( شركة مساهمة ) * General Partnership Company ( شركة تضامن ) * Limited Partnership (شركة التوصية البسيطة ) * Foreign Company ( شركة أجنبية ) * Individual Establishment ( مؤسسة فردية )


Serbia

*d.o.o. / д.о.о. (
društvo sa ograničenom odgovornošću A private limited company is any type of business entity in Privately held company, "private" ownership used in many jurisdictions, in contrast to a Public company, publicly listed company, with some differences from country to country. Example ...
/ друштво са ограниченом одговорношћу): ≈
Limited liability partnership A limited liability partnership (LLP) is a partnership in which some or all partners (depending on the jurisdiction) have limited liabilities. It therefore can exhibit aspects of both partnerships and corporations. In an LLP, each partner is n ...
Ltd.(UK) ≈
GmbH (; ) is a type of Juridical person, legal entity in German-speaking countries. It is equivalent to a (Sàrl) in the Romandy, French-speaking region of Switzerland and to a (Sagl) in the Ticino, Italian-speaking region of Switzerland. It is a ...
(Germany). *a.d. / a.д. (akcionarsko društvo / aкционарско друштво) ≈
joint-stock company A joint-stock company (JSC) is a business entity in which shares of the company's stock can be bought and sold by shareholders. Each shareholder owns company stock in proportion, evidenced by their shares (certificates of ownership). Shareho ...
, plc (UK) ≈ AG (Germany) *preduzetnik (preduzetnik / предузетник): ≈
Sole proprietorship A sole proprietorship, also known as a sole tradership, individual entrepreneurship or proprietorship, is a type of enterprise owned and run by only one person and in which there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business entity. ...
(UK) *o.d. / о.д. (ortačko društvo / ортачко друштво): ≈ General partnership (UK) *k.d. / к.д. (komanditno društvo / командитно друштво): ≈
Limited partnership A limited partnership (LP) is a type of partnership with general partners, who have a right to manage the business, and limited partners, who have no right to manage the business but have only limited liability for its debts. Limited partnership ...
(UK) *j.p. / ј.п. (javno preduzeće / јавно предузеће): ≈
state-owned enterprise A state-owned enterprise (SOE) is a business entity created or owned by a national or local government, either through an executive order or legislation. SOEs aim to generate profit for the government, prevent private sector monopolies, provide goo ...


Singapore

Private Limited Company, Sole Proprietorship and Partnership are the predominant types of business found in Singapore. *LLP (
limited liability partnership A limited liability partnership (LLP) is a partnership in which some or all partners (depending on the jurisdiction) have limited liabilities. It therefore can exhibit aspects of both partnerships and corporations. In an LLP, each partner is n ...
): owners have the flexibility of operating as a partnership while enjoying limited liability. An LLP can sue and be sued, acquire and hold property, and have a common seal. *Pte Ltd/Sdn Bhd (private limited company/Sendirian Berhad): ≈ Ltd. (UK). Maximum 50 shareholders. There also exist "exempt private companies", being either owned by no more than 20 non-corporate shareholders, or wholly state-owned and designated by the finance minister as exempt. *Ltd/Bhd (public limited company/Berhad): ≈ plc (UK). There also exist public companies limited by guarantee, which conduct non-profit activities; the finance minister may approve the registration of such companies without the addition of the word "Limited" or "Berhad" to the name. *Singapore subsidiary company is a popular term used for a form of Singapore business entity. A subsidiary company can have different structures but is essentially a Private Limited Company and so is a separate legal entity. Characteristics of a Singapore subsidiary company include: i) 100% foreign ownership is allowed, ii) the company enjoys low tax incentives as per a resident company, iii) repatriation of profits is allowed and iv) the minimum paid up capital required is S$1. v) As a legal person, a subsidiary company can sue and be sued by others. *Other forms including Pte exist


South Africa

*Sole proprietorship *Business trust *Partnership *Companies **Company limited by guarantee ***Incorporated association not for gain(section 21 company): ≈ nonprofit association. **Companies having a share capital ***Private company : ≈
private limited company A private limited company is any type of business entity in Privately held company, "private" ownership used in many jurisdictions, in contrast to a Public company, publicly listed company, with some differences from country to country. Example ...
(UK),
limited liability company A limited liability company (LLC) is the United States-specific form of a private limited company. It is a business structure that can combine the pass-through taxation of a partnership or sole proprietorship with the limited liability of ...
(US); has 1 or more
shareholder A shareholder (in the United States often referred to as stockholder) of corporate stock refers to an individual or legal entity (such as another corporation, a body politic, a trust or partnership) that is registered by the corporation as the ...
s, one or more directors. The name must end "(Pty) Ltd"; registration number ends /07. Registration number and directors' names must appear on all correspondence. ****Section 53(b) company (unlimited liability company): ≈ professional limited liability company (PLLC) (US) ***Public company (Ltd.): ≈
public limited company A public limited company (legally abbreviated to PLC or plc) is a type of public company under United Kingdom company law, some Commonwealth of Nations, Commonwealth jurisdictions, and Republic of Ireland, Ireland. It is a limited liability co ...
(UK),
corporation A corporation or body corporate is an individual or a group of people, such as an association or company, that has been authorized by the State (polity), state to act as a single entity (a legal entity recognized by private and public law as ...
(US); has at least 7 shareholders (unless it is a wholly owned subsidiary of another company) and at least two directors. The company's name must end in "LTD"; its registration number ends in /06. *CC (Close corporation): Has 1–10 non-corporate members. The name must end with "CC" ; registration number ends /23. Registration number and members' names must appear on all correspondence. On 1 May 2011 the new Companies Act (Act 71 of 2008) came into force and disallows any new incorporations under this form.


