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Saurichthyiformes is an
/ref> **** †''Saurichthys curionii'' (Bellotti 1857) **** †''Saurichthys daubreei'' Firtion 1934 **** †''Saurichthys dawaziensis'' Wu et al. 2009 **** †''Saurichthys dianneae'' Maxwell et al. 2016 **** †''Saurichthys dongusensis'' Minich 1992 **** †''Saurichthys eximius'' Minikh 1982 **** †''Saurichthys gigas'' (Woodward 1890), non von Quenstedt 1858 **** †''Saurichthys gracilis'' (Woodward 1890) **** †''Saurichthys grignae'' Tintori 2013 **** †''Saurichthys gypsophilus'' Reis 1892 **** †''Saurichthys hamiltoni'' Stensiö 1925 **** †''Saurichthys hoffmanni'' Werneburg et al. 2014 **** †''Saurichthys huanshenensis'' Chou & Liu 1957 **** †''Saurichthys irregularis'' Oertle 1928 **** †''Saurichthys latifrons'' Eck 1865 **** †''Saurichthys lepidosteoides'' Frech 1903 **** †''Saurichthys macrocephalus'' (Deecke 1889) **** †''Saurichthys majiashanensis'' Tintori et al. 2014 **** †''Saurichthys minimahleri'' Werneburg et al. 2014 **** †''Saurichthys nepalensis'' Beltan & Janvier 1978 **** †''Saurichthys obrutchevi'' Minich 1981 **** †''Saurichthys orientalis'' Sytchevskaya 1999 **** †''Saurichthys parvidens'' Wade 1935 **** †''Saurichthys piveteaui'' Beltan 1968 **** †''Saurichthys proximus'' Minich 1981 **** †''Saurichthys rieppeli'' Maxwell et al. 2015 **** †''Saurichthys sceltrichensis'' Renesto et al. 2021 **** †''Saurichthys seefeldensis'' Kner 1867 **** †''Saurichthys spinosa'' Wu et al. 2018 **** †''Saurichthys stensioi'' Lehman 1952 **** †''Saurichthys sui'' Fang & Wu 2022 **** †''Saurichthys tenuirostris'' Münster 1839 **** †''Saurichthys tertius'' Minich 1982 **** †''Saurichthys ultimus'' Minikh 1992 **** †''Saurichthys vjuschkovi'' Minikh 1983 **** †''Saurichthys yangjuanensis'' Wu et al. 2015 **** †''Saurichthys yunnanensis'' Zhang, Zhou, Lu & Bai 2010 *** Subgenus †'' Costasaurichthys'' Tintori, 2013 **** †''Saurichthys'' (''Costasaurichthys'') ''costasquamosus'' Rieppel 1985 (
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Saurichthyiformes is an extinct
Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and ...
order of ray-finned fish
Actinopterygii (; ), members of which are known as ray-finned fishes, is a class of bony fish. They comprise over 50% of living vertebrate species.
The ray-finned fishes are so called because their fins are webs of skin supported by bony or hor ...
which existed in Asia
Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an area ...
, Africa
Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...
, Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...
, Europe
Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...
and North America
North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Car ...
, during the late Permian
Late may refer to:
* LATE, an acronym which could stand for:
** Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy, a proposed form of dementia
** Local-authority trading enterprise, a New Zealand business law
** Local average treatment effect, ...
to early Middle Jurassic
The Middle Jurassic is the second epoch of the Jurassic Period. It lasted from about 174.1 to 163.5 million years ago. Fossils of land-dwelling animals, such as dinosaurs, from the Middle Jurassic are relatively rare, but geological formations co ...
. Saurichthyiiformes comprise two families, Saurichthyidae and Yelangichthyidae. Whereas Yelangichthyidae is monotypic
In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does not include subspecies or smaller, infraspecific taxa. In the case of genera, the term "unispec ...
, Saurichthyidae includes at least two genera, ''Saurorhynchus
''Saurorhynchus'' (= ''Acidorhynchus'') is an extinct genus of carnivorous bony fish. It is the youngest representative of the family Saurichthyidae and the order Saurichthyiformes. This family is known for its large, elongate jaws, similar to ...
'' and the very speciose ''Saurichthys
''Saurichthys'' (from el, σαῦρος , 'lizard' and el, ἰχθῦς 'fish') is an extinct genus of predatory ray-finned fish from the Triassic period. It type genus family Saurichthyidae (Changhsingian- Middle Jurassic), and the larges ...
''. Additionally, the subgenera
In biology, a subgenus (plural: subgenera) is a taxonomic rank directly below genus.
