The mass media in Poland consist of several different types of communications media including

television Television, sometimes shortened to TV, is a telecommunication medium for transmitting moving images and sound. The term can refer to a television set, or the medium of television transmission. Television is a mass medium for advertisin ...

radio Radio is the technology of signaling and communicating using radio waves. Radio waves are electromagnetic waves of frequency between 30 hertz (Hz) and 300 gigahertz (GHz). They are generated by an electronic device called a transmi ...

cinema Cinema may refer to: Film * Cinematography, the art of motion-picture photography * Film or movie, a series of still images that create the illusion of a moving image ** Film industry, the technological and commercial institutions of filmmaking ...

newspaper A newspaper is a Periodical literature, periodical publication containing written News, information about current events and is often typed in black ink with a white or gray background. Newspapers can cover a wide variety of fields such as p ...

s, magazines, and

Internet The Internet (or internet) is the global system of interconnected computer networks that uses the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to communicate between networks and devices. It is a '' network of networks'' that consists of private, pub ...

. During the

communist regime A communist state, also known as a Marxist–Leninist state, is a one-party state that is administered and governed by a communist party guided by Marxism–Leninism. Marxism–Leninism was the state ideology of the Soviet Union, the Cominte ...

Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populou ...

the Stalinist press doctrine dominated and controlled Polish media. The country instituted

freedom of press Freedom of the press or freedom of the media is the fundamental principle that communication and expression through various media, including printed and electronic media, especially published materials, should be considered a right to be exerc ...

since the fall of

communism Communism (from Latin la, communis, lit=common, universal, label=none) is a far-left sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology and current within the socialist movement whose goal is the establishment of a communist society, a ...

. The Polish media system's main features are the product of the country's socio-political and economic post-communist transition. These features include: the privatisation of the press sector; the transformation of the state radio and television into public broadcasting services; influx of foreign capital into the media market and European integration of audiovisual media policies. Today the media landscape is very plural but highly polarized along political and ideological divides.

The media landscape

Since the fall of Communism, Poland has developed a plural but highly polarized media environment. The media landscape comprises, in addition to the public radio and television broadcasters, a variety of private media outlets, encompassing a broad political spectrum, from socially liberal to ultraconservative. In sector of print media, the newspaper with the largest circulation is ''

Gazeta Wyborcza ''Gazeta Wyborcza'' (; ''The Electoral Gazette'' in English) is a Polish daily newspaper based in Warsaw, Poland. It is the first Polish daily newspaper after the era of " real socialism" and one of Poland's newspapers of record, covering the ...

'', founded in 1989 ahead of parliamentary elections. It is managed by

Adam Michnik Adam Michnik (; born 17 October 1946) is a Polish historian, essayist, former dissident, public intellectual, and editor-in-chief of the Polish newspaper, ''Gazeta Wyborcza''. Reared in a family of committed communists, Michnik became an opponen ...

, who was a dissident in the Communist-era. The daily has a critical stance towards the Law and Justice Party (PiS) government. The second largest paper is ''

Rzeczpospolita () is the official name of Poland and a traditional name for some of its predecessor states. It is a compound of "thing, matter" and "common", a calque of Latin ''rés pública'' ( "thing" + "public, common"), i.e. ''republic'', in Engli ...

'', which has a conservative tradition. The two main business-oriented dailies are ''

Dziennik Gazeta Prawna ''Dziennik Gazeta Prawna'' ( Polish: ''Daily Legal Newspaper''; abbreviation: DGP) is a Polish legal and business daily newspaper, headquartered in Warsaw and published from Monday to Friday. The paper focuses on law, taxes and finances. The publ ...

'' and ''

Puls Biznesu ''Puls Biznesu'' (lit. ''Business' Pulse'') is a Polish-language daily newspaper devoted to business and economic issues. History and profile ''Puls Biznesu'' was established by Dagens Industri in 1997. It is published by Bonnier Business (Pols ...

'': they have a narrow, professional readership and are typically not engaged in the country’ political conflict. The two leading tabloids are ''

Fakt ''Fakt'' ( Polish for "fact") is a Polish tabloid daily newspaper published in Warsaw, Poland, by Ringier Axel Springer Polska (a Swiss-German joint-venture subsidiary of Axel Springer SE and Ringier), and is one of the best-selling papers in Pol ...

'', owned by the Swiss-German media conglomerate

Axel Springer Axel Cäsar Springer (2 May 1912 – 22 September 1985) was a German publisher and founder of what is now Axel Springer SE, the largest media publishing firm in Europe. By the early 1960s his print titles dominated the West German daily press ma ...

