Mount Friesland is a mountain rising to in the homonymous Friesland Ridge, the summit of

Tangra Mountains Tangra Mountains (in Bulgarian ''Тангра планина'', 'Tangra planina' \'tan-gra pla-ni-'na\) () form the principal mountain range of Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The range had been nameless until 2 ...

and

Livingston Island Livingston Island (Russian name ''Smolensk'', ) is an Antarctic island in the Southern Ocean, part of the South Shetlands Archipelago, a group of Antarctic islands north of the Antarctic Peninsula. It was the first land discovered south of 60 ...

in the

South Shetland Islands The South Shetland Islands are a group of Antarctic islands with a total area of . They lie about north of the Antarctic Peninsula, and between southwest of the nearest point of the South Orkney Islands. By the Antarctic Treaty of 1 ...

Antarctica Antarctica () is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent. Situated almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle and surrounded by the Southern Ocean, it contains the geographic South Pole. Antarctica is the fifth-largest cont ...

. Its north rib is connected to

Pliska Ridge Pliska Ridge ( bg, връх Плиска, vrah Pliska, ) is a three-peaked ridge rising to 667 m in eastern Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Its central and highest summit, ''Pliska Peak'', is located 2.48 km eas ...

by Nesebar Gap on the west, and to

Bowles Ridge Bowles Ridge ( bg, хребет Боулс, hrebet Bouls, ) is the central ridge of eastern Livingston Island. The ridge extends 6.5 km in the east-west direction and is 1.5 km wide. The summit of the ridge is Mount Bowles which ris ...

Wörner Gap Wörner Gap (Sedlovina Wörner \se-dlo-vi-'na 'vyor-ner\) is a flat saddle extending 3 km in the south-north direction between Friesland Ridge and Bowles Ridge in eastern Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Its ele ...

on the north. On the east Mount Friesland is connected to Presian Ridge and further on to

Catalunyan Saddle Catalunyan Saddle (Katalunska Sedlovina \ka-ta-'lun-ska se-dlo-vi-'na\) is a saddle of 1260 m height in the Friesland Ridge of the Tangra Mountains on Livingston Island, in the South Shetland Islands. The saddle is bounded by Lyaskovets Peak to ...

and

Lyaskovets Peak Lyaskovets Peak ( bg, връх Лясковец, vrah Lyaskovets, ) is the easternmost peak of Friesland Ridge in the Tangra Mountains, eastern Livingston Island and has an elevation of 1,473 m. The peak is bounded by Catalunyan Saddle on the we ...

. On the south-southwest it is connected by a short saddle to ‘ The Synagogue’ a sharp-peaked rock-cored ice formation abutting neighbouring St. Boris Peak. The peak is heavily glaciated and crevassed, surmounting

Huntress Glacier Huntress Glacier is a glacier long and wide flowing into the head of False Bay, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. It is situated east of Johnsons Glacier, southeast of Contell Glacier and Balkan Snowfield, south of ...

to the west, Perunika Glacier to the north-northwest, Huron Glacier to the northeast and Macy Glacier to the southeast. The local weather is notoriously unpleasant and challenging; according to the seasoned Antarctic mountaineer Damien Gildea who climbed in the area, 'just about the worst weather in the world'.

History

The feature was known to American and British sealers as early as 1820–21, and variously referred to as "Peak of Frezeland", "Friezland Peak", and "Friesland Peak". In the early 1900s the name "Barnard", applied by James Weddell in 1825 to nearby Needle Peak, was transferred to this mountain. The original name has now been restored with the spelling "Friesland" that appears to have been more frequently used than any of the other versions. In order to preserve the historical memory of the area, the name

Barnard Point Barnard Point is a headland which marks the south-east side of the entrance to False Bay on the south side of Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. It is situated on Rozhen Peninsula, north-north-west of Botev Point an ...

has since been approved for the nearby point on the southeast side of the entrance to False Bay. The first ascent of Mount Friesland was made from

Juan Carlos I Base Juan Carlos I Antarctic Base, named after the former king of Spain, Juan Carlos I ( es, Base Antártica Española Juan Carlos Primero), is a seasonal (November to March) scientific station operated by Spain, opened in January 1988. Situated on Hu ...