Switzerland

* Stiftung / / fondazione:≈ foundation *''
investment fund An investment fund is a way of investment, investing money alongside other investors in order to benefit from the inherent advantages of working as part of a group such as reducing the risks of the investment by a significant percentage. These ad ...
'' (Anlagefonds / fonds de placement / fondo di investimento) ** Investmentgesellschaft mit festem Kapital / SICAF (société d'investissement à capital fixe) / SICAF (società di investimento a capitale fisso):≈ investment trust (UK), closed-end company (US) ** Investmentgesellschaft mit variablem Kapital / SICAV (société d'investissement à capital variable) / SICAV (società di investimento a capitale variabile):≈ OEIC ( open-ended investment company) (UK), open-end company (US) *Verein / association / associazione:≈ non-profit association *wIG (wirtschaftliche Interessengemeinschaft) / GIE (groupement d'intérêt économique) / gruppo di interesse economico:≈ EIG (economic interest grouping) *:≈ sole trader (UK),
sole proprietorship A sole proprietorship, also known as a sole tradership, individual entrepreneurship or proprietorship, is a type of enterprise owned and run by only one person and in which there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business entity. ...
(US) *Gesellschaft "business entities" **''partnerships'' (Rechsgemeinschaft / société de personnes / società di persone) ***eG (einfache Gesellschaft) / société simple / società semplice:≈ partnership by contract ***KolG (Kollektivgesellschaft) / SNC (société en nom collectif) / società in nome collettivo:≈ GP ***KG (Kommanditgesellschaft) / SC (société en commandite) / società in accomandita:≈ LP **''trading companies'' (Körperschaft / société de capitaux / società di capitale) ***KomAG (Kommanditaktiengesellschaft) / SCA (société en commandite par actions) / società in accomandita per azioni:≈ publicly traded partnership (PTP) ***
GmbH (; ) is a type of Juridical person, legal entity in German-speaking countries. It is equivalent to a (Sàrl) in the Romandy, French-speaking region of Switzerland and to a (Sagl) in the Ticino, Italian-speaking region of Switzerland. It is a ...
(Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung) / Sàrl (société à responsabilité limitée) / Sagl (società a garanzia limitata):≈ Ltd. (UK), LLC (US) ***AG (Aktiengesellschaft) / SA (société anonyme) / SA (società anonima):≈ plc (UK), Corp. (US/Can) *Genossenschaft / Scoop (société coopérative) / società cooperativa:≈ co-operative *Zweigniederlassung / succursale / succursale:≈ branch (of a company)


Taiwan (Republic of China)

*無限公司 (Unlimited Company) *有限公司 (Limited Company, ''yǒuxiàn gōngsī'') *兩合公司 (Limited Partnership) *股份有限公司 (Public Limited Company or Corporation, ''gǔfèn yǒuxiàn gōngsī'')


Thailand

* บริษัทมหาชนจำกัด, name format บริษัท ''corporation name'' จำกัด (มหาชน): plc (UK). Minimum 15 shareholders. * บริษัทเอกชนจำกัด (name format บริษัท ''corporation name'' จำกัด): Ltd. (UK). At least 2 shareholders. * ห้างหุ้นส่วนจำกัด (name format ห้างหุ้นส่วนจำกัด ''corporation name''):
limited partnership A limited partnership (LP) is a type of partnership with general partners, who have a right to manage the business, and limited partners, who have no right to manage the business but have only limited liability for its debts. Limited partnership ...
There are two kinds of partnership: Limited partnership which has limited liability of the partnership, and unlimited partner which has unlimited liability to the third party for the partner. The unlimited partnership has the right to control the partnership. On the other hand, the limited partnership has no right to make decision in the partnership. * ห้างหุ้นส่วนสามัญนิติบุคคล (name format ห้างหุ้นส่วน ''corporation name''): general partnership