, and ''Super Express'', owned by ZPR Media. These tabloids have a remarkable impact on public opinion. In addition to national publications, there are several regional dailies: in this sector, the top competitors have sales comprised between 20,000 and 40,000 daily copies sold. In the last years, sales of both national and regional dailies have been declining. Political polarization also characterizes the weekly newsmagazine market. On the liberal side there is ''

Newsweek Polska ''Newsweek Polska'' is a Polish language weekly news magazine published in Poland as the Polish edition of ''Newsweek''. History ''Newsweek Polska'' was established in 2001. The founder of the weekly is Tomasz Wróblewski. The magazine is owned ...

'' (the Polish edition of ''

Newsweek ''Newsweek'' is an American weekly online news magazine co-owned 50 percent each by Dev Pragad, its president and CEO, and Johnathan Davis, who has no operational role at ''Newsweek''. Founded as a weekly print magazine in 1933, it was widely ...

''), followed by ''

Polityka ''Polityka'' (, ''Politics'') is a centre-left weekly news magazine in Poland. With a circulation of 200,050 (as of April 2011), it was the country's biggest selling weekly, ahead of ''Newsweek''s Polish edition, '' Newsweek Polska'', and '' W ...

'', both critical of the PiS's government. On the right side, there are the more recent ''

Sieci ''Sieci'' (English lit.: ''the Network''), also stylised as ''W Sieci'', ''wSieci'', or ''Tygodnik Sieci''; is a right-wing weekly magazine published in Poland.

'', ''

Do Rzeczy ''Do Rzeczy'' (, lit. ''To the point'') is a Polish-language conservative and liberal weekly news and political magazine published in Warsaw, Poland. It often promotes the PIS party narrative. History and profile ''Do Rzeczy'' was establishe ...

'' and the older ''

Gazeta Polska ''Gazeta Polska'' ( lit.: ''Polish Newspaper'') is a Polish language pro- United Right right-wing populist to far-right weekly magazine published in Poland. Profile and history Gazeta Polska was founded in 1993 and its editor-in-chief is Tomas ...

''. The right-wing weeklies do not form a uniform bloc. Radio is a popular medium in Poland. In addition to the public radio broadcaster,

Polskie Radio Polskie Radio Spółka Akcyjna (PR S.A.; English: Polish Radio) is Poland's national public-service radio broadcasting organization owned by the State Treasury of Poland. History Polskie Radio was founded on 18 August 1925 and began making ...

(PR), there are over 200 licensed private radio outlets, including the religious

Radio Maryja Radio Maryja is a religious and political socially conservative Polish radio station. It was founded in Toruń, Poland, on 9 December 1991, by the Redemptorist Tadeusz Rydzyk. The name "Maryja" is a traditional Polish form of the name "Mary" ...

. The two most popular radio stations are

RMF FM RMF FM (abriviation to ''Radio Muzyka Fakty FM'', translation: ''Radio Music Facts FM''; previously: ''Radio Małopolska Fun FM''; translation: ''Radio Lesser Poland Fun FM'') is the first commercial radio station in Poland, currently broadcas ...

and

Radio ZET Radio Zet () is a Polish commercial radio station Radio broadcasting is transmission of audio (sound), sometimes with related metadata, by radio waves to radio receivers belonging to a public audience. In terrestrial radio broadcas ...

. The reach of television is very widespread. In 2016, the Poles on average watched television for over 4 hours and 20 minutes a day. The public television broadcaster is ''

Telewizja Polska Telewizja Polska S.A. (; "Polish Television"; TVP), also known in English as the public Polish Television is a Polish state media corporation. It is the largest Polish television network, although viewership has been declining in the 2010s. Sinc ...

'' (TVP), which runs two main channels, one regional channel and several thematic channels. The TVP is an importante source of information for many Poles, in particular in small cities, though its popularity has been declining in recent years. In the private sector there are over 200 commercial TV broadcasters: the two leading one are

Polsat Polsat is a Polish free-to-air television channel that was launched on 5 December 1992 by Zygmunt Solorz-Żak. , it is the most watched television channel in Poland with a market share of 11.30% Polsat belongs to Grupa Polsat Plus ( WSECPS, wh ...

and

TVN TVN may refer to: * TVN (Australian TV channel), a former horse racing channel * Televisión Nacional de Chile, a public broadcaster * TVN (Indonesia), a former television station; predecessor of Rajawali Televisi * TVN (Norway), or TVNorge, a comm ...

. In 2016, three-quarters of the Polish population had internet access. The government is working to increase broadband internet service. The major print, radio and television outlets have online editions. Online-only portals publishing a mix of news and entertainment content are among the country's most-visited websites (examples are: onet.pl; wp.pl; interia.pl; gazeta.pl).