on 30 December 1991 by the

Catalan Catalan may refer to: Catalonia From, or related to Catalonia: * Catalan language, a Romance language * Catalans, an ethnic group formed by the people from, or with origins in, Northern or southern Catalonia Places * 13178 Catalan, asteroid #1 ...

climbers

Francesc Sàbat Francesc () is a masculine given name of Catalan origin. It is a cognate of Francis, Francesco, Francisco, François, and Franz. People with the name include: *Cesc Fàbregas (Francesc Fàbregas i Soler) (born 1987), Spanish professional footba ...

and

Jorge Enrique Jorge is a Spanish and Portuguese given name. It is derived from the Greek name Γεώργιος (''Georgios'') via Latin ''Georgius''; the former is derived from (''georgos''), meaning "farmer" or "earth-worker". The Latin form ''Georgius'' ...

, after whom

Sàbat Hill Sàbat Hill ( bg, хълм Сабат, ‘Halm Sàbat’ \'h&lm 'sa-bat\) is the ice-free hill rising to 151 m in Dospey Heights on the Ray Promontory of Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Surmounting ...

and

Enrique Hill Enrique Hill ( bg, хълм Енрике, ‘Halm Enrique’ \'h&lm en-'ri-ke\) is the ice-free hill rising to 156 m in Dospey Heights on the Ray Promontory of Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. ...

, respectively, were named. The peak was climbed and GPS surveyed by the Australian Damien Gildea and John Bath and the Chilean Rodrigo Fica on 20 December 2003, who produced a new map of the island in 2004, based on Spanish satellite imagery and their GPS data. The third ascent was made by the

Bulgarians Bulgarians ( bg, българи, Bǎlgari, ) are a nation and South Slavic ethnic group native to Bulgaria and the rest of Southeast Europe. Etymology Bulgarians derive their ethnonym from the Bulgars. Their name is not completely underst ...

Lyubomir Ivanov and

Doychin Vasilev Doychin Vasilev ( bg, Дойчин Василев, born 12 June 1944 in Sofia) is a Bulgarian alpinist and cinematographer who has climbed five Himalayan 8,000 m peaks: Dhaulagiri (in 1995), Mount Everest (1997), Makalu (1998), and Shishap ...

from

Camp Academia Camp Academia ( bg, лагер Академия, lager Akademiya, ) is a geographical locality in eastern Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, named for the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences in appreciation of Academy’s contributi ...

on 15 December 2004. All these used the Sàbat–Enrique eastern route to the peak, from Camp Academia locality (541 m) via

(1,260 m) and Presian Ridge (1,456 m).

Elevation

The summit elevation was estimated at by a 1995–96 Bulgarian survey; the present figure was produced by a 2003 Australian GPS survey, and closely matched (as ) by the Bulgarian survey

Tangra 2004/05 The Tangra 2004/05 Expedition was commissioned by the Antarctic Place-names Commission at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria, managed by the Manfred Wörner Foundation, and supported by the Bulgarian Antarctic Institute, the In ...

. The local ice relief is subject to changes, causing variations in the feature's elevation. According to a Bulgarian GPS survey by D. Boyanov and N. Petkov the elevation of Mt. Friesland was in December 2016, making the peak lower than the adjacent St. Boris Peak (the latter's northernmost ice formation ‘The Synagogue’ rising to ) at that time. According to the American high accuracy

Reference Elevation Model of Antarctica Antarctica () is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent. Situated almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle and surrounded by the Southern Ocean, it contains the geographic South Pole. Antarctica is the fifth-largest contine ...

(REMA), Mount Friesland is higher than the central summit of St. Boris Peak and higher than ‘The Synagogue’.I.M. Howat, C. Porter, B.E. Smith, M.-J. Noh and P. Morin
The Reference Elevation Model of Antarctica.
''The Cryosphere'' 13, 2019. pp. 665–674
Antarctic REMA Exlorer

Location

Mount Friesland is situated northeast of

, east-southeast of

St. Kliment Ohridski Base St. Kliment Ohridski Base ( bg, База Св. Климент Охридски, Baza Sv. Kliment Ohridski, ) is a Bulgarian Antarctic base on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands. The base, originally known as ''Sofia University Refu ...

