Tetrahydrocannabivarin
Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV, THV) is a homologue of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) having a propyl (3-carbon) side chain instead of a pentyl (5-carbon) group on the molecule, which makes it produce very different effects from THC.[1] This terpeno-phenolic compound is found naturally in Cannabis, sometimes in significant amounts. The psychoactive effects of THCV in Cannabis
Cannabis preparations are not well characterized. At lower doses, THCV may act as a CB1 antagonist. At higher doses, however, it can switch, behaving as a CB1 agonist, much like THC.

Contents

1 Chemistry 2 Description 3 Biosynthesis 4 Research 5 Legal status

5.1 United States

6 See also 7 References 8 External links

Chemistry[edit] Similarly to THC, THCV has 7 double bond isomers and 30 stereoisomers (see: Tetrahydrocannabinol#Isomerism). Description[edit] Plants with elevated levels of propyl cannabinoids (including THCV) have been found in populations of Cannabis
Cannabis sativa L. ssp. indica (= Cannabis
Cannabis indica Lam.) from China, India, Nepal, Thailand, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, as well as southern and western Africa. THCV levels up to 53.7% of total cannabinoids have been reported.[2][3] THCV is a cannabinoid receptor type 1 antagonist and cannabinoid receptor type 2 partial agonist.[4] Δ8-THCV has also been shown to be a CB1 antagonist.[5] Both papers describing the antagonistic properties of THCV were demonstrated in murine models. Biosynthesis[edit] Unlike THC, cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabichromene (CBC), THCV doesn’t begin as cannabigerolic acid (CBGA). Instead of combining with olivetolic acid to create CBGA, geranyl pyrophosphate joins with divarinolic acid, which has two fewer carbon atoms. The result is cannabigerovarin acid (CBGVA). Once CBGVA is created, the process continues exactly the same as it would for THC. CBGVA is broken down to tetrahydrocannabivarin carboxylic acid (THCVA) by the enzyme THCV synthase. At that point, THCVA can be decarboxylated with heat or UV light to create THCV.[6][unreliable source?] Research[edit] THCV is a new potential treatment against obesity-associated glucose intolerance with pharmacology different from that of CB1 inverse agonists/antagonists.[7] GW Pharmaceuticals
GW Pharmaceuticals is studying plant-derived tetrahydrocannabivarin (as GWP42004) for type 2 diabetes in addition to metformin.[8] Legal status[edit] It is not scheduled by Convention on Psychotropic Substances. United States[edit] THCV is not scheduled at the federal level in the United States.[9] See also[edit]

Cannabinoids Federal Analog Act Rimonabant
Rimonabant (synthetic CB1 antagonist) Tetrahydrocannabinol-C4 Cannabivarin Parahexyl Cannabis Medical cannabis

References[edit]

^ SC Labs, Cannabinoids ^ Turner, Carlton E; Hadley, Kathy; Fetterman, Patricia S (1973). "Constituents of Cannabis
Cannabis sativa L. VI: Propyl Homologs in Samples of Known Geographical Origin". Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 62 (10): 1739. doi:10.1002/jps.2600621045. PMID 4752132.  ^ Hillig, K. W; Mahlberg, P. G (2004). "A chemotaxonomic analysis of cannabinoid variation in Cannabis
Cannabis (Cannabaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 91 (6): 966. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.6.966. PMID 21653452.  ^ Pertwee, Roger G (September 2007). "The diverse CB1 and CB2 receptor pharmacology of three plant cannabinoids: Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin". British Journal of Pharmacology. 153 (2): 199–215. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707617. PMC 2219532 . PMID 17828291.  ^ Pertwee, R G; Thomas, A; Stevenson, L A; Ross, R A; Varvel, S A; Lichtman, A H; Martin, B R; Razdan, R K (2009). "The psychoactive plant cannabinoid, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, is antagonized by Δ8- and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin in mice in vivo". British Journal of Pharmacology. 150 (5): 586. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707124. PMID 17245367.  ^ MedicalJane. "What is Tetrahydrocannabivarin?".  ^ Wargent, E T; Zaibi, M S; Silvestri, C; Hislop, D C; Stocker, C J; Stott, C G; Guy, G W; Duncan, M; Di Marzo, V; Cawthorne, M A (2013). "The cannabinoid Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) ameliorates insulin sensitivity in two mouse models of obesity". Nutrition & Diabetes. 3 (5): e68. doi:10.1038/nutd.2013.9.  ^ " GW Pharmaceuticals
GW Pharmaceuticals Provides Update on Cannabinoid
Cannabinoid Pipeline" (Press release). GW Pharmaceuticals. Retrieved 2015-09-19.  ^ §1308.11 Schedule I.