Legal framework

The

Polish constitution The current Constitution of Poland was founded on 2 April 1997. Formally known as the Constitution of the Republic of Poland ( pl, Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej), it replaced the Small Constitution of 1992, the last amended version of ...

of 1997 guarantees freedom of the press and prohibits both preventive censorship and licensing requirements for the press. The media sector is regulated by the 1984 Polish Press Law and the 1992 Broadcasting Act, which have both been amended since then. The Broadcasting Act defines the rules for appointing the members of the National Broadcasting Council (''

Krajowa Rada Radiofonii i Telewizji Krajowa Rada Radiofonii i Telewizji (officially known in English as the National Broadcasting Council and also commonly referred to by its Polish acronym KRRiT) is the Poland, Polish broadcasting regulator, which issues radio and television broad ...

'', KRRRiT) and its powers. According to the Constitution, the KRRiT's role is to "safeguard the freedom of speech, the right to information, and the public interest in radio and television broadcasting". Even is its members are not allowed to belong to political party or perform public activities, the KRRiT in practice has been politicized, with members somehow affiliated with political parties. Also the governments’ reform attempts of the KRRiT have been largely politically driven. These attempts have been strengthened by the right-wing Law and Justice Party (PiS) government which, after winning the parliamentary elections in October 2015, partly replaced the management at the public television and radio broadcasters.

Media polarisation

The Polish media environment is highly polarized. Since 2015 elections, this polarization has become ever stronger. The cleavage concerns both PiS's controversial decisions and policies and diverging attitudes towards issues such as equal rights for LGBT people, refugees, the EU. Poland lacks the tradition of an editorially independent public service media: public and radio television broadcasters tend to favor those in power. Partisanship in the Polish media system goes hand in hand with bias among the journalists themselves. This bias is mirrored in the two major journalists's organizations that have different orientations: the Association of Polish Journalists (SDP), sympathetic toward the PiS government, and the Association of Journalists (TD), which is against the PiS's government. On 7 December 2020 state-owned petroleum refinery and distributor

PKN Orlen Polski Koncern Naftowy Orlen Spółka Akcyjna (PKN Orlen S.A.), commonly known as Orlen, is a Polish oil refiner and petrol retailer. The corporation is a significant European publicly traded firm with major operations in Poland, Czech Republic, ...

acquired media and press company "Polska Press" controlling large number of regional media portals and several regional newspapers. Together with previous acquisition of Polish newspaper distributor RUCH it creates a situation where regional media are owned and distributed by state-owned company raising concerns of media neutrality in Poland. On April 8, 2021, a Polish court has suspended the purchase of Polska Press by PKN Orlen.

Media ownership

Foreign companies hold a dominant position in the Polish media market. This fact entered into the political debate, in particular since the PiS's government took office. To contrast this, Jarosław Aleksander Kaczyński, founder of the PiS and former Prime Minister, called for the media to be "repolonized" PiS politicians argue that foreign-owned media outlets pursue deliberately unfavorable coverage of the PiS's government with the aim of undermining it. Polish print media and radio outlets are mainly private and diversified in terms of ownership, however foreign owners control around three-quarters of the Polish media market. The main domestic competitor is Agora, which owns ''

'' and a number of magazines, radio stations, internet platforms, a publishing house and additional ventures. Foreign ownership is very strong also in the regional media which are largely owned by the German Polska Press. To counter foreign ownership in Polish media, in 2021, the PiS government submitted a bill that would ban non-European-Union citizens and companies from possessing a controlling stake in Polish media outlets. In August 11 2021, The bill Lex TVN which forbids companies except those from the

European Economic Area The European Economic Area (EEA) was established via the ''Agreement on the European Economic Area'', an international agreement which enables the extension of the European Union's single market to member states of the European Free Trade As ...

from holding more than a 49% stake in Polish radio and television stations passed the Sejm.

Media freedom and pluralism

In recent years, according to Reporters Without Borders, in particular since the PiS went to power in 2015, media freedom in Poland has been significantly deteriorating. Several weeks after winning the 2015 parliamentary elections, the PiS passed a media law which gave the government direct control over public broadcasting. It also replaced journalists working in the public radio and TV stations and tried to throttle several independent print media outlets, such as ''

'', ''

'' and ''

'' by restricting public advertising. According to Freedom House, this effort is part of a broader attempt to weaken checks and balances, silence independent voices and control the public sphere. PiS's control on the executive branch and the executive can undermine the independence of the judiciary and its aggressive attitude towards the Constitutional Tribunal has prompted accusations that it is undermining the rule of law in Poland. In January 2016, the European Commission launched a procedure in order to impose the respect of the rule of law in the country. Reporters Without Borders in its 2019 assessment of Poland stated that the public media "have been transformed into government propaganda mouthpieces." Poland is rated "Partly Free" in Freedom House's 2017 "Freedom of the Press" report. It is ranked 62 out of 180 countries in the 2020 World Press Freedom index by Reporters Without Borders, down from 18th in 2015.