In the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, a subgeneric name can be used independently or included in a species name, in parentheses, placed between t ...
'' Costasaurichthys'', '' Eosaurichthys'', '' Lepidosaurichthys'', and ''Sinosaurichthys
''Sinosaurichthys'' is an extinct genus of saurichthyid ray-finned fish, which existed in southwestern China during the Middle Triassic (Anisian age). Fossils have been found in the Upper Member of the Guanling Formation of two localities: Ya ...
'' are frequently used to group species. Saurichthyiforms were highly successful predators, and with ''Yelangichthys'' possibly even included durophagous
Durophagy is the eating behavior of animals that consume hard-shelled or exoskeleton bearing organisms, such as corals, shelled mollusks, or crabs. It is mostly used to describe fish, but is also used when describing reptiles, including fossil tu ...
forms. Species are known from both marine end freshwater deposits. They had their highest diversity during the Early and Middle Triassic
In the geologic timescale, the Middle Triassic is the second of three epochs of the Triassic period or the middle of three series in which the Triassic system is divided in chronostratigraphy. The Middle Triassic spans the time between Ma and ...
.
Systematics
* Order †Saurichthyiformes Aldinger, 1937 aurichthyida Berg, 1937/small> ** Family † Saurichthyidae Owen 1860 aurichthyoidei Bleeker 1859; Belonorhynchidae Woodward 1888; Saurorhynchidae Jordan, 1905*** Genus †''Saurichthys
''Saurichthys'' (from el, σαῦρος , 'lizard' and el, ἰχθῦς 'fish') is an extinct genus of predatory ray-finned fish from the Triassic period. It type genus family Saurichthyidae (Changhsingian- Middle Jurassic), and the larges ...
'' Agassiz, 1834 [''Belonorhynchus'' Bronn 1858; ''Brevisaurichthys'' Beltan 1972; ''Giffonus'' Costa 1862; ''Gymnosaurichthys'' Berg 1940; ''Ichthyorhynchus'' Bellotti 1857; ''Stylorhynchus'' Martin 1873, non Lesson 1847, non Stein 1848; ''Systolichthys'' Beltan 1972]
**** †''Saurichthys apicalis'' Agassiz 1834 (type species
In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen ...
)
**** †''Saurichthys breviabdominalis'' Maxwell et al. 2015Discovery of two new species of primitive fishes/ref> **** †''Saurichthys curionii'' (Bellotti 1857) **** †''Saurichthys daubreei'' Firtion 1934 **** †''Saurichthys dawaziensis'' Wu et al. 2009 **** †''Saurichthys dianneae'' Maxwell et al. 2016 **** †''Saurichthys dongusensis'' Minich 1992 **** †''Saurichthys eximius'' Minikh 1982 **** †''Saurichthys gigas'' (Woodward 1890), non von Quenstedt 1858 **** †''Saurichthys gracilis'' (Woodward 1890) **** †''Saurichthys grignae'' Tintori 2013 **** †''Saurichthys gypsophilus'' Reis 1892 **** †''Saurichthys hamiltoni'' Stensiö 1925 **** †''Saurichthys hoffmanni'' Werneburg et al. 2014 **** †''Saurichthys huanshenensis'' Chou & Liu 1957 **** †''Saurichthys irregularis'' Oertle 1928 **** †''Saurichthys latifrons'' Eck 1865 **** †''Saurichthys lepidosteoides'' Frech 1903 **** †''Saurichthys macrocephalus'' (Deecke 1889) **** †''Saurichthys majiashanensis'' Tintori et al. 2014 **** †''Saurichthys minimahleri'' Werneburg et al. 2014 **** †''Saurichthys nepalensis'' Beltan & Janvier 1978 **** †''Saurichthys obrutchevi'' Minich 1981 **** †''Saurichthys orientalis'' Sytchevskaya 1999 **** †''Saurichthys parvidens'' Wade 1935 **** †''Saurichthys piveteaui'' Beltan 1968 **** †''Saurichthys proximus'' Minich 1981 **** †''Saurichthys rieppeli'' Maxwell et al. 2015 **** †''Saurichthys sceltrichensis'' Renesto et al. 2021 **** †''Saurichthys seefeldensis'' Kner 1867 **** †''Saurichthys spinosa'' Wu et al. 2018 **** †''Saurichthys stensioi'' Lehman 1952 **** †''Saurichthys sui'' Fang & Wu 2022 **** †''Saurichthys tenuirostris'' Münster 1839 **** †''Saurichthys tertius'' Minich 1982 **** †''Saurichthys ultimus'' Minikh 1992 **** †''Saurichthys vjuschkovi'' Minikh 1983 **** †''Saurichthys yangjuanensis'' Wu et al. 2015 **** †''Saurichthys yunnanensis'' Zhang, Zhou, Lu & Bai 2010 *** Subgenus †'' Costasaurichthys'' Tintori, 2013 **** †''Saurichthys'' (''Costasaurichthys'') ''costasquamosus'' Rieppel 1985 (
type species
In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen ...
