Surabaya

--- Advertisement ---

Surabaya
Surabaya (Indonesian pronunciation: [suraˈbaja]) (formerly Dutch: Soerabaja) is a port city and the capital of East Java
East Java (Jawa Timur) province of Indonesia. It is one of the earliest port cities in Southeast Asia. Located on northeastern Java
Java on the Madura
Madura Strait, it is the second-largest-city in Indonesia. As of the 2015 census, the city had a population over 3.4 million, approximately 8 million in the metropolitan area, and the extended metropolitan area, which is known as Gerbangkertosusila
Gerbangkertosusila is home for more than 12 million inhabitants.[1] During 18th and 19th centuries, Surabaya
Surabaya was the largest city in Dutch East Indies, larger than Batavia (at present Jakarta) and the center of trading in the nation, which was then a competitor of Shanghai
Shanghai and Hong Kong.[3] Today the city remains one of the important financial hubs of the Indonesian archipelago, arguably second only to Jakarta, and the Port of Tanjung Perak
Port of Tanjung Perak is Indonesia's second busiest seaport.

Contents

1 History

1.1 Etymology 1.2 Early history 1.3 Pre-colonial era 1.4 Colonial era 1.5 Independence era

2 Geography

2.1 Topography 2.2 Climate

3 Government 4 Demographics

4.1 Ethnicity 4.2 Language 4.3 Religion

5 Economy

5.1 Business 5.2 Business districts 5.3 Retail

6 Infrastructure

6.1 Architecture 6.2 Important landmarks 6.3 Military establishment 6.4 Transportation

6.4.1 Airport 6.4.2 Seaport 6.4.3 Train 6.4.4 Bus 6.4.5 Public transport

6.5 Suramadu Bridge

7 Sports 8 Education

8.1 Universities and post-secondary institutions 8.2 Primary and secondary schools

9 Cuisine 10 Twin towns – sister cities 11 Gallery 12 See also 13 References 14 Works cited 15 External links

History[edit] Etymology[edit]

Fighting shark and crocodile, the emblem of Surabaya
Surabaya city applied since colonial times, derived from local folk etymology

Surabaya
Surabaya alludes to a prophecy of Jayabaya, a 12th-century psychic king of Kediri Kingdom, foreseeing a fight between a giant white shark and a giant white crocodile taking place in the area, which is sometimes interpreted as foretelling the Mongol invasion of Java, a major conflict between the forces of Kublai Khan, Mongol ruler of China, and those of Raden Wijaya's Majapahit
Majapahit in 1293.[4][5] The two animals are now used as the city's symbol, with the two facing and circling each other, as depicted in a statue appropriately located near the entrance to the city zoo. Alternate derivations proliferate: from the Javanese "sura ing baya", meaning "bravely facing danger";[5] or from the use of "surya" to refer to the sun. Some people consider Jayabaya's prophecy as being about the great war between native Surabayan people and foreign invaders at the start of the war of independence in 1945. Another story tells of two heroes who fought each other in order to be the king of the city. The two heroes were named Sura and Baya. These folk etymologies, though embraced enthusiastically by its people and city leaders, are unverifiable.

Dutch residenthuis (Resident House) along the water in Surabaya

Red Bridge area from the air in the 1920s.

Early history[edit]