Public television and radio broadcasters

After winning parliamentary elections in October 2015, the PiS party replaced the management positions at the public television and radio broadcasters. This effort was not limited to public broadcasters since the party leadership tried to control also private media outlets for instance by advancing a proposal to restrict reporters’ access to the parliament. In December 2015 the so-called "small media law" prepared by PiS was sent to the Polish parliament. The proposal, which was conceived as a temporary measure before the adoption of a more comprehensive media law, provided for the termination of the mandates of the current members of the national television and radio broadcasters’ management and supervisory boards and their replacement through the direct appointment by the treasury minister. The law created great turmoil in public media: the directors of several public channels left their position in protest. Public protests occurred across Poland as well as abroad in the environment connected the community of Poles living abroad. The staffing changes were not limited to the managing positions. According to the Association of Journalists, 225 journalists left the public media during 2016, due to either layoffs or resignations. The new law and its effects were widely criticized also abroad: the European Federation of Journalists, the European Broadcasting Union, the Association of European Journalists, Reporters Without Borders, the

Committee to Protect Journalists The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) is an American independent non-profit, non-governmental organization, based in New York City, New York, with correspondents around the world. CPJ promotes press freedom and defends the rights of journ ...

and Index on Censorship denounced this decision. In January 2016, the

European Commission The European Commission (EC) is the executive of the European Union (EU). It operates as a cabinet government, with 27 members of the Commission (informally known as "Commissioners") headed by a President. It includes an administrative body ...

discussed the "small media law" in the frame of its assessment of the situation in Poland under the Rule of Law Framework. In December 2016, the Constitutional Tribunal declared parts of the "small media law" unconstitutional, calling for the need to constitutional rules on the KRRiT which should have played a decisive role in appointing its management and supervisory boards. In the first months of 2016 the PiS's government worked on a "big media law", a more comprehensive reform of the media system. In April 2016, a draft Law on National Media was presented to the Parliament. The draft wanted to transform the public radio and television broadcasters into "national media", thus shifting away from the model of editorially independent public service. The bill obliged the public media to disseminate the views of the prime minister, the president, and the speakers of the parliament and stated that the public media should preserve national traditions, patriotic and Christian values and strengthen the national community. The Council of Europe criticized the draft, describing it a move towards a "State broadcasters". The law was not adopted: the government decided to pursue a less ambitious approach and proposed the Parliament a "bridge law" to go into force at the expiration of the "small media law". The "bridge law" was approved in June 2016: the law stated that a newly established National Media Council have to be responsible for the appointment of the management and supervisory boards of the public media. The arrangement established by the law effectively guarantees the rule party a key role in appointing the members of the national Media Council. The law also does not forbid the new council's members from belonging to political party.

TV stations

TVP – public broadcaster *

TVP 1 TVP1 (TVP Jeden, ''Program I Telewizji Polskiej'', ''"Jedynka"'') is the main public television channel of TVP (Telewizja Polska S.A.), Poland's national television broadcaster. It was the first Polish channel to be broadcast and remains one ...

TVP 2 TVP 2 (TVP Dwa, ''Program II Telewizji Polskiej'', ''"Dwójka"'') is a Polish public mainstream TV channel operated by TVP. Launched in October 1970, its varied line-up contains a variety of programming (documentary, history, talk-shows, game-sh ...

* TVP 3 (regional) *

TVP HD TVP HD is a special High Definition version of the Polish public broadcasting channels (Telewizja Polska). A digital terrestrial multiplex carrying the channel was available in Warsaw, Poznań, Zielona Góra, Żagań, Kraków, Leżajsk and Kr ...

TVP Info TVP Info is a Polish free-to-air television news channel, run by the public broadcaster, state media TVP. It is focused on newscasts, airing nationwide news bulletins from 6:00 a.m. to 12:00 a.m. Its main offices are located at the TVP ...

(news and regional) *

TVP Polonia TVP Polonia (formerly known as TV Polonia) is the international channel of the Telewizja Polska (TVP). The channel is co-funded by the TVP and the Polish Ministry for Foreign Affairs and broadcasts from the TVP headquarters in Warsaw. TVP Polo ...

