The term Peruvian literature not only refers to literature produced in the independent Republic of

Peru , image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg , image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg , other_symbol = Great Seal of the State , other_symbol_type = National seal , national_motto = "Firm and Happy f ...

, but also to literature produced in the Viceroyalty of Peru during the country's colonial period, and to

oral The word oral may refer to: Relating to the mouth * Relating to the mouth, the first portion of the alimentary canal that primarily receives food and liquid ** Oral administration of medicines ** Oral examination (also known as an oral exam or or ...

artistic forms created by diverse ethnic groups that existed in the area during the prehispanic period, such as the Quechua, the Aymara and the Chanka South American native groups.

Pre-Hispanic oral tradition

The artistic production of the pre-Hispanic period, especially art produced under the

Incan Empire The Inca Empire (also known as the Incan Empire and the Inka Empire), called ''Tawantinsuyu'' by its subjects, ( Quechua for the "Realm of the Four Parts", "four parts together" ) was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The adm ...

, is largely unknown. Literature produced in the central- Andean region of modern-day Ecuador, Perú, Bolivia and Chile, is thought to have been transmitted orally alone, though the

quipu ''Quipu'' (also spelled ''khipu'') are recording devices fashioned from strings historically used by a number of cultures in the region of Andean South America. A ''quipu'' usually consisted of cotton or camelid fiber strings. The Inca peop ...

of the Inka and earlier Andean civilizations increasingly casts this into doubt. It consisted of two main poetic forms: ''harawis'' (from the

Quechua language Quechua (, ; ), usually called ("people's language") in Quechuan languages, is an indigenous language family spoken by the Quechua peoples, primarily living in the Peruvian Andes. Derived from a common ancestral language, it is the most wid ...

)--- a form of lyrical poetry---and ''hayllis''--- a form of epic poetry. Both forms described the daily life and rituals of the time, and were recited by a poet known as the ''harawec''. Orally transmitted folktales expressed the cosmology of the Andean world, and included creation and destruction myths. Many of these stories have survived until the present, thanks in no small part to the efforts of early chroniclers such as Inca Garcilaso, who rediscovered Quechua poetry, and Guamán Poma de Ayala, who preserved mythology. Their inclusion in the "official canon" was a slow process, as they were not viewed with seriousness. For instance, Jose de la Riva Agüero, in his 1905 thesis ''Character of the Literature of Independent Peru'' considered the Pre-Hispanic literary tradition "insufficient" and unimportant in the formation of any new literary tradition. It was resurrected from obscurity in the 20th century, by a number of literary scholars and anthropologists who compiled and rescued Pre-Hispanic myths and legends. Among them are: # Adolfo Vienrich - ''Tarmap Pacha Huaray'' (translated as ''Azucenas quechuas'' or Quechuan lilies), compiled in 1905; and ''Tarmapap Pachahuarainin'' (translated as ''Fabulas Quechuas'' or Quechuan fables), compiled in 1906 # Jorge Basadre - ''La literatura inca'' (Incan Literature), 1938; ''En torno a la literatura quechua'' (Regarding Quechua Literature), 1939. # José María Arguedas, who translated the Huarochirí Manuscript, a 17th-century text on indigenous Andean mythology and religion, also known as ''Hombres y dioses de Huarochirí'' (Men and Gods of Huarochiri) # Martin Lienhard - ''La voz y su huella. Escritura y conflicto étnico-cultural en América Latina. 1492-1988'' (The Voice and its Influence: Scripture and Ethnocultural Conflict in Latin America. 1492–1988) 1992 # Antonio Cornejo Polar - ''Escribir en el aire: ensayo sobre la heterogeneidad socio-cultural en las literaturas andinas'' (To Write in the Air: An Essay Concerning Socio-cultural Heterogeneity in Andean Literatures), 1994 # Edmundo Bendezú - ''Literatura Quechua'' (Quechua Literature), 1980 and ''La otra literatura'' (The Other Literature), 1986 Bendezú affirms that Quechua oral tradition constitutes a marginal system opposed to the dominant Hispanicizing force. He speaks of a great tradition of "enormous textual mass" which was marginalized and sidelined by the Western scriptural system. Luis Alberto Sánchez, on the other hand, employed elements of the Pre-Hispanic tradition to illustrate his theory of a racially mixed "Creole" literature of both indigenous and Iberian parentage. To this end, he cited chronicles by authors such as Cieza, Betanzos and Garcilaso.