Tunisia

* شركة فردية (Entreprise individuelle) * شّركة ذات مسؤوليّات محدودة ش.م.م.(Société à responsabilité limitée- SARL) * شّركة فردية ذات مسؤوليّات محدودة (Société unipersonnelle à responsabilité limitée SUARL) * شركة خفية الإسم (Société anonyme – SA) * الشركات ذات رأس المال المتغيّر


Turkey

According to Code of Obligations (fifth book of Civil Code) (Act No: 6098): *Adi ortaklık: ≈ Simple partnership (has no legal personality) According to the Commercial Code (Act No: 6102): Ortaklıklar ≈
Partnership A partnership is an agreement where parties agree to cooperate to advance their mutual interests. The partners in a partnership may be individuals, businesses, interest-based organizations, schools, governments or combinations. Organizations ...
s (unlike the partnerships in Anglo-American law, they also have legal personality like companies) *Koll. Şti. (kolektif şirket): ≈ Collective partnership *Kom. Şti (komandit şirket): ≈ Commandite partnership: Can be established as simple commandite partnership or as commandite company divided into shares (Sermayesi paylara bölünmüş komandit şirket.). Sermaye şirketleri ≈
Companies A company, abbreviated as co., is a legal entity representing an association of legal people, whether natural, juridical or a mixture of both, with a specific objective. Company members share a common purpose and unite to achieve specifi ...
*A.Ş. / A.O. (): ≈
Joint-stock company A joint-stock company (JSC) is a business entity in which shares of the company's stock can be bought and sold by shareholders. Each shareholder owns company stock in proportion, evidenced by their shares (certificates of ownership). Shareho ...
: Minimum capital is TL 250,000. Bearer or registered shares, of a minimum par value of TL 0.01 each. Only type of company that can be publicly traded in Turkish law. *Ltd. Şti. / L.Ş. / L.O. (Limited şirket / Limited ortaklık) ≈
Limited company In a limited company, the Legal liability, liability of members or subscribers of the company is limited to what they have invested or guaranteed to the company. Limited companies may be limited by Share (finance), shares or by guarantee. In a c ...
: Minimum capital is TL 50,000. Registered shares only, of a minimum par value of TRY 25 each. According to the Capital Markets Act (Act No: 6362): *HAAO () ≈ Publicly held corporation: This essentially is a special type of A.O. These types of companies can only be established as A.O.'s. When there are no specific rules under Capital Markets legislation, A.O. rules under Turkish Commercial Code will be applied to HAAO's. According to the Cooperatives Act (Act No: 1163): *Koop. (kooperatif şirket) ≈
Cooperative A cooperative (also known as co-operative, coöperative, co-op, or coop) is "an autonomy, autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned a ...
Other entitites: * (irtibat bürosu): ≈ liaison office * Şahıs şirketi: ≈
Sole proprietorship A sole proprietorship, also known as a sole tradership, individual entrepreneurship or proprietorship, is a type of enterprise owned and run by only one person and in which there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business entity. ...
* Şb. (şube): ≈ Branch Office


Ukraine

*DAT/ДАТ ( :uk:Державне акціонерне товариство /Derzhavne aktsionerne tovarystvo): ≈ plc, national *FOP/ФОП ( :uk:Фізична особа-підприємець/ Fizychna osoba pidpryyemets):
sole proprietorship A sole proprietorship, also known as a sole tradership, individual entrepreneurship or proprietorship, is a type of enterprise owned and run by only one person and in which there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business entity. ...
*KT/КТ ( :uk:Командитне товариство/ Komandytne tovarystvo): ≈
limited partnership A limited partnership (LP) is a type of partnership with general partners, who have a right to manage the business, and limited partners, who have no right to manage the business but have only limited liability for its debts. Limited partnership ...
*PT/ПT ( :uk:Повне товариство/ Povne tovarystvo): ≈ general partnership *TDV/ТДВ ( :uk:Товариство з додатковою відповідальністю/ Tovarystvo z dodatkvoiu vidpovidalnistiu): "additional liability company" *TOV/TOB ( :uk:Товариство з обмеженою відповідальністю/ Tovarystvo z obmezhenoiu vidpovidalnistiu): ≈ public Ltd. (UK). No minimum capital. *PP/ПП ( :uk:Приватне підприємство/ Pryvatne pidpryyemstvo): ≈ private Ltd. (UK). No minimum capital. *PAT/ПАТ ( :uk:Публічне акціонерне товариство/ Publichne aktsionerne tovarystvo) (before 29.04.2009 – VAT/ :uk:ВАТ (Вiдкрите акцiонерне товариство/ Vidkryte aktsionerne tovarystvo)): ≈ plc. Minimum capital – 1250 minimum wages ( UAH 7,500,000 as of 27.09.2021). *PrAT/ПрАТ ( :uk:Приватне акціонерне товариство/ Prytvatne aktsionerne tovarystvo) (before 29.04.2009 – ZAT/ :uk:ЗАТ (Закрите акцiонерне товариство/ Zakryte Aktsionerne Tovarystvo)): ≈ plc (UK), private. Minimum capital – same as PAT. *AT/АТ ( :uk:Акціонерне товариство/ Aktsionerne tovarystvo): ≈ JSC. Minimum capital – same as PAT. Company formation is regulated by the Ukrainian Civil Code and Commercial Code, Law On Business Associations, Law On Joint Stock Companies, Law On Limited Liability Companies and Additional Liability Companies.