Map of Surabaya
Surabaya from an 1897 English travel-guide

The Kingdom of Janggala
Janggala was one of the two Javanese kingdoms that was formed in 1045 when Airlangga
Airlangga abdicated his throne in favour of his two sons. The earliest historical srecord of Surabaya
Surabaya was in the 1225 book Zhu fan zhi
Zhu fan zhi written by Zhao Rugua, in which it was called Jung-ya-lu.[6] The name Janggala
Janggala was probably originated from the name "Hujung Galuh" (Old Javanese lit: "Cape Diamond" or "Cape Gemstone"), or "Jung-ya-lu" according to Chinese source. Hujung Galuh was located on the estuarine of Brantas River
Brantas River and today is the part of modern Surabaya
Surabaya city and Sidoarjo
Sidoarjo Regency. By the 14th to 15th century, Surabaya
Surabaya seems to be one of Majapahit ports or coastal settlements, together with Tuban, Gresik, and Hujung Galuh (Sidoarjo). Ma Huan
Ma Huan documented the early fifteenth-century visit of Zheng He's treasure ships in his 1433 book Yingya Shenglan: "after traveling south for more than twenty li, the ship reached Sulumayi, whose foreign name is Surabaya. At the estuary, the outflowing water is fresh".[7] Ma Huan
Ma Huan visited Java
Java during Zheng He's 4th expedition in the 1413, during the reign of Majapahit
Majapahit king Wikramawardhana. He describes his travel to Majapahit
Majapahit capital, first he arrived to the port of Tu-pan (Tuban) where he saw large numbers of Chinese settlers migrated from Guangdong
Guangdong and Chou Chang. Then he sailed east to thriving new trading town of Ko-erh-hsi (Gresik), Su-pa-erh-ya (Surabaya), and then sailing inland into the river by smaller boat to southwest until reached the Brantas river port of Chang-ku (Changgu). Continued travel by land to southwest he arrived in Man-che-po-I (Majapahit), where the Javanese king stay.[8] Pre-colonial era[edit] By late 15th century, Islam
Islam began to take its root in Surabaya. The settlement of Ampel Denta, located around Ampel Mosque
Ampel Mosque in today Ampel sub-district, Semampir district, north Surabaya, was established by a charismatic Islamic proselytizer Sunan Ampel. In the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Surabaya
Surabaya grew to be a duchy, a major political and military power in eastern Java. The Portuguese writer Tomé Pires mentioned that a Muslim lord was in power in Surabaya
Surabaya in 1513 though likely still a vassal of the Hindu–Buddhist Majapahit.[9] At that time, Surabaya
Surabaya was already a major trading port,[10] owing to its location on the River Brantas delta and on the trade route between Malacca
Malacca and the Spice Islands
Spice Islands via the Java
Java Sea.[11] During the decline of Majapahit, the lord of Surabaya
Surabaya resisted the rise of the Demak Sultanate, and only submitted to its rule in 1530.[9][12] Surabaya
Surabaya became independent after the death of Sultan Trenggana of Demak in 1546.[13][14] The Duchy of Surabaya entered a conflict with, and was later captured by, the more powerful Sultanate of Mataram
Sultanate of Mataram in 1625 under Sultan Agung.[15]:31 It was one of Mataram's fiercest campaigns, in which they had to conquer Surabaya's allies, Sukadana and Madura, and to lay siege to the city before capturing it. With this conquest, Mataram then controlled almost the whole of Java, with the exception of the Sultanate of Banten
Sultanate of Banten and the Dutch settlement of Batavia.[15]:31 Colonial era[edit]

Handelstraat, Surabaya
Surabaya in the 1930s: subsequently the Jembatan Merah area.

The expanding Dutch East India Company
Dutch East India Company took the city over from a weakened Mataram in November 1743. In consolidating its rule over Surabaya
Surabaya and, in time, the rest of East Java, the Dutch collaborated with leading regional magnates, including Ngabehi Soero Pernollo (1720–1776), his brother Han Bwee Kong, Kapitein der Chinezen (1727–1778) and the latter's son, Han Chan Piet, Majoor der Chinezen (1759–1827), all from the powerful Han family of Lasem.[16][17] In the 18th and 19th centuries, Surabaya
Surabaya was the largest city in Dutch East Indies. Surabaya
Surabaya became a major trading center under the Dutch colonial government, and hosted the largest naval base in the colony. Surabaya
Surabaya was also the largest city in the colony serving as the center of Java's plantation economy, industry and were supported by its natural harbor.[18] In 1920, a census recorded that Batavia had become the largest city. In 1917, a revolt occurred among the soldiers and sailors of Surabaya, led by the Indies Social Democratic Association. The revolt was firmly crushed and the insurgents given harsh sentences.[citation needed] Independence era[edit]

The burnt-out car of Brigadier Mallaby on the spot where he was killed by pro-independence Indonesian soldiers during the Battle of Surabaya on 31 October 1945

Japan
Japan occupied the city in 1942, as part of the occupation of Indonesia, and it was bombed by the Allies in 1944. After Japanese surrender at the end of World War II Surabaya
Surabaya was seized by Indonesian nationalists. The young nation soon came into conflict with the British, who had become caretakers of the Dutch colony after the surrender of the Japanese. The Battle of Surabaya, one of the well-known battles of the Indonesian revolution, started after the Arek-Arek Suroboyo (Teenagers of Surabaya) assassinated the British Brigadier Mallaby on October 30, 1945 near Jembatan Merah (the "Red Bridge"), allegedly with a stray bullet. The Allies gave an ultimatum to the Republicans inside the city to surrender, but they refused. The ensuing battle, which cost thousands of lives, took place on November 10, which Indonesians subsequently celebrate as Hari Pahlawan (Heroes' Day). The incident of the red-white flag (the Dutch flag
Dutch flag at the top of Yamato Hotel's tower that was torn into the Indonesian red-white flag) by Bung Tomo
Bung Tomo is also recorded as a heroic feat during the struggle of this city. The city is known as Kota Pahlawan "city of heroes" due to the importance of the Battle of Surabaya
Battle of Surabaya in galvanizing Indonesian and international support for Indonesian independence
Indonesian independence during the Indonesian National Revolution. In June 2011, Surabaya
Surabaya received the Adipura Kencana Award as number one among 20 cities in Indonesia. Surabaya
Surabaya was reported by a Singaporean as being clean and green.[19] Geography[edit] Topography[edit]