Colonial Literature

Literature of Peru's Discovery and Conquest

The literature of Peru's discovery and conquest includes all works produced in the region during its discovery and conquest by Spain. It can also refer to literature produced roughly around this time. The period begins on November 15, 1532, in

Cajamarca Cajamarca (), also known by the Quechua name, ''Kashamarka'', is the capital and largest city of the Cajamarca Region as well as an important cultural and commercial center in the northern Andes. It is located in the northern highlands of Peru ...

with the capture of the last

Inca The Inca Empire (also known as the Incan Empire and the Inka Empire), called ''Tawantinsuyu'' by its subjects, ( Quechua for the "Realm of the Four Parts", "four parts together" ) was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The adm ...

lord,

Atahualpa Atahualpa (), also Atawallpa ( Quechua), Atabalica, Atahuallpa, Atabalipa (c. 1502 – 26-29 July 1533) was the last Inca Emperor. After defeating his brother, Atahualpa became very briefly the last Sapa Inca (sovereign emperor) of the Inca Em ...

; it ends with the complete dismantling of the Incan Empire and the founding of the city of

Lima Lima ( ; ), originally founded as Ciudad de Los Reyes (City of The Kings) is the capital and the largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín Rivers, in the desert zone of the central coastal part of ...

. The principal literary manifestations of this period are in the form of

chronicle A chronicle ( la, chronica, from Greek ''chroniká'', from , ''chrónos'' – "time") is a historical account of events arranged in chronological order, as in a timeline. Typically, equal weight is given for historically important events and ...

s of discovery, or are epistolary in nature. Major works which explore the literature of this time include: Francisco Carrillo's ''Enciclopedia histórica de la literatura peruana'' (Historical Encyclopedia of Peruvian Literature), and various tomes by Raúl Porras Barrenechea which detail the works of the early chroniclers.

Spanish chroniclers

According to Francisco Carrillo, the early chroniclers could be divided into various groups. The first is the group of chroniclers detailing the conquest. The majority of these were writers and soldiers who were responsible for producing official transcripts of military expeditions. There was also a small group of non-official chroniclers or personal diarists who provided unique personal insights on the effort to subdue and colonize the region. Both groups coexisted during the first period of the Peruvian conquest, which took place between 1532 and 1535. For the most part, these chroniclers all wrote from the perspective of the conqueror, whose mission was to "civilize" and "reveal the true faith" to the native peoples of Peru. Therefore, many of their descriptions and the motivations they ascribe to the indigenous peoples of the region are distorted and in error. Among the official Spanish chroniclers were

Francisco Xerez Francisco Xerez or Francisco de Jerez (1495–1565?) was a Spanish explorer-turned-historian, the personal secretary of conquistador Francisco Pizarro. He participated in the conquest of Peru during the first two unsuccessful expeditions led by ...

, personal secretary of Pizarro, who wrote the ''Verdadera relación de la conquista del Perú y provincia del Cuzco llamada la Nueva Castilla'' (The True Narrative of the Conquest of Peru and of Cuzco Province, Otherwise Known as New Castile), in 1534. He is also responsible for ''Relación Sámano-Xerez'' (the Samano-Xerez Narrative) of 1528, which details Pizarro's first expeditions of 1525 and 1527. His historical accounts are reiterated by Pedro Sancho de la Hoz, in his ''La Conquista de Peru'' (The Conquest of Peru), also of 1534. Another official Spanish chronicler was Fray Gaspar de Carvajal, who produced the ''Relacion del descubrimiento del famoso río grande de las Amazonas'' (The Narrative of the Discovery of the Famous Great River of the Amazons) of 1541–1542, which described the first expedition and cartography of the Peruvian amazon territory, and of its towns and indigenous inhabitants. Other Spanish chroniclers worth mentioning are: # Miguel de Estete - ''Noticia del Perú'' (News from Peru), 1535 # Cristobal de Molina — a Chilean who was the first to write of the Indigenous inhabitants of the region in his''Relación de muchas cosas acaesidas en el Perú, en suma para atender a la letra la manera que se tuvo la conquista y poblazon destos reinos...'' (Narrative of Many Events Taken Place in Peru, Aiming to Correctly Record its Conquest and Inhabitants), 1552 # Pedro Cieza de León -''Crónica del Perú'' (Chronicle of Peru), published in 4 volumes: ''Parte primera de la Chrónica del Perú'' (First Volume of the Chronicle of Peru), 1550;''El señorío de los Incas'' (The Lordship of the Incas), first published in 1873 but composed between 1548 and 1550; ''Descubrimiento y Conquista del Perú'' (The Discovery and Conquest of Peru), 1946; and the fourth volume, divided into five books: ''La guerra de las salinas'' (The Battle of the Salt Mines), ''La guerra de Chupas'' (The Battle of Chupas), ''La guerra de Quito'' (The Battle of Quito), ''La guerra de la Huarina'' (The Battle of Huarina) and ''La guerra de Jaquijaguana'' (The Battle of Jaquijaguan), published in 1877, 1881 and 1877 respectively.

