The timeline of nursing history in Australia and New Zealand stretches from the 19th century to the present.

19th century

1810s

*1811 – The opening of

Sydney Hospital Sydney Hospital is a major hospital in Australia, located on Macquarie Street in the Sydney central business district. It is the oldest hospital in Australia, dating back to 1788, and has been at its current location since 1811. It first rece ...

. Convict men and women undertook the nursing.Crisp & Taylor, 2009

1820s

Sydney hospital attended the site of the first

public hospital A public hospital, or government hospital, is a hospital which is government owned and is fully funded by the government and operates solely off the money that is collected from taxpayers to fund healthcare initiatives. In some countries, this typ ...

in Australia, the Rum Hospital, which was first opened and completed in July 1820s.

1830s

*1838 – The first trained nurses arrive in Sydney, five Irish Sisters of Charity.

1840s

*1840 – Settlement of New Zealand as a colony and the establishment of state hospitals. *1841 – People considered to be

mentally ill A mental disorder, also referred to as a mental illness or psychiatric disorder, is a behavioral or mental pattern that causes significant distress or impairment of personal functioning. Such features may be persistent, relapsing and remitt ...

were considered criminals. The first case of insanity in New Zealand's society was recorded in 1841 (Papps, E, 2002). *1847 – Wellington Hospital was established, The first New Zealand Hospital. Giselle's Journal, http://mylittleculturediary.blogspot.co.nz/2012/02/first-new-zealand-hospital-labyrinth.html (Barber, L., & Towers, R. (1976). Wellington Hospital 1847–1976. Wellington: Wellington Hospital Board.) *1848 – The Yarra Bend Asylum was opened so that those mentally ill could be moved out of gaol. This Asylum was later known as Melbourne.

1850s

*1854 – The first

lunatic asylum The lunatic asylum (or insane asylum) was an early precursor of the modern psychiatric hospital. The fall of the lunatic asylum and its eventual replacement by modern psychiatric hospitals explains the rise of organized, institutional psychiatr ...

was built, in Wellington, New Zealand. *1860–1883 – Approximately 16,378 single women emigrated to New Zealand; 582 identified their occupation as a nurse, monthly nurse, sick nurse, trained nurse, nurse girl, midwife, hospital nurse or professional nurse. Orchard, S. (1997). More ‘ woman of good character': Nurses who came to New Zealand as immigrant settlers. *1868 – Lucy Osburn and her four Nightingale nurses arrived at Sydney Infirmary (to become

). They soon start the first nursing school.

1870s

*1870 – New Zealand had 37 hospitals as a result of the population increase of the gold rush.

1880s

*1885 – following the Hospital and Charitable Aids Act conditions improved.

1890s

*1899 – Australasian Trained Nurses Association was founded in

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. *1899–1902 – The years of the South African War. During the 1899–1902 South African (Boer) War, nurses from each state in Australia joined volunteer troops, serving as private citizens or with the British nursing forces. Daly, J. Jackson, D. Speedy, S. (2010). ''Contexts of nursing (3rd ed.).'' Chatswood, NSW 2067. Australia. Cecotti,L. Prejudice times meant that although hundreds of female nurses applied there was conflict with those already in the military. Few however did serve in South Africa.

20th century

1900s

*1900 – The

Private Hospital, Wakefield Street The Calvary Wakefield Hospital, formerly Private Hospital, Wakefield Street (PHWS) and variants, Wakefield Street Private Hospital, Wakefield Memorial Hospital and Wakefield Hospital, referred to informally as "the Wakefield", was a private ho ...

Adelaide Adelaide ( ) is the capital city of South Australia, the state's largest city and the fifth-most populous city in Australia. "Adelaide" may refer to either Greater Adelaide (including the Adelaide Hills) or the Adelaide city centre. The dem ...

becomes the first training hospital for nurses in the

colony of South Australia In modern parlance, a colony is a territory subject to a form of foreign rule. Though dominated by the foreign colonizers, colonies remain separate from the administration of the original country of the colonizers, the '' metropolitan state'' ...