Outskirt areas of Surabaya

Surabaya
Surabaya locates on the northern coast of East Java
East Java province. It is mostly lowlands with a river estuary of Kalimas, one of two branches of Brantas River. Surabaya
Surabaya city borders Madura Strait
Madura Strait in the north and east, Sidoarjo Regency
Sidoarjo Regency in the south, and Gresik
Gresik Regency in the west. The regencies surrounding Surabaya
Surabaya are:

Lamongan Regency
Lamongan Regency to the northwest Gresik
Gresik Regency to the west Bangkalan Regency
Bangkalan Regency to the northeast (on Madura
Madura island) Sidoarjo Regency
Sidoarjo Regency to the south, and Mojokerto
Mojokerto Regency Jombang Regency
Jombang Regency to the southwest

Like many other large Indonesian metropolises, many residents reside outside the city limits in a metropolitan area called Gerbangkertosusila. Climate[edit] Under the Köppen climate classification
Köppen climate classification system, Surabaya
Surabaya features a tropical wet and dry climate (Aw), with distinct wet and dry seasons. The city's wet season runs from November through June, while the dry season covers the remaining five months. Unlike a number of cities and regions with a tropical wet and dry climate, average high and low temperatures are very consistent throughout the course of the year, with an average high temperature of around 31 degrees Celsius and average low temperatures of around 26 degrees Celsius.

Climate data for Surabaya

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Average high °C (°F) 31.8 (89.2) 31.5 (88.7) 31.6 (88.9) 31.4 (88.5) 31.6 (88.9) 31.2 (88.2) 31.3 (88.3) 30.1 (86.2) 32.7 (90.9) 33.4 (92.1) 33.1 (91.6) 31.9 (89.4) 31.8 (89.2)

Average low °C (°F) 24.1 (75.4) 24.2 (75.6) 24.0 (75.2) 24.8 (76.6) 24.1 (75.4) 23.5 (74.3) 23.0 (73.4) 22.5 (72.5) 22.9 (73.2) 23.7 (74.7) 24.1 (75.4) 23.8 (74.8) 23.7 (74.7)

Average rainfall mm (inches) 327 (12.87) 275 (10.83) 283 (11.14) 181 (7.13) 159 (6.26) 101 (3.98) 22 (0.87) 15 (0.59) 17 (0.67) 47 (1.85) 105 (4.13) 219 (8.62) 1,751 (68.94)

Average rainy days 17 18 19 15 13 11 7 3 4 5 12 23 147

Source: World Meteorological Organization[20]

Wind Speed and Humidity data for Surabaya

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Maximum Wind Speed (km/h) 23 16 16 26 27 29 40 34 34 35 29 21 27.5

Average Wind Speed (km/h) 13.39 12.10 13.30 14.37 20.26 16.87 22.71 22.16 22.8 22.35 18.6 13.55 17.71

Minimum Wind Speed (km/h) 8 10 10 10 3 5 11 11 14 10 11 10 9.42

Maximum Humidity (%) 86 75 83 92 96 77 67 69 64 73 65 79 77.17

Average Humidity (%) 66.61 69.1 66.3 67.23 64.87 60.27 60.84 57.87 54.53 56.06 56.13 63.03 61.9

Minimum Humidity (%) 44 60 59 58 53 47 52 47 46 42 46 53 50.58

Source:[2]

Government[edit] The city has its own local government and legislative body. The mayor and members of representatives are locally elected by popular vote for a 5-year term.The city government enjoys greater decentralization of affairs than the provincial body, such as the provision of public schools, public health facilities and public transportation. Current Mayor of the city is Tri Rismaharini, who is the first female mayor in Surabaya
Surabaya and has led Surabaya
Surabaya to achieve multiple regional, national and international awards since her first term as Surabaya
Surabaya Mayor in 2010. In 2012 Surabaya
Surabaya was awarded the “ASEAN Environmentally Sustainable City Award”. Besides Mayor and Deputy Mayor, there is Surabaya
Surabaya Municipal People's Representative Council, which is a legislative body of 50 council members directly elected by the people in legislative elections every five years. Surabaya
Surabaya is divided into 31 kecamatan (districts),[21][22] and 161 urban villages. The dirtricts are grouped into 5 areas of Central, North, South, East and West. The districts are as follows,