Indigenous Chroniclers

There were a number of indigenous and

mestizo (; ; fem. ) is a term used for racial classification to refer to a person of mixed European and Indigenous American ancestry. In certain regions such as Latin America, it may also refer to people who are culturally European even though thei ...

chroniclers in Peru. Many of the indigenous chroniclers, such as Titu Cusi Yupanqui, were of royal Incan bloodlines. After familiarizing himself with Spanish culture, Yupanqui wrote ''Relación de cómo los españoles entraron en Pirú y el subceso que tuvo Mango Inca en el tiempo en que entre ellos vivió'' (The Narrative of How the Spaniards Entered Piru and Mango Inca's Experiences while Living Among Them) in 1570. In it, he presents a vision of his own history, and presents Incan creation myths, traditions and customs, historical memories and impressions regarding the conquest and colonial dominance. Other similar works are Juan de Santa Cruz Pachacuti Yamqui Salcamaygua's ''Relación de antiguedades deste reyno del Piru'' (Narrative of the Antiquity of this Kingdom of Piru) 1613, and

Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala (ca. 1535Fane, 165 – after 1616), also known as Huamán Poma or Wamán Poma, was a Quechua nobleman known for chronicling and denouncing the ill treatment of the natives of the Andes by the Spanish after their ...

's ''El primer nvueva corónica y bven govierno'' (First New Chronicle and Good Government) written between 1585 and 1615, but first published in 1936, in which the author details the devastation of the Andean world and tries to make sense of the chaotic reality in which the indigenous peoples find themselves. Juan de Santa Cruz Pachacuti also writes a chronicle in which he crudely attempts to explain the Inca cosmogony in rudimentary Spanish. Guamán Poma, wrote an extensive 1179-page letter to the king of Spain, Philip III, in which he narrates the history of his universe and ends with a proposal for a utopic society. He embarks on a harsh criticism of the authorities, of the abusive priesthood, of the Spanish envoys and landed gentry, and of "mestizo" and creole society. In the words of

Luis Alberto Sánchez Luis Alberto Félix Sánchez Sánchez (October 12, 1900 – February 6, 1994) was a Peruvian lawyer, jurist, philosopher, historian, writer and politician. A historic member of the Peruvian Aprista Party, he became a Senator and member of two Con ...

, this long and futile letter constitutes an indictment of the colonial system.

Modern Literature

Neoclassical Peruvian Literature

The hegemony of Creole

oligarchy Oligarchy (; ) is a conceptual form of power structure in which power rests with a small number of people. These people may or may not be distinguished by one or several characteristics, such as nobility, fame, wealth, education, or corporate ...

in Peruvian society favored the abandonment of indigenous forms in favor of European ones. Particularly successful among these were the imitation of

Petrarch Francesco Petrarca (; 20 July 1304 – 18/19 July 1374), commonly anglicized as Petrarch (), was a scholar and poet of early Renaissance Italy, and one of the earliest humanists. Petrarch's rediscovery of Cicero's letters is often credited ...

and the use of Greek and Roman mythological allusions, as practiced by the Academia Antártica literary group in

in the 16th and 17th Centuries. Early writers associated with the Academia include Francisco de Figueroa, Diego Mexía de Fernangil, and the anonymous poets remembered only as "Clarinda" and "Amarilis". Later Neoclassicists, such as Manuel Asencio y Segura and

Felipe Pardo y Aliaga Felipe Pardo y Aliaga (11 June 1806, Lima – 24 December 1868, Lima) was a Peruvian poet, satirist, playwright, lawyer and politician. Biography A member of Lima's aristocratic elite, his father was Manuel Pardo Ribadeneira, ''oidor ...