(for Poles abroad) *

TVP Kultura TVP Kultura is the first TV theme channel to be run by the Polish public broadcaster TVP. It was launched on 24 April 2005 and is dedicated to arts and culture. Every day of the week, the channel concentrates on other disciplines; e.g., cinema, ...

(cultural) * TVP Seriale (drama) *

TVP Rozrywka TVP Rozrywka is a Polish free-to-air television channel. It was launched on 15 April 2013 and focuses its programming on entertainment TV series. It is broadcast from the Telewizja Polska (TVP) headquarters in Warsaw . Availability Now T ...

(entertainment) *

TVP ABC TVP ABC is a television channel offered by Telewizja Polska. The programming is aimed at children aged 4–12, their parents, and their teachers. Programs * ''Bolek and Lolek'' * '' Kuba and Sruba'' * ''Margo the Mouse'' * ''Reksio'' Imported p ...

(children's channel) *

TVP Sport TVP Sport is a Polish sport channel owned by TVP launched on 18 November 2006. The channel is available on Canal+, Cyfrowy Polsat, as well as over cable providers. Broadcast SD broadcasting via satellite (''Eutelsat Hot Bird'') stopped on 6 A ...

TVP Historia TVP Historia is a Polish free-to-air television channel that was launched in May 2007. It focuses on history programming. References Histoire TV Viasat History History Channel Rai Storia Rai Storia ( English: Rai History) is an Italian tele ...

(history) *

TVP Parlament TVP Parlament is a Polish internet channel. It is run by the public broadcaster Public broadcasting involves radio, television and other electronic media outlets whose primary mission is public service. Public broadcasters receive funding from ...

* TVP Dokument * TVP Kobieta * TVP Nauka * Alfa TVP * Jasna Góra TV * TVP Historia 2 * TVP Kultura 2 * TVP ABC 2 * TVP World * TVP Wilno *

Belsat Belsat ( be, Белсат; pl, Biełsat; stylised as B☰LSAT) is a Polish free-to-air satellite television channel aimed at Belarus. The channel is a subsidiary of TVP S.A. From the outset, it has been co-funded by the Polish Ministry of For ...

(in Belarusian language)

– private *

Polsat News Polsat News is a Polish news channel, launched on 7 June 2008 at 7:00am (UTC+1). Being a part of the Polsat Network, Polsat News is owned by Polsat Group. It is available over Cyfrowy Polsat, nc+ and UPC Poland digital platforms in Poland. It is ...

(24/7 news channel) *

Polsat News 2 Polsat News 2 (formerly TV Biznes, Polsat Biznes and Polsat News +) is a Polish publicist-information television channel. It complements the main sister channel Polsat News, with in-depth commentary. It broadcasts programs devoted to national, ...

* Polsat 2 (for Poles abroad) * Polsat Rodzina * Super Polsat *

Polsat Sport Polsat Sport () is a Polish sports channel owned by Polsat. It launched on 11 August 2000 and is available via satellite on Cyfrowy Polsat. Polsat Sport HD Polsat Sport HD is a sports channel owned by Polsat, which broadcasts in High Definit ...

(sport channel) *

Polsat Sport Extra Polsat Sport Extra is a Polish television sports channel owned and operated by Polsat. Polsat Sport Extra HD Polsat Sport Extra HD is a second sports channel owned by Polsat, which broadcasts in HD. This channel have the same programming sched ...

(sport channel) *

Polsat Sport News Polsat Sport News was the first Polish TV station aimed at sports news. Polsat Sport News was launched on May 30, 2011, at 7:00. History On October 25, 2010, the program appeared as an internal test channel on channel 146 of Cyfrowy Polsat. On Ma ...

* Polsat Sport Fight * Polsat Sport Premium 1 * Polsat Sport Premium 2 * Polsat Sport Premium PPV (3-6) * Polsat Games *

Polsat Café Polsat Café is a Polish lifestyle television channel aimed primarily at women. It is owned and operated by Polsat Polsat is a Polish free-to-air television channel that was launched on 5 December 1992 by Zygmunt Solorz-Żak. , it is the most ...

(health and beauty) *

Polsat Play Polsat Play is a Polish lifestyle television channel aimed primarily at men. It is owned and operated by Polsat Polsat is a Polish free-to-air television channel that was launched on 5 December 1992 by Zygmunt Solorz-Żak. , it is the most watc ...

(for men) *

Polsat Seriale Polsat Seriale (formerly known as Polsat Romans) is a Polish television channel which broadcasts movies and television series. It is owned and operated by Polsat. It started broadcasting on 1 September 2013, as Polsat Romans, 5 Apil 2020. but ch ...