Karang Pilang (72,469) Jambangan (46,430) Gayungan (42,717) Wonocolo (80,276) Tenggilis Mejoyo
Tenggilis Mejoyo (72,467) Gunung Anyar (62,120) Rungkut
Rungkut (121,084) Sukolilo (119,873) Mulyorejo (94,728) Gubeng
Gubeng (128,127) Wonokromo
Wonokromo (133,211)

Dukuh Pakis (64,249) Wiyung (67,987) Lakarsantri (51,195) Sambikerep (61,101) Tandes (103,084) Sukomanunggal (100,612) Sawahan (170,605) Tegalsari (85,606) Genteng (46,548) Tambaksari (204,805)

Kenjeran (163,438) Bulak, Surabya (37,214) Simokerto (79,319) Semampir (151,429) Pabean Cantian (69,423) Bubutan (84,465) Krembangan (106,664) Asemrowo (42,704) Benowo, Surabya (54,133) Pakal, Surabaya
Surabaya (47,404)

Demographics[edit] Surabaya
Surabaya is the second most populous city in Indonesia
Indonesia with 3,457,409 recorded in the chartered city limits (kota) in the 2015 census.[23] With the extended metropolitan development area called Gerbangkertosusila
Gerbangkertosusila (derived from Gresik-Bangkalan-Mojokerto-Surabaya-Sidoarjo-Lamongan) adding more than twelve million inhabitants in several cities and approximately 50 districts spread over non-contiguous urban areas including Gresik, Sidoarjo, Mojokerto
Mojokerto and Pasuruan
Pasuruan regencies. Though central government of Indonesia
Indonesia recognizes only the metropolitan area (Surabaya, Gresik and Sidarjo) as Greater Surabaya
Surabaya (Zona Surabaya
Surabaya Raya) with a population of 8,319,229 (2015), making Surabaya
Surabaya now the second largest metropolitan area in Indonesia. The city is highly urbanized, with industries centralized in the city, and contains slums. As the main education center, the city is also home for students from around Indonesia. Surabaya
Surabaya is an old city that has expanded over time, and its population continues to grow at approximately 2.2% per year. In recent years, more people have moved to Surabaya
Surabaya from nearby suburbs and villages in East Java Ethnicity[edit]

Kya-Kya or Kembang Jepun, The city's Chinatown

Ethnic Javanese people
Javanese people are the majority in Surabaya, with Chinese Indonesians, Indian Indonesians
Indian Indonesians and ethnic Madurese being significant minorities in the city. Surabaya
Surabaya also has ethnic populations from other parts of Indonesia: Sundanese, Minang, Batak, Banjar, Balinese, and Bugis. Language[edit] Most citizens speak a dialect of Indonesian/Javanese called Suroboyoan, a sub-dialect of the Arekan dialect. A stereotype of this dialect concerns equality and directness in speech. The usage of register is less strict than the Central Java
Java dialect. The Suroboyoan dialect is a mixture of both Bahasa Indonesia
Indonesia and Javanese, also with some significant influence from foreign languages such as Madurese etc., which has formed a special dialect known as Suroboyoan. The Suroboyoan dialect is actively promoted in local media, such as in local TV shows, radio, newspapers and traditional dramas called Ludruk. Religion[edit]

Al-Akbar National Mosque

Although around 85% of citizens in Surabaya
Surabaya adhere to Sunni Islam, other major religions include Christianity
Christianity (Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, and Orthodox), of whom the majority are Roman Catholics. The influence of Hinduism
Hinduism is strong in basic Surabayan culture, but only a minority of the population adheres to Hinduism mostly among the ethnic Indian minority. There is also significant population of Chinese Indonesians
Chinese Indonesians who adhere to Buddhism
Buddhism and Confucianism, and a small community of Dutch Jews who adhere to Judaism. The city had an influential role as a major Islamic center in Java during the Wali Sanga
Wali Sanga era. The prominent and honored Islamic figure in Surabaya
Surabaya was Sunan Ampel
Sunan Ampel (Raden Rahmat). His tomb is a sacred religious site in the city and is visited by Surabayans and pilgrims from different parts of Indonesia. The largest Muslim organization in Indonesia, Nahdlatul Ulama
Nahdlatul Ulama was established in Surabaya
Surabaya on 26 January 1926. Al-Akbar Mosque
Al-Akbar Mosque is the largest mosque in Surabaya.