United Arab Emirates

In UAE Free Zones, a Free Zone Establishment (FZE) or Free Zone Company (FZC) is a limited liability company governed by the rules and regulations of the relevant zone in which it is established.


United Kingdom

*CIC ( community interest company) *CIO ( Charitable Incorporated Organisation) *Partnerships ** General partnership ** LLP (
Limited liability partnership A limited liability partnership (LLP) is a partnership in which some or all partners (depending on the jurisdiction) have limited liabilities. It therefore can exhibit aspects of both partnerships and corporations. In an LLP, each partner is n ...
) **SLP ( Scottish limited partnership) **LP (
Limited partnership A limited partnership (LP) is a type of partnership with general partners, who have a right to manage the business, and limited partners, who have no right to manage the business but have only limited liability for its debts. Limited partnership ...
) *Companies **Private Limited Companies (''Ltd'' or ''Limited'' or Welsh ''Cyfyngedig'' (''Cyf'')) ***
Private company limited by shares A private company limited by shares is a class of private limited company incorporated under the laws of England and Wales, Hong Kong, Northern Ireland, Scotland, certain Commonwealth jurisdictions, and the Republic of Ireland. It has shareh ...
. The liability is limited to the amount, if any, unpaid on the shares held by them. Its shares cannot be traded publicly. ***
Private company limited by guarantee A company limited by guarantee (CLG) is a type of company where the liability of members in the event the company is wound up is limited to a (typically very small) amount listed in the company's articles or constitution. Most have no share cap ...
. The liability is limited to such amount as the members undertake to contribute to the assets of the company in the event of its being wound up. ** Public Limited Company (''PLC'' or Welsh ''Cwmni Cyfyngedig Cyhoeddus'' (''CCC)''): Is a limited company whose shares may be traded publicly. Requires an authorized minimum
share capital A corporation's share capital, commonly referred to as capital stock in the United States, is the portion of a corporation's equity that has been derived by the issue of shares in the corporation to a shareholder, usually for cash. ''Share ...
of £50,000; of which it must have allotted shares to the value of at least £50,000 and a minimum of 25% must be fully paid up prior to starting business. ** Unlimited company (or Welsh (''cwmni'') ''anghyfyngedig''). There is no limit on the liability of its members. It is not a requirement under company law to add or state the word or designation Unlimited or its abbreviations (Unltd., or Ultd.) at the ending of its legal company name, and most such companies do not do so. Unlimited companies are exempted from filing accounts with the Registrar of Companies for public disclosure, subject to a few exceptions (unless the company was a qualified subsidiary or a parent of a limited company during the accounting period). * Co-operative or community benefit society (formerly known as an industrial and provident society): e.g. a co-operative or charity, still required to have "Limited" in their names *
Sole proprietorship A sole proprietorship, also known as a sole tradership, individual entrepreneurship or proprietorship, is a type of enterprise owned and run by only one person and in which there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business entity. ...
(Sole traders)


United States

In the United States, most legal entities are incorporated under the law of a particular state. The federal government does not generally incorporate entities (the verb "
charter A charter is the grant of authority or rights, stating that the granter formally recognizes the prerogative of the recipient to exercise the rights specified. It is implicit that the granter retains superiority (or sovereignty), and that the ...
" is used instead), with a few narrow exceptions, either government-sponsored corporations or government-owned corporations. Those entities existing on the state level have two separate identities: their legal entity type, e.g., partnership, corporation, or LLC, and their tax classification, what they are regarded as for federal income tax purposes. A further way to classify an entity is whether it is a for-profit or
nonprofit A nonprofit organization (NPO), also known as a nonbusiness entity, nonprofit institution, not-for-profit organization, or simply a nonprofit, is a non-governmental (private) legal entity organized and operated for a collective, public, or so ...
enterprise, each classification with its own taxonomy and implications on federal income tax law. For-profit entities exist for the purpose of producing a profit for their owners whereas nonprofits exist for any purpose other than profit.