* Polsat JimJam - for kids *

Polsat Doku Polsat Doku is a Polish television channel belonging to Telewizja Polsat, which was launched on February 10, 2017 at 6 am. The broadcast, also as HD version via the Hot Bird 13B satellite, was included in the offer of Cyfrowy Polsat, nc+ and ca ...

* Disco Polo Music * Polsat Music * Polsat Viasat History * Polsat Viasat Explore * Polsat Viasat Nature * Polsat Crime+Investigation *

Polsat Film Polsat Film is a Polish television channel which broadcasts movies. Polsat received a license to broadcast on March 17, 2009, under the name "Polsat Kino". It started broadcasting on October 2, 2009. It is available from satellite platforms Cyfro ...

TV4 TV4 or TV 4 may refer to: *TV4 (Poland), a private Polish television station *TV4 (Sweden), a Swedish television network **TV4 Group, owners of the Swedish television station *South African Broadcasting Corporation TV4, a channel operated by the st ...

* TV6 TVN Discovery Group – private *

TVN 7 TVN7 is a Polish television channel specialising in action, drama and comedy shows and movies. Owned by TVN Group, the channel was launched in March 2002, replacing RTL7. It was relaunched on 1 September 2008 as TVN7. On 1st September 2014 the ...

TVN24 TVN24 is a Polish 24-hour commercial news channel, launched on 9 August 2001. Being a part of the TVN Network, TVN24 has been owned since July 2017 by US-based media company Warner Bros. Discovery. It gained broader popularity after the Septe ...

(24/7 news channel) *

TVN24 BiS TVN24 BiS (formerly TVN24 Biznes i Świat) is a Polish 24-hour hybrid business and world news channel, sister station to TVN24. It was launched on 1 January 2014, replacing TVN CNBC. TVN24 BiS belongs to the TVN Group which in turn is controll ...

TVN Style TVN Style is a Polish-language channel aimed at women featuring the latest in fashion, health and beauty. It was first launched on August 1, 2004 and a part of the TVN network, owned by Warner Bros. Discovery. Line-up * ''Miasto kobiet'' (''City ...

(channel aimed at women) * TVN Turbo (for men) *

TVN Fabuła TVN Fabula is a Polish TV channel launched April 16, 2015. The channel assigns series of TVN Group, movie trailers, foreign series and own productions. It also broadcasts programs on culture, showbiz and talk show with actors. The channel is broa ...

* iTVN (for Poles abroad) * iTVN Extra * TTV *

Food Network Food Network is an American basic cable channel owned by Television Food Network, G.P., a joint venture and general partnership between Warner Bros. Discovery Networks (which holds a 69% ownership stake of the network) and Nexstar Media Group ( ...

* HGTV Home&Garden *

Travel Channel Travel Channel (stylized as Trvl Channel since 2018) is an American pay television channel owned by Warner Bros. Discovery, which had previously owned the channel from 1997 to 2007. The channel is headquartered in New York, New York, United S ...

* Eurosport 1 *

Eurosport 2 Eurosport 2 is a French sports television network. It is a sister channel to Eurosport 1, which is a division of the Eurosport Network and a unit of Warner Bros. Discovery. Several different versions of the channel exist across Europe, where te ...

TLC TLC may refer to: Arts and entertainment Television * ''TLC'' (TV series), a 2002 British situational comedy television series that aired on BBC2 * TLC (TV network), formerly the Learning Channel, an American cable TV network ** TLC (Asia), an A ...

* Discovery Channel * Discovery Science * *

Discovery Historia Discovery Historia is a Polish television channel broadcasting history-related programmes. The channel was originally a joint-venture between Discovery Networks and TVN, but TVN left the venture in 2009. (Discovery Discovery may refer to: * D ...

(history and documentaries) *

Discovery Life Discovery Life is an American cable television network owned by Warner Bros. Discovery. Launched on February 1, 2011 as Discovery Fit & Health, it was the result of the merger of Discovery Health Channel and FitTV (following the former's replace ...

Animal Planet Animal Planet (stylized in all lowercase since 2018) is an American multinational pay television channel owned by the Warner Bros. Discovery Networks unit of Warner Bros. Discovery. First established on June 1, 1996, the network is primarily ...

* DTX * ID *

Metro Metro, short for metropolitan, may refer to: Geography * Metro (city), a city in Indonesia * A metropolitan area, the populated region including and surrounding an urban center Public transport * Rapid transit, a passenger railway in an urb ...

''*TTV belongs to Stavka (51% - TVN, 49% - Besta Film)''
Groupe Canal+ Poland (owned by

Canal+ Group Canals or artificial waterways are waterways or engineered channels built for drainage management (e.g. flood control and irrigation) or for conveyancing water transport vehicles (e.g. water taxi). They carry free, calm surface flow und ...