Tian Ti Pagoda

Christianity
Christianity as a whole in Surabaya
Surabaya is mainly practised by Chinese Indonesians as well as native Javanese, Bataks and Ambonese
Ambonese who attend either a Roman Catholic or Protestant church. A minority of Javanese practice at the Gereja Kejawen, a branch of native Christianity.There are around 15 churches in Surabaya, which vary in size. Gereja Katolik Kelahiran Santa Perawan Maria (The Church of The Nativity of Blessed Virgin Mary), also known as Gereja Kepanjen, built in 1815 as the first church in Surabaya
Surabaya and one of the oldest churches in Indonesia. The main Orthodox Church in Indonesia, St Nikolas Church, is also based in Surabaya. The Orthodox Christian Center Surabaya
Surabaya was opened on 15 October 2008.[24] Once the major religion in Surabaya
Surabaya and across the archipelago during the Majapahit
Majapahit era, Hinduism
Hinduism played a major role on traditional Surabayan culture. Small Hindu communities still exist in Surabaya most commonly in the eastern sections of the city. Surabaya
Surabaya was the location of the only synagogue in Java, but it rarely obtained a minyan (quorum). The synagogue was destroyed in protests and riots related to Palestine-Israeli conflict.[citation needed] There is still a Jewish cemetery in the city.[25][26] Economy[edit] Since the early 1900s, Surabaya
Surabaya has been one of the most important and busiest trading city ports in Asia. Principal exports from the port, include sugar, tobacco and coffee. Its rich history as a trading port has led to a strong financial infrastructure with modern economic institutions such as banks, insurance and sound export-import companies. The economy is influenced by the recent growth in foreign industries and the completion of the Suramadu Bridge. The high potential and economic activities make the city an attractive destination to foreign investors. The city is home to a large shipyard, and numerous specialized naval schools. Business[edit] As the provincial capital, Surabaya
Surabaya has a number of offices and business centers. As a metropolitan city, Surabaya
Surabaya became the center of economic, financial and business activities in East Java
East Java and beyond. Also, Surabaya
Surabaya is the second largest port city in Indonesia after Jakarta. As a trading center, Surabaya
Surabaya is not only a trade center for East Java
East Java but also facilitates areas in Central Java, Kalimantan
Kalimantan and Eastern Indonesia. Surabaya's strategic location is almost in the center of Indonesia
Indonesia and just south of Asia makes it one of the important hubs for trading activities in Southeast Asia. Surabaya
Surabaya is currently in the process of building high rise skyscrapers, including apartments, condominiums, and hotels, by way of attracting foreign capital. Surabaya
Surabaya and the surrounding area is undergoing the most rapidly growing economic development in East Java and one of the most advanced in Indonesia. The city is also one of the most important cities in supporting Indonesia's economy. Most of the population is engaged in services, industry and trade. Surabaya
Surabaya is a fast growing trading center. Major industries include shipbuilding, heavy equipment, food processing and agriculture, electronics, home furnishings, and handicrafts. Many major multinational companies are based in Surabaya, such as PT Sampoerna Tbk, Maspion, Wing's Group, Unilever Indonesia, Pakuwon Group, Jawa Pos Group and PT PAL Indonesia. Business districts[edit] The area in between Jalan Basuki Rachmat, Jalan Embong Malang, and Jalan Bubutan has grown as a business center and has turned into one of the main heart of business and trade activities in Surabaya. Some of the important buildings in this area include Wisma BRI Surabaya, Hotel Bumi Surabaya, Wisma Dharmala Surabaya, The Peak Residence, Sheraton Hotel etc. Another cluster around Jalan Mayjend Sungkono, Jalan Adityawarman, Jalan HR Muhammad, and Jalan Bukit Darmo has grown as a new business center of the city. This area has now grown as one of the most rapidly growing commercial and business centers in East Java, with high rise buildings. Some of the tallest buildings in Surabaya
Surabaya located in this area, such as Adhiwangsa Apartment, Waterplace Residence, Puri Matahari, Beverly Park Apartment, The Via & The Vue Apartment, Ciputra World Hotel, Puncak Permai Apartment, Rich Palace Hotel, and so forth. Retail[edit] Surabaya
Surabaya has plenty of shopping centers like other major cities of Indonesia, ranging from traditional markets to most modern shopping malls. Outlets of local and international brands have presence in modern shopping malls. There are many dedicated markets for electronic goods, gadgets and computer hardware.