, arose, too, and the genre dominated until the end of the 19th century.

19th-Century Literary Currents

The 19th-Century brought

Romanticism Romanticism (also known as the Romantic movement or Romantic era) was an artistic, literary, musical, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century, and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate ...

to Peru, with the works of

Carlos Augusto Salaverry Carlos may refer to: Places ;Canada * Carlos, Alberta, a locality ;United States * Carlos, Indiana, an unincorporated community * Carlos, Maryland, a place in Allegany County * Carlos, Minnesota, a small city * Carlos, West Virginia ;Elsewhere ...

and José Arnaldo Márquez. Narrative prose developed away from the pastoral works of

Manuel Ascensio Segura Manuel may refer to: People * Manuel (name) * Manuel (Fawlty Towers), a fictional character from the sitcom ''Fawlty Towers'' * Charlie Manuel, manager of the Philadelphia Phillies * Manuel I Komnenos, emperor of the Byzantine Empire * Manu ...

and Ricardo Palma) (see Costumbrismo) toward

Modernism Modernism is both a philosophical and arts movement that arose from broad transformations in Western society during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The movement reflected a desire for the creation of new forms of art, philosophy, an ...

, with the works of

Manuel González Prada Jose Manuel de los Reyes González de Prada y Ulloa (Lima, January 5, 1844 – Lima, July 22, 1918) was a Peruvian politician and anarchist, literary critic and director of the National Library of Peru. He is well remembered as a social crit ...

and

José Santos Chocano José Santos Chocano Gastañodi (May 14, 1875 – December 13, 1934), more commonly known by his pseudonym "El Cantor de América" (), was a Peruvian poet, writer and diplomat, whose work was widely praised across Europe and Latin America. Conside ...

. There were also literary women who wrote in the romantic and modernista style but who also cultivated works that gravited toward ealismand aturalism These included Juana Manuela Gorriti,

Teresa González de Fanning Teresa González de Fanning ( Nepeña District, Ancash Region, Peru, 12 August 1836 - Miraflores District, Lima, 7 April 1918) was a Peruvian writer and journalist notable for her activism in the education of women. She founded the Liceo Fanning ...

Clorinda Matto de Turner Clorinda Matto de Turner (11 November 1852 in Cusco – 25 October 1909) was a Peruvian writer who lived during the early years of Latin American independence. Her own independence inspired women throughout the region as her writings sparked ...

, and Mercedes Cabellero de Carbonera.

Modernism in Peruvian Literature

The general crisis following the War of the Pacific gave rise to

in Peru. Its best-known exponents were

and

José María Eguren José María Eguren Rodríguez (July 7, 1874, Lima – April 19, 1942, Lima) was a Peruvian writer. Although principally known for his poetry, Eguren was also a journalist, painter, photographer and even an inventor. Very much a post-modernist ...

. Also notable but who has not received the critical attention she deserves is

Aurora Cáceres Zoila Aurora Cáceres Moreno (1877–1958) was a writer associated with the literary movement known as modernismo. This European-based daughter of a Peruvian president wrote novels, essays, travel literature and a biography of her husband, the Guat ...

, the author of two novels and a dozen works of non-fiction prose. The

Avant-garde The avant-garde (; In 'advance guard' or ' vanguard', literally 'fore-guard') is a person or work that is experimental, radical, or unorthodox with respect to art, culture, or society.John Picchione, The New Avant-garde in Italy: Theoretica ...

movement was encouraged by the magazines '' Colónida'' and '' Amauta''. Amauta was founded in 1926 by the prominent socialist essayist

José Carlos Mariátegui José Carlos Mariátegui La Chira (June 14, 1894 - April 16, 1930) was a Peruvian writer, journalist, politician and Marxist–Leninist philosopher. A prolific author despite his early death, El Amauta (from Quechua: hamawt'a, "teacher", a ...