Tax classifications

For federal tax purposes, the
Internal Revenue Service The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is the revenue service for the Federal government of the United States, United States federal government, which is responsible for collecting Taxation in the United States, U.S. federal taxes and administerin ...
has separate entity classification rules, generally depending on whether an entity is a for-profit or non-profit organization. For-profit entities can be collectively regarded as "taxable organizations" while nonprofit entities are collectively regarded as " tax-exempt organizations" or simply "exempt organizations."


Taxable Organizations

Under the
Internal Revenue Code The Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (IRC), is the domestic portion of federal statutory tax law in the United States. It is codified in statute as Title 26 of the United States Code. The IRC is organized topically into subtitles and sections, co ...
, a for-profit entity may be classified as a
corporation A corporation or body corporate is an individual or a group of people, such as an association or company, that has been authorized by the State (polity), state to act as a single entity (a legal entity recognized by private and public law as ...
, a
partnership A partnership is an agreement where parties agree to cooperate to advance their mutual interests. The partners in a partnership may be individuals, businesses, interest-based organizations, schools, governments or combinations. Organizations ...
, a
cooperative A cooperative (also known as co-operative, coöperative, co-op, or coop) is "an autonomy, autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned a ...
or a disregarded entity. A corporation is taxed as a C corporation unless it elects and meets the requirements to be taxed as an S Corporation. A disregarded entity has one owner (or a married couple as owner) that is not recognized for tax purposes as an entity separate from its owner, so the owner is taxed on the individual level. Types of disregarded entities include single-member LLCs; qualified sub-chapter S subsidiaries and qualified
real estate investment trust A real estate investment trust (REIT, pronounced "reet") is a company that owns, and in most cases operates, income-producing real estate. REITs own many types of real estate, including office and apartment buildings, studios, warehouses, hos ...
subsidiaries. A disregarded entity's transparent tax status does not affect its status under state law. For example, for federal tax purposes, a sole-member LLC (SMLLC) is disregarded, so that all its assets and liabilities are treated as owned by its single member. But under state law, an SMLLC can contract in its own name and its owner is generally not personally liable for the debts and obligations of the entity.Presti and Naegele Newsletter
, 4 April 2012.
To be recognized as a
Cooperative A cooperative (also known as co-operative, coöperative, co-op, or coop) is "an autonomy, autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned a ...
for tax purposes Cooperatives must follow certain rules under Sub Chapter T of the
Internal Revenue Code The Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (IRC), is the domestic portion of federal statutory tax law in the United States. It is codified in statute as Title 26 of the United States Code. The IRC is organized topically into subtitles and sections, co ...
.


Tax Exempt Organizations

Nonprofit organizations on the state level are exempt from federal income taxation for most types of income. There are two main types of tax exempt organizations under the Internal Revenue Code:
501(c) organization A 501(c) organization is a nonprofit organization in the Law of the United States#Federal law, federal law of the United States according to Internal Revenue Code (26 U.S.C. § 501(c)). Such organizations are exempt from some Taxation in the Un ...
s and 527 organizations. Tax exemption has two components: exemption from income taxation and the allowance of a deduction on the tax returns of donors. Section 501(c) encompasses most types of nonprofit entities other than ones engaged substantially in political activity. There are 29 subtypes of 501(c) organizations. For example, section 501(c)(10) includes "domestic fraternal societies, orders, or associations, operating under the lodge system," while section 501(c)(6) includes "business leagues, chambers of commerce, real-estate boards, boards of trade, or professional football leagues" under certain circumstances. The most prevalent type of 501(c)s are
501(c)(3) organization A 501(c)(3) organization is a United States corporation, Trust (business), trust, unincorporated association or other type of organization exempt from federal income tax under section 501(c)(3) of Title 26 of the United States Code. It is one of ...
s, known broadly as "
charitable organization A charitable organization or charity is an organization whose primary objectives are philanthropy and social well-being (e.g. educational, Religion, religious or other activities serving the public interest or common good). The legal definitio ...
s," those whose purpose is charitable (i.e., relief from poverty), educational, scientific, religious, or advocatory, among others, as long as such organization does not engage in substantial political activity or inure the benefit of net earnings to shareholders or other individuals. This is the preferred tax status because it is the only 501(c) that obtains both income tax exemption and tax deductible donations. All other 501(c) types only obtain tax exemption. Section 501(c)(3)s can be further divided into private foundations, public charities, and private operating foundations with private foundations given the least favorable deductibility rate. State-level unincorporated nonprofit associations, charitable trusts, and nonprofit corporations may fall into any one of the 501(c) categories depending on their purpose and the activities they engage in. Section 527 organizations, also called " political organizations," are any nonprofit substantially engaged in "political activity," such as election campaigning or lobbying. These are organizations like
political parties A political party is an organization that coordinates candidates to compete in a particular area's elections. It is common for the members of a party to hold similar ideas about politics, and parties may promote specific ideological or p ...
and election campaign committees, which are often called political action committees (PACs) or Super-PACs. These organizations are subject to more stringent regulations than 501(c) organizations and only receive tax exemption; donations to 527s are not deductible. Any type of nonprofit entity existing on the state level will be regarded as a 527 if it substantially engages in political activity.