)
**** †''Saurichthys'' (''Costasaurichthys'') ''paucitrichus'' Rieppel 1992
*** Subgenus †'' Eosaurichthys'' Liu & Wei, 1988
**** †''Saurichthys'' (''Eosaurichthys'') ''chaoi'' (Liu and Wei 1988) (type species
In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen ...
)
**** †''Saurichthys'' (''Eosaurichthys'') ''madagascariensis'' Piveteau 1945
*** Subgenus †'' Lepidosaurichthys'' Tintori, 2013
**** †''Saurichthys'' (''Lepidosaurichthys'') ''dayi'' (Raymond 1925) (type species
In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen ...
)
**** †''Saurichthys'' (''Lepidosaurichthys'') ''elongatus'' Stensiö 1925
**** †''Saurichthys'' (''Lepidosaurichthys'') ''ornatus'' Stensiö 1925
**** †''Saurichthys'' (''Lepidosaurichthys'') ''toxolepis'' Mutter et al. 2008
**** †''Saurichthys'' (''Lepidosaurichthys'') ''wimani'' (Woodward 1912)
*** Subgenus †''Sinosaurichthys
''Sinosaurichthys'' is an extinct genus of saurichthyid ray-finned fish, which existed in southwestern China during the Middle Triassic (Anisian age). Fossils have been found in the Upper Member of the Guanling Formation of two localities: Ya ...
'' Wu ''et al.'', 2010
File:2010 Events Collage New.png, From top left, clockwise: The 2010 Chile earthquake was one of the strongest recorded in history; The Eruption of Eyjafjallajökull in Iceland disrupts air travel in Europe; A scene from the opening ceremony of ...
**** †''Saurichthys'' (''Sinosaurichthys'') ''longipectoralis'' Wu et al. 2009 (type species
In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen ...
)
**** †''Saurichthys'' (''Sinosaurichthys'') ''longimedialis'' Wu et al. 2009
**** †''Saurichthys'' (''Sinosaurichthys'') ''minuta'' Wu et al. 2009
*** Genus †''Saurorhynchus
''Saurorhynchus'' (= ''Acidorhynchus'') is an extinct genus of carnivorous bony fish. It is the youngest representative of the family Saurichthyidae and the order Saurichthyiformes. This family is known for its large, elongate jaws, similar to ...
'' Reis, 1892 'Acidorhynchus'' Stensiö, 1925**** †''Saurichthys'' (''Saurorhynchus'') ''calcaratus'' Griffith 1977
**** †''Saurichthys'' (''Saurorhynchus'') ''deperditus'' (Costa 1862)
**** †''Saurichthys'' (''Saurorhynchus'') ''striolatus'' Bronn 1858
**** †''Saurorhynchus acutus'' (Agassiz 1844) (type species
In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen ...
)
**** †''Saurorhynchus anningae'' Maxwell & Stumpf 2017
**** †''Saurorhynchus brevirostris'' (Woodward 1895)
**** †''Saurorhynchus hauffi'' Maxwell & Stumpf 2017
** Family † Yelangichthyidae Wu et al., 2013
*** Genus †'' Yelangichthys'' Wu et al., 2013
**** †''Yelangichthys macrocephalus'' Wu et al., 2013 (type species
In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen ...
)
Phylogeny
Modified from Maxwell et al. (also see Renesto et al., Argyriou et al. and Gardiner et al.)Timeline of genera
Late
Late may refer to:
* LATE, an acronym which could stand for:
** Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy, a proposed form of dementia
** Local-authority trading enterprise, a New Zealand business law
** Local average treatment effect, ...
from: -251.902 till: -247 color:earlytriassic text: E.