. The influential poet César Vallejo was one of its collaborators. There were various splinter groups among the Avant-Gardist poets, whose major exponents were

Xavier Abril Xavier Abril de Vivero, (4 November 1905 in Lima - 1 January 1990 in Montevideo) was a Peruvian poet and essayist who devoted time studying the poetry of César Vallejo César Abraham Vallejo Mendoza (March 16, 1892 – April 15, 1938) was ...

, Alberto Hidalgo, Sebastián Salazar Bondy and Carlos Germán Belli. Interest in indigenous poetry was resurrected by the work of

Luis Fabio Xammar Luis is a given name. It is the Spanish form of the originally Germanic name or . Other Iberian Romance languages have comparable forms: (with an accent mark on the i) in Portuguese and Galician, in Aragonese and Catalan, while is archai ...

. Others who brought Indigenism to the fore were

Ciro Alegría Ciro Alegría Bazán (November 4, 1909 – February 17, 1967) was a Peruvian journalist, politician, and novelist. Biography Born in Huamachuco District, he exposed the problems of the Native Peruvians while learning about their way of life. ...

José María Arguedas José María Arguedas Altamirano (18 January 1911 – 2 December 1969) was a Peruvian novelist, poet, and anthropologist. Arguedas was an author of Spanish descent, fluent in the Native Quechua language, gained by living in two Quechua hous ...

, and

Manuel Scorza Manuel Scorza (September 9, 1928November 27, 1983) was an important Peruvian novelist, poet, and political activist, exiled under the regime of Manuel Odría. He was born in Lima. Life and career Scorza was a member of a student group affiliated ...

. During the 1950s urban realism developed with the works of

Julio Ramón Ribeyro Julio Ramón Ribeyro Zúñiga (August 31, 1929 – December 4, 1994) was a Peruvian writer best known for his short stories. He was also successful in other genres: novel, essay, theater, diary and aphorism. In the year of his death, he was awar ...

and the playwright Sebastián Salazar Bondy.

Realism Realism, Realistic, or Realists may refer to: In the arts *Realism (arts), the general attempt to depict subjects truthfully in different forms of the arts Arts movements related to realism include: * Classical Realism *Literary realism, a mov ...

is also the province of the major luminary

Mario Vargas Llosa Jorge Mario Pedro Vargas Llosa, 1st Marquess of Vargas Llosa (born 28 March 1936), more commonly known as Mario Vargas Llosa (, ), is a Peruvian novelist, journalist, essayist and former politician, who also holds Spanish citizenship. Vargas Ll ...

, while

Alfredo Bryce Echenique Alfredo Bryce Echenique (born February 19, 1939) is a Peruvian writer born in Lima. He has written numerous books and short stories. Early days Bryce was born to a Peruvian family of upper class, related to the Scottish-Peruvian businessman Jo ...

incorporated new

narrative A narrative, story, or tale is any account of a series of related events or experiences, whether nonfictional ( memoir, biography, news report, documentary, travelogue, etc.) or fictional ( fairy tale, fable, legend, thriller, novel, etc ...

techniques within the genre. Some of the most notable names in

poetry Poetry (derived from the Greek '' poiesis'', "making"), also called verse, is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and often rhythmic qualities of language − such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre − to evoke meani ...

are

Jorge Eduardo Eielson Jorge Eduardo Eielson (April 13, 1924 – March 8, 2006) was a Peruvian artist and writer. As an artist he is known for his quipus, a reinterpretation of an ancient Andean device, they are considered precursors of conceptual art. Life and ...

, Carlos Germán Belli, Antonio Cisneros, Wáshington Delgado, Marco Martos. Noteworthy in

prose are: Miguel Gutiérrez,

Gregorio Martínez Gregorio is a masculine given name and a surname. It may refer to: Given name * Gregorio Conrado Álvarez (1925–2016), Uruguayan army general and de facto President of Uruguay from 1981 until 1985 * Gregorio Álvarez (historian) (1889–1986), ...

Alonso Cueto Alonso Cueto Caballero (born 1954 in Lima, Peru) is a Peruvian author, university professor and newspaper columnist. His writing career has spanned nearly four decades, during which he has produced dozens of works of fiction, articles and essay ...

and Guillermo Niño de Guzmán, among others.