External links[edit]

Erowid Compounds found in Cannabis
Cannabis sativa

v t e

Cannabinoids

Phytocannabinoids

Alkylamides Caryophyllene CBC CBCV CBD CBDV CBG CBGM CBGV CBL CBDL CBN CBV Epigallocatechin gallate Gallocatechol Perrottetinene Serinolamide A THC THC-C4 THCA THCV Yangonin

Active metabolites: 8,11-DiOH-THC 11-COOH-THC 11-OH-THC

Endocannabinoids

Arachidonoyl ethanolamide (AEA; anandamide) 2-Arachidonoylglycerol
2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) 2-Arachidonyl glyceryl ether
2-Arachidonyl glyceryl ether (2-AGE; noladin ether) 2-Oleoylglycerol
2-Oleoylglycerol (2-OG) N-Arachidonoyl dopamine
N-Arachidonoyl dopamine (NADA) N-Arachidonylglycine
N-Arachidonylglycine (NAGly) 2-Arachidonoyl lysophosphatidylinositol (2-ALPI) N- Arachidonoyl serotonin
Arachidonoyl serotonin (AA-5-HT) Docosatetraenoylethanolamide
Docosatetraenoylethanolamide (DEA) Lysophosphatidylinositol
Lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) Oleamide Oleoylethanolamide
Oleoylethanolamide (OEA) Palmitoylethanolamide
Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) RVD-Hpα Stearoylethanolamide (SEA) O-Arachidonoyl ethanolamine (O-AEA; virodhamine)

Synthetic cannabinoids

Classical cannabinoids (dibenzopyrans)

A-40174 A-41988 A-42574 Ajulemic acid AM-087 AM-411 AM-855 AM-905 AM-906 AM-919 AM-926 AM-938 AM-2389 AM-4030 AMG-1 AMG-3 AMG-36 AMG-41 Dexanabinol
Dexanabinol (HU-211) DMHP Dronabinol HHC HU-210 HU-243 JWH-051 JWH-133 JWH-139 JWH-161 JWH-229 JWH-359 KM-233 L-759,633 L-759,656 Levonantradol
Levonantradol (CP 50,5561) Menabitan Nabazenil Nabidrox (Canbisol) Nabilone Nabitan Naboctate O-224 O-581 O-774 O-806 O-823 O-1057 O-1125 O-1191 O-1238 O-2048 O-2113 O-2365 O-2372 O-2373 O-2383 O-2426 O-2484 O-2545 O-2694 O-2715 O-2716 O-3223 O-3226 Parahexyl Pirnabine THC-O-acetate THC-O-phosphate

Non-classical cannabinoids

Cannabicyclohexanol CBD-DMH CP 47,497 (C6)-CP 47,497 (C9)-CP 47,497 CP 55,244 CP 55,940 HU-308 HU-320 HU-331 HU-336 HU-345 HU-446 HU-465 HU-910 HUF-101 Nonabine O-1376 O-1422 O-1601 O-1656 O-1657 O-1660 O-1663 O-1871 SPA-229 Tinabinol

Benzoylindoles

1-Butyl-3-(2-methoxybenzoyl)indole 1-Butyl-3-(4-methoxybenzoyl)indole 1-Pentyl-3-(2-methoxybenzoyl)indole AM-630 AM-679 AM-694 AM-1241 AM-2233 GW-405,833
GW-405,833 (L-768,242) Pravadoline RCS-4 WIN 54,461

Naphthoylindoles

AM-1220 AM-1221 AM-1235 AM-2201 AM-2232 CHM-081 EAM-2201 FUB-JWH-018 JWH-007 JWH-015 JWH-018 JWH-019 JWH-073 JWH-081 JWH-098 JWH-116 JWH-122 JWH-149 JWH-164 JWH-182 JWH-193 JWH-198 JWH-200 JWH-210 JWH-398 JWH-424 MAM-1220 MAM-2201 NE-CHMIMO

Naphthoylindazoles

THJ-018 THJ-2201

Pyrrolobenzoxazines

WIN 55,212-2

Naphthylmethylindoles

JWH-175 JWH-176 JWH-184 JWH-185 JWH-192 JWH-194 JWH-195 JWH-196 JWH-197 JWH-199

Phenylacetylindoles

Cannabipiperidiethanone JWH-167 JWH-203 JWH-249 JWH-250 JWH-251 JWH-302 RCS-8

Indole-3-carboxamides

5F-ADBICA 5F-NNE1 5F-PCN 5F-SDB-006 AB-FUBICA AB-PICA ADBICA ADB-FUBICA APICA CUMYL-BICA CUMYL-PICA CUMYL-5F-PICA FDU-NNE1 MDMB-CHMICA MMB-2201 MN-25
MN-25 (UR-12) NNE1 PX-1 Org 28312 Org 28611 SDB-006 STS-135