from: -247 till: -237 color:middletriassic text: Middle
from: -237 till: -201.3 color:latetriassic text:Late
Late may refer to:
* LATE, an acronym which could stand for:
** Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy, a proposed form of dementia
** Local-authority trading enterprise, a New Zealand business law
** Local average treatment effect, ...
from: -201.3 till: -174.1 color:earlyjurassic text: Early
from: -174.1 till: -163.5 color:middlejurassic text: Middle
from: -163.5 till: -145 color:latejurassic text:Late
Late may refer to:
* LATE, an acronym which could stand for:
** Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy, a proposed form of dementia
** Local-authority trading enterprise, a New Zealand business law
** Local average treatment effect, ...
bar:eratop
from: -298.9 till: -251.902 color:permian text:Permian
The Permian ( ) is a geologic period and stratigraphic system which spans 47 million years from the end of the Carboniferous Period million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Triassic Period 251.9 Mya. It is the last period of the Paleoz ...
from: -251.902 till: -201.3 color:triassic text:Triassic
The Triassic ( ) is a geologic period and system which spans 50.6 million years from the end of the Permian Period 251.902 million years ago ( Mya), to the beginning of the Jurassic Period 201.36 Mya. The Triassic is the first and shortest period ...
from: -201.3 till: -145 color:jurassic text:Jurassic
The Jurassic ( ) is a Geological period, geologic period and System (stratigraphy), stratigraphic system that spanned from the end of the Triassic Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period, approximately Mya. The J ...
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color:latepermian bar:NAM1 from:-254.14 till:-251.2 text: Eosaurichthys
color:middletriassic bar:NAM2 from:-242 till:-237 text: Costasaurichthys
color:earlytriassic bar:NAM3 from:-251.2 till:-248 text: Lepidosaurichthys
color:earlytriassic bar:NAM4 from:-251.902 till:-201.3 text:Saurichthys
''Saurichthys'' (from el, σαῦρος , 'lizard' and el, ἰχθῦς 'fish') is an extinct genus of predatory ray-finned fish from the Triassic period. It type genus family Saurichthyidae (Changhsingian- Middle Jurassic), and the larges ...
color:earlyjurassic bar:NAM5 from:-227.0 till:-170.3 text:Saurorhynchus
''Saurorhynchus'' (= ''Acidorhynchus'') is an extinct genus of carnivorous bony fish. It is the youngest representative of the family Saurichthyidae and the order Saurichthyiformes. This family is known for its large, elongate jaws, similar to ...
color:middletriassic bar:NAM6 from:-247 till:-242 text:Sinosaurichthys
''Sinosaurichthys'' is an extinct genus of saurichthyid ray-finned fish, which existed in southwestern China during the Middle Triassic (Anisian age). Fossils have been found in the Upper Member of the Guanling Formation of two localities: Ya ...
color:middletriassic bar:NAM7 from:-247 till:-242 text: Yelangichthys
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from: -298.9 till: -272.95 color:earlypermian text: Early
from: -272.95 till: -259.1 color:middlepermian text: Mid.
from: -259.1 till: -251.902 color:latepermian text:Late
Late may refer to:
* LATE, an acronym which could stand for:
** Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy, a proposed form of dementia
** Local-authority trading enterprise, a New Zealand business law
** Local average treatment effect, ...
from: -251.902 till: -247 color:earlytriassic text: E.
from: -247 till: -237 color:middletriassic text: Middle
from: -237 till: -201.3 color:latetriassic text:Late
Late may refer to:
* LATE, an acronym which could stand for:
** Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy, a proposed form of dementia
** Local-authority trading enterprise, a New Zealand business law
** Local average treatment effect, ...
from: -201.3 till: -174.1 color:earlyjurassic text: Early
from: -174.1 till: -163.5 color:middlejurassic text: Middle
from: -163.5 till: -145 color:latejurassic text:Late
Late may refer to:
* LATE, an acronym which could stand for:
** Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy, a proposed form of dementia
** Local-authority trading enterprise, a New Zealand business law
** Local average treatment effect, ...
bar:era
from: -298.9 till: -251.902 color:permian text:Permian
The Permian ( ) is a geologic period and stratigraphic system which spans 47 million years from the end of the Carboniferous Period million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Triassic Period 251.9 Mya. It is the last period of the Paleoz ...
from: -251.902 till: -201.3 color:triassic text:Triassic
The Triassic ( ) is a geologic period and system which spans 50.6 million years from the end of the Permian Period 251.902 million years ago ( Mya), to the beginning of the Jurassic Period 201.36 Mya. The Triassic is the first and shortest period ...
from: -201.3 till: -145 color:jurassic text:Jurassic
The Jurassic ( ) is a Geological period, geologic period and System (stratigraphy), stratigraphic system that spanned from the end of the Triassic Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period, approximately Mya. The J ...
References
Additional references
* Prehistoric ray-finned fish orders Jurassic bony fish Permian bony fish Triassic bony fish Lopingian first appearances Early Jurassic extinctions {{Jurassic-fish-stub