, under Alice Tibbits (1854–1932). *1901 – New Zealand is the first country to regulate nurses nationally, with adoption of the Nurses Registration Act *1901 – Royal Victorian Trained Nurses' Association is formed. *1902 – Ellen Dougherty of New Zealand becomes the first

registered nurse A registered nurse (RN) is a nurse who has graduated or successfully passed a nursing program from a recognized nursing school and met the requirements outlined by a country, state, province or similar government-authorized licensing body to o ...

in the world on 10 February. *1902 – The

Queen Alexandra's Imperial Military Nursing Service Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps (QARANC; known as ''the QAs'') is the nursing branch of the British Army Medical Services. History Although an "official" nursing service was not established until 1881, the corps traces its heritage t ...

replaces, by royal warrant, the Army Nursing Service. *1908 – Ākenehi Hei, of the Whakatohea and Whanau-a-Apanui tribes, was the first Maori registered nurse in New Zealand. *1908 – ''Kai Tiaki,'' the first New Zealand nursing journal, is published. *1909 – A new role called 'backblocks' nursing was introduced to New Zealand providing services to rural parts of the country

1910s

*1910 – Ākenehi Hei, the first qualified Maori nurse in New Zealand, dies on 28 November 1910 after contracting typhoid from family members she was nursing. *1915 – The

New Zealand Army Nursing Service The New Zealand Army Nursing Service (NZANS) formally came into being in early 1915, when the Army Council in London accepted an offer of nurses to help in the war effort during the First World War from the New Zealand Government. The heavy losses ...

set up in 1915, largely at the urging of

Hester Maclean Hester Maclean (25 February 1859 – 2 September 1932) was an Australian-born nurse, hospital matron, nursing administrator, editor and writer who spent most of her career in New Zealand. She served in World War I as the founding Matron-in- ...

(1863–1932).

1920s

*1925 – New Zealand attempts to have a degree nursing programme available at the

University of Otago , image_name = University of Otago Registry Building2.jpg , image_size = , caption = University clock tower , motto = la, Sapere aude , mottoeng = Dare to be wise , established = 1869; 152 years ago , type = Public research collegiate ...

1930s

*1938 – The New Zealand Social Security Act of 1938 marks the introduction of a comprehensive health system that mandated the provision of free care for all. *1939 – Registering of nursing aides commenced in New Zealand *1939–1945 – Australian and New Zealand nurses serve outside their countries in

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the World War II by country, vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great power ...

1940s

*1942 –

Banka Island massacre The Bangka Island massacre (also spelled Banka Island massacre) was the killing of unarmed Australian nurses and wounded Allied soldiers on Bangka Island, east of Sumatra in the Indonesian archipelago on 16 February 1942. Shortly after the ou ...

: Twenty-one Australian nurses, survivors of a bombed and sunken ship, are executed by

bayonet A bayonet (from French ) is a knife, dagger, sword, or spike-shaped weapon designed to fit on the end of the muzzle of a rifle, musket or similar firearm, allowing it to be used as a spear-like weapon.Brayley, Martin, ''Bayonets: An Illustr ...

machine gun A machine gun is a fully automatic, rifled autoloading firearm designed for sustained direct fire with rifle cartridges. Other automatic firearms such as automatic shotguns and automatic rifles (including assault rifles and battle rifles ...

Imperial Japanese Army The was the official ground-based armed force of the Empire of Japan from 1868 to 1945. It was controlled by the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office and the Ministry of the Army, both of which were nominally subordinate to the Emper ...

soldiers on 16 February. *1949 – Formation of the NSW College of Nursing. *1949 – Formation of College of Nursing, Australia

1960s

*1967 – New Zealand nursing undergo changes from being hospital-based apprenticeships to tertiary education institutions.

1970s

*1971 – The Carpenter Report was released; a review released by New Zealand centred around the nursing education system, the report advocated training nurses in an educational environment. The government however decided that polytechs, not universities, were more appropriate for this; however the consequences of this were that nurses were only diploma level not degree level. *1973 – Christchurch and Wellington Polytechnics offer diploma-level nursing education; Massey and Victoria Universities (Wellington) start their post-registration bachelor's degrees. *1975 – First nursing diploma program in Australia in a College of Advanced Education (CAE) in Melbourne, followed quickly by programs in New South Wales, South Australia and Western Australia.

1980s

*1980 – The Roper, Logan and Tierney model of nursing, based upon the

activities of daily living Activity may refer to: * Action (philosophy), in general * Human activity: human behavior, in sociology behavior may refer to all basic human actions, economics may study human economic activities and along with cybernetics and psychology may s ...

, is published. *1983 – The importance of human rights in nursing is made explicit in a statement adopted by the International Council of Nurses. *1983 – UKCC becomes the profession's new regulatory body in the UK. *1988 –

Anne Casey Anne Casey, FRCN is a New Zealand-trained nurse based in England, who developed Casey's model of nursing. In October 2002 Casey was made a Fellow of the Royal College of Nursing for her services to paediatric nursing. Casey's Model of Nursing Ca ...

develops her child-centered nursing model while working as a

paediatric Pediatrics ( also spelled ''paediatrics'' or ''pædiatrics'') is the branch of medicine that involves the medical care of infants, children, adolescents, and young adults. In the United Kingdom, paediatrics covers many of their youth until the ...

oncology Oncology is a branch of medicine that deals with the study, treatment, diagnosis and prevention of cancer. A medical professional who practices oncology is an ''oncologist''. The name's etymological origin is the Greek word ὄγκος (''ó ...

nurse in London. *1989 – Nurses' Health Study 2 begins.