Indole-3-carboxylates

5F-PB-22 FDU-PB-22 FUB-PB-22 QUCHIC
QUCHIC (BB-22) QUPIC
QUPIC (PB-22) NM-2201

Tetramethylcyclo- propanoylindoles

5Br-UR-144 5Cl-UR-144 A-796,260 A-834,735 FUB-144 UR-144 XLR-11 XLR-12

Indazole-3- carboxamides

5Cl-APINACA 5F-ADB 5F-ADB-PINACA 5F-AMB 5F-APINACA 5F-CUMYL-PINACA 5F-EMB-PINACA AB-CHMINACA AB-FUBINACA AB-FUBINACA
AB-FUBINACA 2-fluorobenzyl isomer AB-PINACA ADB-CHMINACA ADB-FUBINACA ADB-PINACA ADAMANTYL-THPINACA ADSB-FUB-187 AMB-CHMINACA AMB-FUBINACA APINACA
APINACA (AKB48) APP-FUBINACA CUMYL-4CN-BINACA CUMYL-PINACA CUMYL-THPINACA EMB-FUBINACA FUB-APINACA MDMB-FUBINACA MDMB-CHMINACA MN-18 PX-2 PX-3

Tetramethylcyclo- propanoylindazoles

FAB-144

Naphthoylpyrroles

JWH-030 JWH-147 JWH-307 JWH-369 JWH-370

Eicosanoids

AM-883 AM-1346 ACEA ACPA Methanandamide
Methanandamide (AM-356) O-585 O-689 O-1812 O-1860 O-1861

Pyrazolecarboxamides

5F-AB-FUPPYCA AB-CHFUPYCA AB-CHMFUPPYCA

Others

4-HTMPIPO 5F-PY-PICA 5F-PY-PINACA 5F-3-pyridinoylindole A-836,339 A-955,840 Abnormal cannabidiol AB-001 BzODZ-EPyr AM-1248 AM-1714 AZ-11713908 BAY 38-7271 BAY 59-3074 BIM-018 CB-13 CB-86 CBS-0550 CUMYL-4CN-B7AICA CUMYL-5F-P7AICA CUMYL-PEGACLONE FUBIMINA GSK-554,418A GW-842,166X JTE 7-31 LASSBio-881 LBP-1 Leelamine MDA-7 MDA-19 MEPIRAPIM NESS-040C5 NMP-7 O-889 O-1269 O-1270 O-1399 O-1602 O-2220 PF-03550096 PSB-SB-1202 PTI-1 PTI-2 QMPSB S-444,823 SER-601 Tedalinab URB-447 VSN-16 WIN 56,098

Allosteric CBR ligands

Org 27569 Org 27759 Org 29647 RTI-371 Pregnenolone

Endocannabinoid enhancers (inactivation inhibitors)

4-Nonylphenylboronic acid AM-404 Arachidonoyl serotonin Arvanil BIA 10-2474 Biochanin A CAY-10401 CAY-10429 Genistein Guineesine IDFP JNJ 1661010 JNJ-42165279 JZL184 JZL195 Kaempferol LY-2183240 MK-4409 O-1624 O-2093 Oleoylethanolamide
Oleoylethanolamide (OEA) Olvanil Palmitoylethanolamide
Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) PF-04457845 PF-622 PF-750 PF-3845 PHOP URB-447 URB-597 URB-602 URB-754 VDM-11

Anticannabinoids (antagonists/inverse agonists/antibodies)

AM-251 AM-281 AM-630 AM-1387 AM-4113 AM-6527 AM-6545 BML-190 Brizantin (Бризантин) CAY-10508 CB-25 CB-52 CB-86 Dietressa (Диетресса) Drinabant
Drinabant (AVE1625) Hemopressin Ibipinabant
Ibipinabant (SLV319) JTE-907 LH-21 LY-320,135 MDA-77 MJ-15 MK-9470 NESS-0327 NIDA-41020 O-606 O-1184 O-1248 O-1918 O-2050 O-2654 Otenabant
Otenabant (CP-945,598) PF-514273 PipISB PSB-SB-487 Rimonabant
Rimonabant (SR141716) Rosonabant
Rosonabant (E-6776) SR-144,528 Surinabant
Surinabant (SR147778) Taranabant
Taranabant (MK-0364) TM-38837 VCHSR

See also: Cannabinoid
Cannabinoid receptor modulators (cannabinoids by pharmacology) List of: AM cannabinoids JWH cannabinoids Designer drugs § Synthetic cannabimimetics

v t e

Cannabinoid
Cannabinoid receptor modulators

Receptor (ligands)