(51%), TVN Group (32%), Liberty Global (17%))
* Ale Kino+ *

Canal+ Premium Canal+ Premium (formerly Canal+) is Poland's variation of the French television network Canal+. It is similar in many ways, including continuity and presentation. Canal+ Poland currently consists of 12 high-definition channels: Canal+ Premium, C ...

Canal+ 1 Canal 1 ( en, Channel 1; pronounced "Canal Uno") is a Colombian state-owned television channel. It is owned by the Government of Colombia and managed by Plural Comunicaciones, S.A.S, a private company. From 1957 to 2017, the channel was administe ...

* Canal+ Sport *

Canal+ Sport 2 C More Tennis was a Scandinavian premium sports channel which replaced Canal+ Sport 2 on September 4, 2012, and became a sports channel with only tennis from ATP Tour, WTA Tour and Davis Cup. The channel also has the rights to the Grand Slam to ...

* Canal+ Film * Canal+ Seriale * Canal+ Family * Canal+ Dokument * Canal+ Sport 3 * Canal+ Sport 4 * Canal+ Now * Planete+ * Canal+ Kuchnia * Canal+ Domo *

MiniMini+ MiniMini+ is a Polish television channel owned and operated by ITI Neovision SA. Its programmes are aimed primarily at children aged 3–8. History Before the launch of MiniMini, Minimax (now known as Teletoon+) launched a programming bloc ...

* Teletoon+ * Novelas+ * Canal+ Sport 5
Minor players:

Polcast Television Polcast Television is a TV broadcaster of four Poland, Polish channels: Tele 5 (Poland), Tele 5, Polonia 1, Water Planet and Novela TV. It was founded in 2006 when Fincast (earlier broadcaster) was no longer entitled to represent them. Televisi ...

Tele 5 Tele 5 is a German free-to-air television channel that broadcasts classic American films, series, cartoons and Japanese anime. On 3 July 2020, Discovery, Inc. agreed to acquire the channel from Leonine Holding, completing the purchase on 1 ...

Polonia 1 Polonia 1 is one of the first Polish commercial television channels, consisting at first of a network of 12 (and - for a short time - even 13) local TV stations in bigger cities. The station was established by Sardinian businessman Nicola Grauso, ...

Water Planet Water Planet is a Polish television channel owned by Polcast Television Polcast Television is a TV broadcaster of four Poland, Polish channels: Tele 5 (Poland), Tele 5, Polonia 1, Water Planet and Novela TV. It was founded in 2006 when Finca ...

Novela TV Novela TV is a Polish television channel owned by Polcast Television, which broadcasts telenovelas A telenovela is a type of a television serial drama or soap opera produced primarily in Latin America. The word combines ''tele'' (for "televis ...

4Fun Media 4Fun.tv 4Fun Kids 4Fun Dance Lux Veritatis Foundation TV Trwam TV Puls *

TV Puls TV Puls is a Polish commercial television channel, which was based on Telewizja Niepokalanów with the support of companies such as PKN Orlen, KGHM Polska Miedź, PZU Życie, Prokom and which started broadcasting in March 2001. Due to financi ...

Puls 2 Puls 2 is a Polish free-to-air television channel A television channel is a terrestrial frequency or virtual number over which a television station or television network is distributed. For example, in North America, "channel 2" refers to ...

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * many local city and community cable stations Many major world players are also present on the market, among them: HBO, HBO2, MTV Poland,

NickMusic NickMusic is an American pay television network and spin-off of Nickelodeon that mainly carries music video and music-related programming from younger pop artists that appeal to Nickelodeon's target audience, with some videos edited for conten ...

Digital TV platforms (all private)

Platforma Canal+ Canal+ (formerly Cyfra+ (Canal+ Cyfrowy), nc+, Platforma Canal+) is a Polish satellite A satellite or artificial satellite is an object intentionally placed into orbit in outer space. Except for passive satellites, most satellites have a ...

(owned by

(51%), TVN Group (32%), Liberty Global (17%) * Polsat Box (owned by Polsat Cyfrowy stock company) * TVN24 GO (owned by TVN Group) - first online news platform in Poland giving access to

and

. Platform included broadcast, 29 public programs on live broadcast channels, and TV programs and programs as well as films on demand.