Federally chartered

Of the few types of companies that may exist under a federally issued charter, the bulk are
bank A bank is a financial institution that accepts Deposit account, deposits from the public and creates a demand deposit while simultaneously making loans. Lending activities can be directly performed by the bank or indirectly through capital m ...
s,
credit union A credit union is a member-owned nonprofit organization, nonprofit cooperative financial institution. They may offer financial services equivalent to those of commercial banks, such as share accounts (savings accounts), share draft accounts (che ...
s, and similar depository institutions. Such institutions are distinguished from state-chartered banks by including a key word in their formal names. For a bank, the key word is "national". A bank chartered by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) must have the word "national" in its name. A bank chartered by a state cannot have "national" in its name. For a savings bank (formerly called a savings and loan association) or credit union, the key word is "federal", and the same rules apply; a federally chartered savings bank or credit union must have the word "federal" in its name, while a state chartered savings bank or credit union cannot have "federal" in its name. * Federal Savings Bank (FSB): formerly called federal savings and loan association * National Association (NA): a designation used by banks chartered by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) *
National Trust and Savings Association National Trust and Savings Association (NT&SA) is a designation used by national banks in the United States to denote their national charter. It is significantly less popular than the standard designation National Association (Banking), National A ...
(NT&SA): a less common designation used by national banks * Federal Credit Union: chartered by the National Credit Union Association (NCUA) Many federal governmental units are specially formed public corporations (which, for tax purposes are also generally 501(c)(1) organizations) and
government-sponsored enterprise A government-sponsored enterprise (GSE) is a type of financial services corporation created by the United States Congress. Their intended function is to enhance the flow of Credit (finance), credit to targeted sectors of the economy, to make tho ...
s, while some private organizations have received a Congressional charter.


Unincorporated nonfederal entities

The following are the entity structures that can be created without licensure by a state government, or in other words are "unincorporated": *
Sole proprietorship A sole proprietorship, also known as a sole tradership, individual entrepreneurship or proprietorship, is a type of enterprise owned and run by only one person and in which there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business entity. ...
: a business consisting of a single owner (which may in turn be a business entity), not in a separately recognized business form. * General partnership: an association of two or more persons for the purpose of producing a profit for the members of the partnership (called "general partners" or simply "partners"). All partners jointly and separately liable for the debts of the partnership. In most U.S. states, it can be created by agreement without requiring a public filing or any written agreement, as long as all parties must have an intend to establish a business relationship with one another. The partners may themselves be individuals or legal entities (in which case it is generally called a
joint venture A joint venture (JV) is a business entity created by two or more parties, generally characterized by shared ownership, shared returns and risks, and shared governance. Companies typically pursue joint ventures for one of four reasons: to acce ...
). To determine whether a general partnership exists courts analyze a few factors: (1) intention of the parties, (2) sharing of profits and losses (3) joint administration and control of business operation, (4) capital investment by each partner, and (5) common ownership of property. * Unincorporated nonprofit association: an association of two or more persons for the purpose of accomplishing a common goal other than profit; this is the nonprofit equivalent to general partnerships.


Incorporated nonfederal entities


Partnerships

*
Limited partnership A limited partnership (LP) is a type of partnership with general partners, who have a right to manage the business, and limited partners, who have no right to manage the business but have only limited liability for its debts. Limited partnership ...
(L.P. or LP): a partnership where at least one partner (the general partner, which may itself be an entity or an individual) has unlimited liability for the LP's debts and one or more partners (the limited partners) have limited liability (which means that they are not responsible for the LP's debts beyond the amount they agreed to invest). Limited partners generally do not participate in the management of the entity or its business. *
Limited liability partnership A limited liability partnership (LLP) is a partnership in which some or all partners (depending on the jurisdiction) have limited liabilities. It therefore can exhibit aspects of both partnerships and corporations. In an LLP, each partner is n ...
(L.L.P. or LLP): a partnership where a partner's liability for the debts of the partnership is limited except in the case of liability for acts of professional negligence or malpractice. In some states, LLPs may only be formed for purposes of practicing a licensed profession, typically attorneys, accountants and architects. This is often the only form of limited partnership allowed for law firms (as opposed to general partnerships). * Limited liability limited partnership (L.L.L.P. or LLLP): a combination of LP and LLP, available in some states.