CB1

Agonists (abridged; see here for more): 2-AG 2-AGE (noladin ether) 11-Hydroxy-THC α-Amyrin β-Amyrin AB-CHMINACA AM-1172 AM-1220 AM-1221 AM-1235 AM-2201 AM-2232 Anandamide Arvanil AZ-11713908 Cannabinol CB-13 CP 47,497 CP 55,940 Dimethylheptylpyran DEA ECG EGCG Epicatechin Gallocatechol
Gallocatechol (gallocatechin) Honokiol HU-210 JWH-007 JWH-015 JWH-018 JWH-073 Kavain L-759,633 Levonantradol Menabitan Nabilone Nabitan NADA O-1812 Oleamide Pravadoline Serinolamide A THC (dronabinol) UR-144 WIN 55,212-2 Yangonin

Antagonists: AM-251 AM-6545 Cannabidiol Cannabigerol Drinabant Falcarinol
Falcarinol (carotatoxin) Hemopressin Ibipinabant LY-320,135 MK-9470 NESS-0327 O-2050 Otenabant PF-514273 PipISB Rimonabant Rosonabant Surinabant Taranabant THCV TM-38837 VCHSR Virodhamine

Antibodies: Brizantin (Бризантин) Dietressa (Диетресса)

Unknown/unsorted: MAFP

CB2

Agonists: 2-AG 2-AGE (noladin ether) 3,3'-Diindolylmethane 4-O-Methylhonokiol α-Amyrin β-Amyrin A-796,260 A-834,735 A-836,339 AM-1172 AM-1221 AM-1235 AM-1241 AM-2232 Anandamide AZ-11713908 Cannabinol Caryophyllene CB-13 CBS-0550 CP-55,940 GW-405,833
GW-405,833 (L-768,242) GW-842,166X HU-308 JTE 7-31 JWH-007 JWH-015 JWH-018 JWH-73 JWH-133 L-759,633 L-759,656 Magnolol MDA-19 Nabitan NADA PF-03550096 S-444,823 SER-601 Serinolamide A UR-144 Tedalinab THC (dronabinol) THCV Tetrahydromagnolol Virodhamine

Antagonists: 4-O-Methylhonokiol AM-630 BML-190 Cannabidiol Honokiol JTE-907 SR-144,528 WIN 54,461 WIN 56,098

NAGly (GPR18)

Agonists: Abnormal cannabidiol ACPA AM251 Anandamide Cannabidiol NADGly THC (dronabinol) O-1602

Antagonists: CID-85469571 O-1918

GPR55

Agonists: 2-AGE (noladin ether) 2-ALPI Abnormal cannabidiol AM-251 CID1011163 CID1252842 CID1792579 CP 55,940 GSK-494581A Lysophosphatidylinositol ML-184 ML-185 ML-186 O-1602 Oleoylethanolamide Palmitoylethanolamide THC (dronabinol)

Antagonists: Cannabidiol CID-16020046 ML-191 ML-192 ML-193 O-1918 PSB-SB-487 PSB-SB-1202 PSB-SB-1203 Tetrahydromagnolol

GPR119

Agonists: 2-Oleoylglycerol Anandamide APD668 AR-231,453 AS-1269574 MBX-2982 N-Oleoyldopamine Oleoylethanolamide Olvanil PSN-375,963 PSN-632,408

Transporter (modulators)

eCBTs

Inhibitors: 5'-DMH-CBD AM-404 AM-1172 Arachidonoyl serotonin Arvanil Cannabidiol Guineensine LY-2183240 O-2093 OMDM-2 Paracetamol
Paracetamol (acetaminophen) SB-FI-26 UCM-707 URB-597 VDM-11 WOBE490 WOBE491 WOBE492

Enzyme (modulators)

FAAH

Inhibitors: 4-Nonylphenylboronic acid AACOCF3 AM-404 Arachidonoyl serotonin BIA 10-2474 Biochanin A Genistein IDFP JNJ-1661010 JNJ-42165279 JZL-195 Kaempferol LY-2183240 MAFP Palmitoylisopropylamide Paracetamol
Paracetamol (acetaminophen) PF-3845 PF-04457845 PF-750 SA-47 SA-57 TAK 21d TC-F 2 UCM710 URB-597

Activators: PDP-EA

MAGL

Inhibitors: ABX-1431 IDFP JJKK 048 JW 642 JZL-184 JZL-195 JZP-361 KML 29 MAFP MJN110 NAM Pristimerin URB-602

ABHD6

Inhibitors: JZP-169 JZP-430 KT182 KT185 KT195 KT203 LEI-106 ML294 ML295 ML296 UCM710 WWL-70

ABHD12

Inhibitors: Betulinic acid Maslinic acid MAFP Oleanolic acid Orlistat
Orlistat (tetrahydrolipstatin) Ursolic acid

Others

Precursors: Phosphatidylethanolamine NAPE Diacylglycerol

Others: 2-PG (directly potentiates activity of 2-AG at CB1 receptor) ARN-272 (FAAH-like anandamide transporter inhibitor)

See also Receptor/signaling modulators Cannabinoids
Cannabinoids (cannabin