, southeast of the summit of

, south by east of

Mount Bowles Mount Bowles is an ice-covered mountain high, the summit of Bowles Ridge in the central part of eastern Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. It is situated south of Vidin Heights and north of Mount Friesland, Tangra Moun ...

, south-southwest of

, west of

Great Needle Peak Great Needle Peak ( bg, Голям Иглен връх, Golyam Iglen vrah, ; variant name in es, pico Falsa Aguja, lit=False Needle Peak) is the summit of the central Levski Ridge in Tangra Mountains on Livingston Island, Antarctica. Rising to 1 ...

, and north by west of

Samuel Point Samuel Point (Nos Samuil \'nos sa-mu-'il\) is on the coast of Bransfield Strait forming the southwest side of the entrance to Brunow Bay on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The point is situated on the east side of ...

. British mapping in 1968, Chilean in 1971, Argentine in 1980, Spanish in 1991, US in 2004, and Bulgarian in 1996, 2005 and 2009. Bulgarian surveys 1995/96 (estimated elevation 1684 m) and 2004–05.

Maps

Chart of South Shetland including Coronation Island, &c.
from the exploration of the sloop Dove in the years 1821 and 1822 by George Powell Commander of the same. Scale ca. 1:200000. London: Laurie, 1822
South Shetland Islands.
Scale 1:200000 topographic map. DOS 610 Sheet W 62 60. Tolworth, UK, 1968. * Islas Livingston y Decepción. Mapa topográfico a escala 1:100000. Madrid: Servicio Geográfico del Ejército, 1991. * L.L. Ivanov. Livingston Island: Central-Eastern Region. Scale 1:25000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 1996. * S. Soccol, D. Gildea and J. Bath. Livingston Island, Antarctica. Scale 1:100000 satellite map. The Omega Foundation, USA, 2004. * L.L. Ivanov et al., Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands (from English Strait to Morton Strait, with illustrations and ice-cover distribution), 1:100000 scale topographic map,

Antarctic Place-names Commission The Antarctic Place-names Commission was established by the Bulgarian Antarctic Institute in 1994, and since 2001 has been a body affiliated with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria. The Commission approves Bulgarian place names in ...

of Bulgaria, Sofia, 2005 * L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2010. (First edition 2009. )
Antarctic Digital Database (ADD).
Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly upgraded and updated. * L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Smith Island. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2017.

Gallery

Livingston-Island-Map-2010-15.png, Topographic map of Livingston Island and Smith Island Tangra-Mountains-location-map.png, Location of Tangra Mountains on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands Central-Eastern-Livingston-Map.png, Topographic map of central-eastern Livingston Island featuring Mount Friesland Tangra-2004-5-Survey-Route.png, The survey route of

including Mount Friesland Mount-Friesland-2016.png, Panoramic northeast view from St. Boris Peak centred on Mount Friesland Ohridski-Livingston.jpg, The main building of

, with

Balkan Snowfield Balkan Snowfield (Plato Balkan \'pla-to bal-'kan\) is an ice-covered plateau of elevation ranging from in eastern Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, situated south of lower Perunika Glacier, northwest of Huntress Glaci ...

in the middle, and (left to right) Mount Friesland, St. Boris Peak and

Simeon Peak Simeon Peak ( bg, връх Симеон, vrah Simeon, ) rises to 1,580 mD. Boyanov and N. PetkovThe Peaks of Tangra Mountains: Project Report Part Two 2016/17.Sofia, February 2017 (in Bulgarian) in Friesland Ridge, Tangra Mountains, Livingsto ...

in the background Friesland-Ridge.jpg, Friesland Ridge from

Bransfield Strait Bransfield Strait or Fleet Sea ( es, Estrecho de Bransfield, Mar de la Flota) is a body of water about wide extending for in a general northeast – southwest direction between the South Shetland Islands and the Antarctic Peninsula. History ...