Limited Liability Companies

*
Limited liability company A limited liability company (LLC) is the United States-specific form of a private limited company. It is a business structure that can combine the pass-through taxation of a partnership or sole proprietorship with the limited liability of ...
(L.L.C., LLC, L.C., LC, Ltd., or Co.): a form of business whose owners enjoy limited liability, but which is not a corporation. Allowable abbreviations vary by state. Note that in some states ''Ltd.'' by itself is not a valid abbreviation for an LLC, because in some states (e.g.
Texas Texas ( , ; or ) is the most populous U.S. state, state in the South Central United States, South Central region of the United States. It borders Louisiana to the east, Arkansas to the northeast, Oklahoma to the north, New Mexico to the we ...
), it may denote a corporation instead. See also Series LLC. For U.S. federal tax purposes, in general, an LLC with two or more members is treated as a partnership, and an LLC with one member is treated as a sole proprietorship. * Professional limited liability company (P.L.L.C. or PLLC): some states do not allow certain professionals to form an LLC that would limit the liability that results from the services professionals provide such as doctors, medical care; lawyers, legal advice; and accountants, accounting services; architects, architectural services; when the company formed offers the services of the professionals. Instead those states allow a PLLC or in the LLC statutes, the liability limitation only applies to the business side, such as creditors of the company, as opposed to the client/customer service side, the level of medical care, legal services, or accounting provided to clients. This is meant to maintain the higher ethical standards that these professionals have committed themselves to by becoming licensed in their profession and to prevent them from being immune (or at least limit their immunity) to malpractice suits. * Low-profit limited liability company (L3C): a hybrid for-profit and nonprofit entity available in some states. It is an LLC that is allowed to have a primary nonprofit purpose, and a secondary for-profit purpose.


Corporations


=For-profit corporations

= *
Corporation A corporation or body corporate is an individual or a group of people, such as an association or company, that has been authorized by the State (polity), state to act as a single entity (a legal entity recognized by private and public law as ...
(Corp., Inc., or Ltd.): a legal entity that is owned by
shareholder A shareholder (in the United States often referred to as stockholder) of corporate stock refers to an individual or legal entity (such as another corporation, a body politic, a trust or partnership) that is registered by the corporation as the ...
s and managed by directors and officers, all of which enjoy limited liability. A corporation can be a
public In public relations and communication science, publics are groups of individual people, and the public (a.k.a. the general public) is the totality of such groupings. This is a different concept to the sociology, sociological concept of the ''Öf ...
or
private company A privately held company (or simply a private company) is a company whose Stock, shares and related rights or obligations are not offered for public subscription or publicly negotiated in their respective listed markets. Instead, the Private equi ...
. In some states other suffixes may be used to identify a corporation, such as Ltd., Co./Company, or the Italian term S.p.A. (in
Connecticut Connecticut ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States. It borders Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, New York (state), New York to the west, and Long Island Sound to the south. ...
; see under
Italy Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe, Western Europe. It consists of Italian Peninsula, a peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean Sea, with the Alps on its northern land b ...
). Some states that allow the use of "Company" prohibit the use of "and Company", "and Co.", "& Company" or "& Co.". In most states
sole proprietorship A sole proprietorship, also known as a sole tradership, individual entrepreneurship or proprietorship, is a type of enterprise owned and run by only one person and in which there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business entity. ...
s and partnerships may register a fictitious "
doing business as A trade name, trading name, or business name is a pseudonym used by companies that do not operate under their registered company name. The term for this type of alternative name is fictitious business name. Registering the fictitious name with ...
" name with the word "Company" in it. For a full list of allowed designations by state, see the table below. * Benefit corporation (PBC): a for-profit corporation that includes positive impact on society, workers, the community, and the environment in addition to profit as its legally defined goals, in that the definition of "best interest of the corporation" is specified to include those impacts. Some states require the corporation to have "Public Benefit Corporation" or "PBC" in its name (or a similar designation), while others allow any prefix allowed by a corporation (such as Corp. or Inc.), but require that shareholders, investors, and other parties be informed that the company is a public benefit corporation. *
Professional corporation Professional corporations or professional service corporations (abbreviated as PC or PSC) are those corporate entities for which many corporation statutes make special provision, regulating the use of the corporate form by licensed professionals s ...
(PC or P.C.): those corporate entities for which many corporation statutes make special provision, regulating the use of the corporate form by licensed professionals such as attorneys, architects, accountants, and doctors.