Contemporary Peruvian Literature

Jaime Bayly is a noteworthy contemporary Peruvian writer. His work '' No se lo digas a nadie'' (Tell No One) has been adapted for the screen. In the list of young writers we can highlight the work of

Fernando Iwasaki Fernando Iwasaki Cauti (born 1961, in Lima) is a Peruvian writer and historian. Born into a family with multiple roots (Japan, Ecuador and Italy). While in Peru, he taught at the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú and the Universidad del ...

Iván Thays Iván Thays is a Peruvian author, professor and television host. Life Thays was born on October 21, 1968, in Lima. He studied languages and literature at the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. After his study he continued as a professor ...

, Oscar Malca, Peter Elmore, Enrique Planas, César Silva Santisteban, Carlos Dávalos, Diego Trelles-Paz,

Carlos Yushimito Carlos Yushimito del Valle (born 1977 in Lima, Peru) is a Peruvian writer of Japanese descent. Biography Carlos Yushimito del Valle studied Latin American Literature at the National University of San Marcos where he graduated in 2002. Two years ...

Santiago Roncagliolo Santiago Rafael Roncagliolo Lohmann (born March 29, 1975) is a Peruvian writer, screenwriter, translator, and journalist. He has written five novels about fear. He is also author of a trilogy of non-fiction books on Latin America during the twent ...

and Daniel Alarcón (finalist of PEN/Hemingway 2006 award). Also, it is relevant the work of new Peruvian authors as Jose Pancorvo, Jorge Eslava, Rossella di Paolo, Domingo de Ramos, Odi González, Ana Varela, Rodrigo Quijano, Jorge Frisancho, Mariela Dreyfus, Gonzalo Portals, Alexis Iparraguirre,

Gunter Silva Passuni Gunter Silva (born 1977) is a Peruvian writer. Biography Gunter Silva Passuni was born in 1977 in La Merced, Junín, La Merced, Peru. He studied Law at the Catholic University of Santa María in Arequipa. He also holds an MA in Literature and Cr ...

, Pedro Félix Novoa, Félix Terrones, Lorenzo Helguero, José Carlos Yrigoyen, Montserrat Álvarez, Ericka Ghersi, Roxana Crisólogo, Rafael Espinosa, Miguel Ildefonso, Ana María García,

Alberto Valdivia Baselli Alberto Augusto Valdivia Baselli is a Peruvian poet, writer, essayist, literary scholar, and specialist in Peruvian and Latin American Philosophy and culture. Life and work Valdivia-Baselli studied Hispanic philology (Linguistics and Literature) ...

, Grecia Cáceres, Xavier Echarri, Martín Zúñiga, among others. Literature for children Two seminal writers in the creation of children's literature in Peru are Francisco Izquierdo Ríos, the founder of Peruvian children's stories and Carlota Carvallo de Núñez. They both belong to the a post-Second World war generation and devoted themselves entirely to literature for children. Earlier authors had certainly occasionally written children's fables, stories and poetry, but only sporadically and as an annex to their main literary work. In children's poetry, without a doubt, Mario Florián was the most important poet creating an entire and beautiful tradition dedicated to the Peruvian children. Among the many authors who write for Peruvian children are: Oscar Colchado Lucio, with his classic series of Andean adventures ''Cholito''; Marcos Yauri Montero, with his ''Adventures of the Fox'' ( es, Aventuras del zorro), and Carlota Flores de Naveda, with ''Muki, the Little Bull'' ( es, Muki, el Torito). It is also necessary to note the Peruvian researchers into literature for children including: the historian

María Rostworowski María Rostworowski Tovar de Diez Canseco (8 August 1915 – 6 March 2016) was a Peruvian historian known for her extensive and detailed publications on Peruvian Ancient Cultures and the Inca Empire. Biography Rostworowski was born in the Bar ...

with" Peruvian Legends for children" a work which rescues the Incan children's literature; professor José Respaldiza Rojas extensive work Jitanjáforas, the only book which on this topic; the journalists and researcher brothers Juan y Victor Ataucuri García, with Peruvian Fables, where they analyse more than fifty fables; the professor and songwriter Edgard Bendezú "Fabulinka", with his vast series Fabulinka, poems composed with an ingenious flavour; the researcher and poet Danilo Sánchez Lihón, the premier critic in the children's literature in Peruvian; professor and critic Jesus Cabel; the poet

Rosa Cerna Rosa or De Rosa may refer to: People *Rosa (given name) * Rosa (surname) *Santa Rosa (female given name from Latin-a latinized variant of Rose) Places *223 Rosa, an asteroid * Rosa, Alabama, a town, United States * Rosa, Germany, in Thuringia, ...