Plaza Tunjungan

Some important shopping malls of the city are:

BG Junction Ciputra World Surabaya City of Tomorrow East Coast Center and Food Festival Galaxy Mall Grand City HI-Tech Mall ITC Surabaya Jembatan Merah Plaza Lenmarc Marvell City Pakuwon Trade Center Pakuwon Mall Pasar Atom Mall Tunjungan Plaza Surabaya
Surabaya Town Square World Trade Center Surabaya.

Infrastructure[edit] Architecture[edit] See also: List of tallest buildings in Surabaya

Cheng Hoo (Zheng He) Mosque, Surabaya

Majapahit
Majapahit Hotel building is a cultural heritage of Surabaya

Architecture in Surabaya
Surabaya is a mixture of colonial, Asian, Javanese, modern, and post-modern influences. There are still many colonial era relics still standing today, such as Hotel Majapahit
Majapahit and Surabaya
Surabaya Post Office. As a relatively old city in Indonesia
Indonesia and Southeast Asia, most colonial buildings in Surabaya
Surabaya were built around the 17th century to early 20th century. These buildings have influence of Dutch / European style in the Middle Ages. Before the Second World War, there were many shop houses in the old part of the city, mostly of two storey. These shop houses have influence of European and Chinese traditions. Although some have been dismantled for new construction, there are still many old buildings that are preserved as cultural heritage and city icons, which are around the area of Kembang Jepun Street, Karet Street, Gula Street, Slompretan Street, and Rajawali Street. After independence of Indonesia, the center of Surabaya's architectural development was concentrated only in the area of Jembatan Merah, and its surroundings. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, modern and post-modern style buildings were increasingly emerging in Surabaya. Along with the economic development, such buildings continue to grow in Surabaya
Surabaya until now. In the era of 2010s, Surabaya
Surabaya has become a region for high-rise buildings in East Java, such as The Peak Residence and One Icon Residence (200 meters). Important landmarks[edit]

Kebun Binatang Surabaya
Surabaya ( Surabaya
Surabaya Zoo) opened in 1916. It was the first in the world to have successfully bred orangutans in captivity. Zheng He
Zheng He Mosque, a recently built mosque, one of the unique mosques with Chinese-style architecture in Indonesia. Dedicated to the Hui Chinese diplomat, Zheng He. Al-Akbar Mosque, the largest mosque in Jawa Timur.[27] Gereja Katolik Kelahiran Santa Perawan Maria, one of the first churches to be built in Indonesia, and the first one ever built in Jawa Timur. Hero monument, a 41 metres (135 ft) high monument, is the main symbol of Surabaya
Surabaya and commemorates the heroes of the revolutionary struggle. There is a museum on location as well, exhibiting reminders of the struggle for independence. Museum Nahdlatul Ulama, the resource center of the culture and history of Nahdlatul Ulama, an independent Islamic religious organization. Museum Bank Indonesia, a bank museum occupying the former De Javasche Bank built in 1904. House of Sampoerna, a museum devoted to the history of clove cigarette (kretek) manufacturing in Indonesia, housed in Dutch colonial buildings dating to 1864.[28] Jalesveva Jayamahe Monument, a large, admiral-like statue which commemorates the Indonesian Navy. Monkasel, abbreviated from Monumen Kapal Selam ( Submarine
Submarine Monument) [29] A Soviet-built Whiskey class submarine
Whiskey class submarine (named KRI Pasopati (410)), first launched in 1952, served in the Indonesian Navy
Indonesian Navy from 1962 until decommissioned in 1990.[30] After her decommissioning, Pasopati was dismantled and transferred to its present site in 1996. The submarine was reassembled on the current site and opened as a museum and tourist attraction in 1998. Kenjeran Beach, located in the eastern of Surabaya, which also housed Sanggar Agung, a Chinese temple build over the sea. Market of the Chinese Tomb,[31] last resting place of Han Bwee Kong, Kapitein der Chinezen, magnate, mandarin and landlord in Surabaya
Surabaya and East Java, and patriarch of the patrician Han family of Lasem [32] Han Ancestral Hall,[33] a historic house that serves as a memorial temple for the ancestors of the Han family of Lasem[34][35] Tomb of Sunan Ampel Bungkul Park