=Nonprofit corporations

= * Nonprofit corporation: a corporation whose primary purpose is to serve a social goal instead of producing a profit for shareholders. As such, nonprofit corporations do not have shareholders but may still have directors and officers which still enjoy limited liability. The naming conventions for nonprofit corporations vary, with naming requirements similar to those of other corporate entities, with some states forbidding names that might mislead the public. Nonprofit corporations are generally divided into three subcategories: ** Public-benefit nonprofit corporation: a nonprofit corporation formed for the purpose of benefitting the public at large, such as charities, educational and research institutions, and
hospital A hospital is a healthcare institution providing patient treatment with specialized Medical Science, health science and auxiliary healthcare staff and medical equipment. The best-known type of hospital is the general hospital, which typically ...
s. ** Mutual-benefit nonprofit corporation: a nonprofit corporation formed for the purpose of benefitting its members, such as unions,
professional A professional is a member of a profession or any person who work (human activity), works in a specified professional activity. The term also describes the standards of education and training that prepare members of the profession with the partic ...
or homeowner's associations, and
social club A social club or social organization may be a group of people or the place where they meet, generally formed around a common interest, occupation or activity with in an organizational association known as a Club (organization), club. Exampl ...
s. ** Religious corporation: a nonprofit corporation formed for the purpose of practicing or proselytizing a religion, such as an organized congregation or missionary organization.


Cooperatives

*
Cooperative A cooperative (also known as co-operative, coöperative, co-op, or coop) is "an autonomy, autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned a ...
(Co-Op, Coop, or CP): a for-profit entity owned and democratically operated by a group of people who share a common economic goal, such as worker cooperatives, agricultural cooperatives, or a utility cooperatives. In most states, a cooperative must have a signifier in its name indicating that it is a cooperative, such as coop, co-op, CP, or cooperative.


Miscellaneous

* Fictitious Name (AKA an assumed or "doing business as" name bbr. DBA, stylized in numerous ways: a business name used by a person or entity that is different from the person's or entity's true legal name. DBAs are not separate entities and do not shield the person or entity who uses the DBA as a business name from liability for debts or lawsuits. Filing requirements vary and are not permitted for some types of businesses or professional practices.


Table of Required designations for for-profit corporations, by U.S. state, territory or commonwealth


Uruguay

* S.A. (Sociedad Anónima). Company by shares. * S.A.S. (Sociedad por Acciones Simplificada). A simplified version of the S.A. * S.R.L. (Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada). Limited liability company. * S.C.I. (Sociedad de Capital e Industria). A company with segregated shares between capital and labor. * S.C. (Sociedad Colectiva). A company with unlimited liability between its members.


Uzbekistan

* MChJ (Mas'uliyati Cheklangan Jamiyat/Масъулияти Чекланган Жамият): limited liability company * QMJ (Qo'shimcha ma'suliyatli jamiyat/Қўшимча масъулиятли жамият): additional liability company * AJ (Aksiyadorlik jamiyati/Акциядорлик жамияти): joint-stock company ** OAJ (Ochiq aksiyadorlik jamiyati/Очиқ акциядорлик жамияти): public joint-stock company ** YoAJ (Yopiq aksiyadorlik jamiyati/Ёпиқ акциядорлик жамияти): closed joint-stock company * XK (Xususiy korxona/Хусусий корхона): private company * XT (Xususiy tadbirkorlik/Хусусий тадбиркорлик): sole proprietorship * OK (Oilaviy korxona/Оилавий корхона): family company * UK (Unitar korxona/Унитар корхона): unitary enterprise * QK (Qo'shma korxona/Қўшма корхона): joint venture


Venezuela

* S.A. (Sociedad Anónima): ≈ plc (UK) *S.R.L. (Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada): ≈ Ltd. (UK): ≈
limited liability company A limited liability company (LLC) is the United States-specific form of a private limited company. It is a business structure that can combine the pass-through taxation of a partnership or sole proprietorship with the limited liability of ...
(USA) *S.C.S. (Sociedad en Comandita Simple): ≈
limited partnership A limited partnership (LP) is a type of partnership with general partners, who have a right to manage the business, and limited partners, who have no right to manage the business but have only limited liability for its debts. Limited partnership ...
*Soc.Col. (Sociedad Colectiva): ≈ general partnership (USA)


Vietnam

* Cty TNHH (Công ty trách nhiệm hữu hạn / "Company with Limited Liability"): Limited Liability Company * Cty TNHH MTV (Công ty trách nhiệm hữu hạn một thành viên/ "Limited Liability Company with a Single member") since 2005 * Cty CP (Công ty cổ phần / "Company with Joint Stock"): Joint Stock Company * Công ty hợp danh / "Company of Partners": Partnership * Doanh nghiệp hợp danh / "Enterprise Partnership": Partnership * DNNN (Doanh nghiệp nhà nước / "Enterprise of the State"): State-Owned Enterprise * DNTN (Doanh nghiệp tư nhân / "Enterprise Private"): Proprietorship * DTNN (Doanh nghiệp có vốn đầu tư nước ngoài "Enterprise with Foreign Investment"): Foreign Investment Enterprise * HTX (Hợp tác xã/ Co-operation) * Chi nhánh : Branch Company * Nhóm Cty (Công Ty / "Group Company"): Holding Company


Notes


See also

* ISO 20275 * List of official business registers


References


External links

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Business entity type Business law Business-related lists Corporate law Legal entities