1990s

*1990 – Last student graduated from New Zealand hospital program. *1992 – " Cultural safety" was made a requirement for nursing and midwifery education programs by the

Nursing Council of New Zealand The Nursing Council of New Zealand (NCNZ) is the professional body responsible for the registration of nurses in New Zealand, setting standards for nursing education and practice. The council was established in 1902. New Zealand was the first coun ...

. Cultural safety allows effective nursing of patients and/or family members of those of another culture by a nurse who has reflected on one's own cultural identity and understands the impact of differing cultures in nursing practice and patient care. (Papps & Ramsden, 1996) *1992 – The Australian and New Zealand national governments signed a Mutual Recognition Agreement. (Daly, Speedy & Jackson, 2010)Daly, J., Speedy, S., & Jackson, D. (2010). Contexts of Nursing. (3rd ed). Sydney, Australia: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. *1996 – The Flight Nurse Association was created by the

New Zealand Nurses Organisation The New Zealand Nurses Organisation (NZNO) is New Zealand's largest trade union and professional organisation that represents the nursing profession, midwives and caregivers. It is one of the oldest organisations of this type in the world, traci ...

(NZNO) to recognise the need of training and education of the same standards throughout New Zealand.

21st century

2000s

*2000 – Review of undergraduate nursing education by New Zealand Nursing Council *2002 – Deborah Harris, New Zealand's first

Nurse Practitioner A nurse practitioner (NP) is an advanced practice registered nurse and a type of mid-level practitioner. NPs are trained to assess patient needs, order and interpret diagnostic and laboratory tests, diagnose disease, formulate and prescribe ...

. *2004 – The Health Practitioners Competence Assurance (2003) Act comes into full power on 18 September, in New Zealand, these cover the requirements for nurses to have current competences relating to their scope of practice. *2005 – The Nursing Council of New Zealand published a comprehensive guideline on cultural safety in nursing education and practice. *2010 – A national registration for all nurses and midwives comes into force in Australia in July 2010. (Daly, Speedy & Jackson, 2010) *2010 –

Nurses' Health Study The Nurses Health Study is a series of prospective studies that examine epidemiology and the long-term effects of nutrition, hormones, environment, and nurses' work-life on health and disease development. The studies have been among the largest in ...

3 begins enrolling: Female RNs, LPNs, and nursing students 20–46 are encouraged to join this long-term women's health study. Study remains open until 100,000 nurses are enrolled.

References

Bibliography

*Allan, V. (2004). A new way of living: the history of the Spinal Injuries Unit in Christchurch. ''The Guttmann Story'' (pp. 7). Christchurch, New Zealand: Canterbury District Health Board. *Bullough, Vern L. and Bullough, Bonnie. ''The Care of the Sick: The Emergence of Modern Nursing'' (1978). *Craven, Ruth F., & Hirnle, Constance J. (2007). ''Fundamentals of nursing: Human health and function'' (5th ed). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. *Craven, R F., & Hirnle, C J. (2009) ''Fundamentals of nursing: Human health and function'' (6th ed). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. *Crisp, J., & Taylor, C. (2009). Potter & Perry's fundamental of nursing (3rd ed.). Chatswood, Australia : Elsevier Australia. *Crisp, J., Taylor, C., Douglas, C., Rebeiro, G. (2013). ''Potter & Perry's fundamentals of nursing'' (4th ed.). Elsevier Australia. *Dingwall, Robert, Anne Marie Rafferty, Charles Webster. ''An Introduction to the Social History of Nursing (Routledge, 1988) *Donahue, M. Patricia. ''Nursing, The Finest Art: An Illustrated History'' (3rd ed. 2010), includes over 400 illustrations; 416pp *Harris, Kirsty. ''Girls in Grey: Surveying Australian Military Nurses in World War I'' ''History Compass'' (Jan 2013) 11#1 PP 14–23
online free
with detailed bibliography *Papps, E., (2002). ''Nursing in New Zealand.'' Auckland, New Zealand: Pearson Education New Zealand. *Papps, E., & Ramsden, I. (1996). ''International Journal for Quality Healthcare''. Vol 8, No 5, pp. 491–497 *Wood, Pamela J. and Maralyn Foureur. "Exploring the maternity archive of the St Helens Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand, 1907–22," in ''New Directions in the History of Nursing: International Perspectives'' ed by Barbara Mortimer and Susan McGann. (Routledge, 2004) pp 179–9
online