Military establishment[edit] The Eastern Fleet is headquartered here. It is one of two fleets in the Indonesian Navy. Its maritime heritage is also represented in a form of KRI Pasopati Submarine
Submarine Monument, a retired Russian Whiskey class submarine.[36][37] Transportation[edit]

Ujung passenger Port

Transportation in Surabaya
Surabaya is supported by land and sea infrastructure serving local, regional, and international journeys. Air transport is located at Juanda Airport, Sedati, Sidoarjo). Intracity transport is primarily by motor vehicles, motorcycles and taxis with limited public bus transport available. Surabaya
Surabaya is also a transit city between Jakarta
Jakarta and Bali
Bali for ground transportation. Another bus route is between Jakarta
Jakarta and the neighboring island of Madura. Airport[edit] Surabaya's Juanda International Airport
Juanda International Airport is a passenger and cargo airport which also serves as Surabaya's Navy Airbase, operated by the TNI-AL (Indonesian Navy) and located just outside Surabaya, on the outskirts of Sidoarjo. This airport has served Surabaya
Surabaya for many years, and currently has 2 terminals, with domestic flights served from Terminal 1 and all international flights and Garuda Indonesia's domestic flights serviced from Terminal 2. Although considered smaller than Kuala Namu International Airport in Medan
Medan and Ngurah Rai International Airport in Denpasar, Bali, Juanda International Airport is still regarded as Indonesia's second busiest airport right after Jakarta's Soekarno Hatta International Airport Seaport[edit] See also: Port of Tanjung Perak Port of Tanjung Perak
Port of Tanjung Perak is the trading port in East Java
East Java and is one of the busiest ports in the country. It is the second largest port of trade, container and passenger in Indonesia
Indonesia after the Port of Tanjung Priok in Jakarta. There is also Teluk Lamong Port Terminal, which is the main buffer terminal terminal of Tanjung Perak Port. The port terminal of Lamong Bay is the first green port in Indonesia
Indonesia and is one of the most sophisticated port terminals in the world where the entire operating system is automated. Train[edit] Further information: Commuter Rail in Surabaya The city has three major train stations, being Surabaya
Surabaya Kota (also known as Semut), Pasar Turi, and Gubeng. Surabaya's main train station is Pasar Turi Station. The Argo Bromo Anggrek
Argo Bromo Anggrek operated by PT Kereta Api (Indonesia's main rail operator) connects Surabaya
Surabaya from this station to Gambir Station
Gambir Station (Jakarta). Both economy and executive class trains are served to and from Surabaya.

pedicabs (becak) in the street in Surabaya

Bus[edit] The main bus terminal is Terminal Purabaya (located in Bungurasih, Waru, Sidoarjo), the other major terminal is Osowilangon in Tambak, Surabaya. Public transport[edit] There are various kinds of local transport including: taxi-cabs, shuttle bus, city bus, Angguna, pedicab and commuter trains. Online transportation services like GO-JEK, Uber, and Grab are also available in Surabaya. Suramadu Bridge[edit]

Suramadu Bridge, The longest bridge in Indonesia

The Suramadu Bridge
Suramadu Bridge (derived from Surabaya-Madura) connects Surabaya and Madura
Madura Island over the Madura
Madura Strait. A 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) highway has been proposed to be built from the Suramadu Bridge to Madura
Madura International Seaport-City in Pernajuh village, Kocah district, Bangkalan, Madura
Madura at a cost of approximately Rp. 60 billion (US$7 billion). This container port was built to ease the burden on Surabaya's overloaded Tanjung Perak Port.[38] Sports[edit] The city has one professional football club, Persebaya. The club has won the Indonesian Premier Division three times–twice when the division was the first tier and once as the second tier. Fans refer to themselves as Bonek, an abbreviation for Bondo Nekat (which translates as "equipped by bravery"). The city is the home of CLS Knights Indonesia, a basketball club which participated in Asean Basketball League. Surabaya
Surabaya has a multi-purpose stadium, Gelora Bung Tomo
Bung Tomo Stadium. The stadium is used mostly for football matches. It is the new home stadium of Persebaya, replacing Gelora 10 November Stadium.[39] It was the venue of a match between Persebaya 1927 against then–English Premier League
Premier League club Queens Park Rangers, held on 23 July 2012. Education[edit] Universities and post-secondary institutions[edit] Surabaya
Surabaya has several major universities and institutions, including those with religious or technical specialties:

Airlangga
Airlangga University (UNAIR), a major public research university in Indonesia
Indonesia based in Surabaya
Surabaya and Banyuwangi. Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology
Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology (ITS), a public technological institute teaches robotics and mechanics, and is the center of Ship and Ocean Structure Design to support offshore exploration. State University of Surabaya
State University of Surabaya (UNESA), a university educating teachers; also with programs in Economics, Technology, and Law. State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel
Sunan Ampel (UINSA), a public university for Islamic studies. Narotama University (UNNAR), Surabaya Electronic Engineering Polytechnic Institute of Surabaya (PENS-PPNS), a technical institution located in Surabaya. Adhi Tama Institute of Technology Surabaya, an institute specializing in Technical Studies. Hang Tuah University Surabaya, a private university specializing in Maritime Studies. Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Jawa Timur Institut Sains Terapan dan Teknologi Surabaya, an institute specializing in Computer Programming. Universitas Kristen Petra, a Christian university in Indonesia. Pelita Harapan University Widya Mandala Catholic University
Widya Mandala Catholic University (3 campuses), a Catholic private university in Surabaya
Surabaya with facilities for Healthcare Studies at a newly opened third campus in the eastern part of the city University of Surabaya, a private university teaching Pharmacy and Psychology. Universitas Bhayangkara, a university affiliated with Indonesian Police Department of East Java. Wijaya Kusuma University Surabaya, a university which is the oldest private faculty of medicine in eastern Indonesia. Established in 1981, The Faculty of Medicine was founded in 1986. Wijaya Putra University a Public University established in 1984 Ciputra University, a private entrepreneurial-oriented university founded in 2006 by the Ciputra Group.

Primary and secondary schools[edit] International schools include:

Surabaya
Surabaya Intercultural School Surabaya
Surabaya Japanese School (スラバヤ日本人学校) Surabaya
Surabaya Taipei International School; 印尼泗水臺灣學校) [40] Surabaya
Surabaya European School

Private schools include:

St. Louis Catholic School Angelus Custos Catholic School GLORIA Christian School Petra Christian School IPH Christian School

Cuisine[edit] See also: Javanese cuisine

Rujak cingur, specialty of Surabaya.

As a metropolitan city, all types of Indonesian cuisine
Indonesian cuisine and other international restaurants have a presence. However, as the capital of East Java, cuisines from the province dominates the culinary culture of the city. East Javanese cuisines include a variety of processed fruits, crisps temph, Bakpao
Bakpao telo, Bakso
Bakso Malang, Rawan, Tahu campur lamongan, Cwie noodles, tahu takwa, tahu pong, getuk pisang, pecel madiun, wingko, tape, nasi krawu, otak-otak bandeng, bonggolan, shrimp crackers, shrimp paste, petis, Tempeh Chips, tahu tepo, Nasi lethok, sego tempong, salad soup, pecel rawon, Suwar-suwir, tape proll, gaplek, lodho, goat satay, and pecel tulungagung. Surabaya
Surabaya is famous for Rawon, Rojak cingur, Semanggi, Lontong
Lontong Balap, clams satay, mussels, and rice cake.

Rujak cingur:[41] a marinated cow snout or lips and noses (cingur), served with boiled vegetables and shrimp crackers. It is then dressed in a sauce made of caramelized fermented shrimp paste (petis), peanuts, chili, and spices. It is usually served with lontong, a boiled rice cake. Rujak cingur is considered traditional food of Surabaya. Rawon: a dark beef soup, served with mung bean sprouts and the ubiquitous sambal. The dark (almost black) color comes from the kluwak (Pangium edule) nuts. Lontong
Lontong kupang: lontong with small cockles in petis sauce. Semanggi: a salad made of boiled semanggi (M. crenata) leaves that grow in paddy fields. It is dressed in a spicy peanut sauce.

Twin towns – sister cities[edit] See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Indonesia Surabaya
Surabaya is twinned with:[42]

Kitakyushu, Japan
Japan (since 1992) Seattle, United States
United States (since 1992)[43] New Orleans, United States Portland, United States Johor Bahru, Malaysia Kuala Belait, Brunei
Brunei Darussalam Den Haag, Netherlands Busan, South Korea
South Korea (since 1994) İzmir, Turkey
Turkey (since 1996) Western Australia, Australia Varna, Bulgaria Iskandariyah, Egypt Kaoshiung, Taiwan Mashhad, Iran Kōchi, Japan
Japan (since 1997) [44] Monterrey, Mexico
Mexico (since 2001) Guangzhou, China
China (since 2005)[45] Xiamen, China
China (since 2008) Wuhan, China

Gallery[edit]

Mosque in Surabaya