, with

St. Methodius Peak St. Methodius Peak ( bg, връх Св. Методий, vrah Sv. Metodiy, ) rises to approximately 1,180m in Friesland Ridge, Tangra Mountains, Livingston Island, Antarctica and surmounts Ruen Icefall to the north-northwest, Prespa Glacier to the ...

, St. Cyril Peak,

, St. Boris Peak, Mount Friesland and

in the background, and Needle Peak, Macy Glacier and Peshev Ridge in the foreground Mount-Friesland-NW.JPG, Mount Friesland from upper Perunika Glacier near

Orpheus Gate Orpheus Gate (Orfeeva Porta \or-'fe-e-va 'por-ta\), also ''Orpheus Pass'', is the 548 m high and 380 m wide pass in eastern Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, bounded by Pliska Ridge to the southeast and Burdick Ridge ...

, with

on the right Mount-Friesland-Summit.JPG, The summit of Mount Friesland, with the open extension of a partially hidden crevasse Friesland-St-Boris.jpg, St. Boris Peak from Mount Friesland, with ‘ The Synagogue’ ice form in the foreground Hurd-Peninsula.jpg, Southern

Hurd Peninsula Hurd Peninsula lies between South Bay and False Bay on the south coast of Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The Spanish Juan Carlos I Antarctic Base and the Bulgarian St. Kliment Ohridski Base are situated on its wes ...

from Mount Friesland, with False Bay on the left and South Bay on the right, and Smith Island seen on the horizon Johnsons-Glacier.jpg, The Spanish base area from Mount Friesland, with

Napier Peak Napier Peak is the partly ice-free peak rising to 380 m on Hurd Peninsula, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. It is linked to Charrúa Gap to the north by a 1.5 km ice-covered col, and by an ice-covered saddle to ...

and Johnsons Glacier in the foreground,

Charrúa Ridge Charrúa Ridge is an ice-free rocky ridge rising to along the northeast coast of Johnsons Dock in Hurd Peninsula, Livingston Island, in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. It is narrow and precipitous, extending in a west-northwest to eas ...

on the right and Mount Reina Sofia in the background, and South Bay,

Hannah Point Hannah Point is a point on the south coast of Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. It forms the east side of the entrance to Walker Bay and the west side of the entrance to South Bay. Surmounted by Ustra Peak to the n ...

and western

farther away Bulgarian-Beach-Mount-Friesland.JPG, Bulgarian Beach from Mount Friesland, with Castillo Nunatak and

Willan Nunatak Willan Nunatak is an ice-free tipped peak rising to 449 m on the glacial divide between Huntress Glacier and Balkan Snowfield on Hurd Peninsula in eastern Livingston Island Livingston Island (Russian name ''Smolensk'', ) is an Antarctic is ...

in the foreground,

in the middle, and left to right in the background Atlantic Club Ridge, Hesperides Hill, Pesyakov Hill and

Sinemorets Hill Sinemorets Hill (Halm Sinemorets \'h&lm si-ne-'mo-rets\) is the second most prominent (after Hesperides Hill) in the chain of hills surmounting Bulgarian Beach in eastern Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Sinemoret ...

with the Bulgarian base in between, and Spanish Knoll

Notes

References

*
Mount Friesland.

SCAR A scar (or scar tissue) is an area of fibrous tissue that replaces normal skin after an injury. Scars result from the biological process of wound repair in the skin, as well as in other organs, and tissues of the body. Thus, scarring is a ...

Composite Antarctic Gazetteer The Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica (CGA) of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) is the authoritative international gazetteer containing all Antarctic toponyms published in national gazetteers, plus basic information about ...

.
Mount Friesland, Antarctica.
Peakbagger.com. * D. Gildea

* L. Ivanov
General Geography and History of Livingston Island.
In: ''Bulgarian Antarctic Research: A Synthesis''. Eds. C. Pimpirev and N. Chipev. Sofia: St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2015. pp. 17–28.

External links

Mount Friesland.
Copernix satellite image {{DEFAULTSORT:Friesland, Mount Mountains of Antarctica Tangra Mountains

History

Elevation

Location

Maps

See also

Gallery

Notes

References

External links