; the former president of the APLIJ (Peruvian Association of Children and Juvenile Literature) Eduardo de la Cruz Yataco; the teacher and poet Ruth Barrios, Roberto Rosario and others.

References

* Basadre, Jorge. ''Literatura Inca''. París: Descleé, de Brouwer. 1938. * Carrillo, Francisco. ''Enciclopedia histórica de la literatura peruana.'' Tomo 1: ''Literatura Quechua clásica'' (1986); Tomo 2: ''Cartas y cronistas del Descubrimiento y la Conquista'' (1987); Tomo 3: ''Cronistas de las guerras civiles, así como el levantamiento de Manco Inca y el de Don Lope de Aguirre llamado "la ira de Dios"'' (1989); Tomo 4: ''Cronistas del Perú Antiguo''; Tomo 5: ''Cronistas que describen la Colonia: Las relaciones geográficas. La extirpación de idolatrías'' (1990); Tomo 6: ''Cronistas Indios y Mestizos I'' (1991); Tomo 7: ''Cronistas Indios y Mestizos II: Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala'' (1992); Tomo 8: ''Cronistas Indios y Mestizos III: El Inca Garcilaso de la Vega'' (1996); Tomo 9: ''Cronistas de convento, cronistas misioneros y cronistas regionales'' (1999). Lima: Horizonte. * Cornejo Polar, Antonio Cornejo Polar, Jorge. ''Literatura peruana, Siglo XVI a Siglo XX''. Berkeley-Lima: Latinoamericana. 2000. * Cornejo Polar, Antonio. ''Escribir en el aire: ensayo sobre la heterogeneidad socio-cultural en las literaturas andinas.'' Lima: Horizonte. 1994. * Cornejo Polar, Antonio. ''La formación de la tradición literaria en el Perú''. Lima: CEP. 1989. * Cornejo Polar, Antonio. ''La novela peruana''. Lima: Horizonte. 1989 * Curl, John, “Ancient American Poets”
The Sacred Hymns of Pachacutec.
. Tempe, AZ: Bilingual Review Press. 2005. . * Guamán Poma de Ayala, Felipe de.

'. 1615/1616. København, Det Kongelige Bibliotek, GKS 2232 4°. Autograph manuscript facsimile, annotated transcription, documents, and other digital resources. * Denegri, Francisca. ''El abanico y la cigarra''. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos/Flora Tristan. 1996. * García-Bedoya, Carlos. ''La literatura peruana en el periodo de estabilización colonial''. Lima: Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. 2000. * Higgins, James. ''A History of Peruvian Literature''. Liverpool: Francis Cairns, 1987. * Kristal, Efraín. ''Una visión urbana de los Andes''. Lima: Instituto de Apoyo Agrario. 1991. * Lienhard, Martin. ''La voz y su huella. Escritura y conflicto étnico-cultural en América Latina. 1492-1988.''. Lima: Horizonte. 1992. * Porras Barrenechea, Raúl. ''Los cronistas del Perú (1528–1650).'' Lima: Sanmartí Impresores. 1962. * Porras Barrenechea, Raúl. ''Las relaciones primitvas de la conquista del Perú.'' Lima: s/e. 1967. * Sánchez, Luis Alberto. ''La literatura peruana, derrotero para una historia espiritual del Perú''. Buenos Aires: Guaranía. 1950. * Sánchez, Luis Alberto. ''Nueva historia de la literatura americana''. Lima: Edición del author. 1987. * Toro Montalvo, César. ''Historia de la literatura peruana''. 5 tomos. Lima: Editorial San Marcos, 1991. * Varillas Montenegro, Alberto. ''La literatura peruana del siglo XIX''. Lima: PUCP. 1992. * Ward, Thomas. ''Buscando la nación peruana''. Lima: Horizonte, 2009. {{DEFAULTSORT:Peruvian Literature Latin American literature by country South American literature Spanish-language literature Peruvian culture