Radio stations

Polskie Radio (public broadcaster)

* Program 1 (Jedynka) - (news, current affairs, easy listening music, focused at listeners aged 40-64) - 225 LW, FM, DAB+ and the Internet * Program 2 (Dwójka) - (classical music, drama, comedy, literature) - FM, DAB+ and the Internet * Program 3 (Trójka) - (rock, alternative, Middle of the Road, focused at listeners aged 25-49) - FM, DAB+ and the Internet * Polskie Radio 24 - (news/talk) - FM, DAB+ and the Internet * Audytorium 17 - (public regional radio network) - FM, DAB+ and the Internet * Radio Poland - (external service in English, Polish, German, Ukrainian, Russian and Belarusian) - 1386 AM, FM (in selected areas abroad), DAB+ (in Poland), satellite and the Internet * Program 4 (Czwórka) - (dance, R&B, reggae, rap, soul, focused at listeners aged 15-29) - DAB+ and the Internet * Polskie Radio Chopin - (Polish classical music) - DAB+ and the Internet * Polskie Radio Dzieciom - (kids/learning) - DAB+ and the Internet * Polskie Radio Kierowców (Polish Radio for Drivers) - (road news, automotive news and rock music) - DAB+ and the Internet * 59 thematic radio channels on moje.polskieradio.pl

Privately owned stations

Bauer Media Group Heinrich Bauer Publishing (german: Heinrich Bauer Verlag KG), trading as Bauer Media Group, is a German multimedia conglomerate headquartered in Hamburg. It operates worldwide and owns more than 600 magazines, over 400 digital products and 50 r ...

company: *

- hot adult contemporary radio (target demographic 18-44) (nationwide) * RMF MAXX - contemporary hit radio (target demographic 13-34) (22 local stations) *

RMF Classic RMF FM (abriviation to ''Radio Muzyka Fakty FM'', translation: ''Radio Music Facts FM''; previously: ''Radio Małopolska Fun FM''; translation: ''Radio Lesser Poland Fun FM'') is the first commercial radio station in Poland, currently broadcas ...

- classical and film music (cross-regional station in 19 cities) *

Radio Gra Radio is the technology of signaling and communicating using radio waves. Radio waves are electromagnetic waves of frequency between 30 hertz (Hz) and 300 gigahertz (GHz). They are generated by an electronic device called a transmitt ...

- two local stations in Toruń and Wrocław. *

Radio Jura Radio is the technology of signaling and communicating using radio waves. Radio waves are electromagnetic waves of frequency between 30 hertz (Hz) and 300 gigahertz (GHz). They are generated by an electronic device called a transmitt ...

- local station in Częstochowa. *

Radio 90 Radio is the technology of signaling and communicating using radio waves. Radio waves are electromagnetic waves of frequency between 30 hertz (Hz) and 300 gigahertz (GHz). They are generated by an electronic device called a transmitt ...

- local station in Rybnik/Cieszyn. * Radiofonia - University Radio in Kraków. Eurozet company: *

Radio Zet Radio Zet () is a Polish commercial radio station Radio broadcasting is transmission of audio (sound), sometimes with related metadata, by radio waves to radio receivers belonging to a public audience. In terrestrial radio broadcas ...

- hot adult contemporary radio (Target Demographic 21-49) (nationwide) * Meloradio - soft adult contemporary radio (19 local stations) * Chillizet - chillout and jazz music (4 local stations) *

Antyradio Antyradio is a Polish radio network broadcasting all genres of rock music, although mostly broadcasting contemporary rock hits. The current owner of the network is Eurozet. Antyradio started broadcasting on 1 June 2005. ''Managers:'' * Marc ...

- rock and metal music (cross-regional station in 16 cities) Grupa ZPR Media company: *

Radio Eska Radio Eska is a commercial radio station in Poland. The radio has organized Polish awards ceremony Eska Music Awards since 2002. External linksRadio Eska webpage Radio stations in Poland Mass media in Warsaw Radio stations established i ...

- contemporary hit radio (target demographic 15-34) (39 local stations) * Eska Rock - mainly rock music (local station broadcasting in Warsaw) *

VOX FM VOXFM 106.9 is a community radio station in Wollongong, New South Wales, broadcasting on 106.9 on the FM band. The station's broadcast area in the Illawarra includes Helensburgh in the north to Gerringong in the south, and some listeners receive ...

- mostly disco & dance music (cross-regional station in 18 cities) *

Radio SuperNova Radio is the technology of signaling and communicating using radio waves. Radio waves are electromagnetic waves of frequency between 30 hertz (Hz) and 300 gigahertz (GHz). They are generated by an electronic device called a transmit ...

- only Polish music (11 local stations) * Radio Plus - upbeat oldies from the 70's, 80's & 90's and Catholic broadcasting (target demographic 40 and older) (18 local stations, some in cooperation with Eurozet)

Agora SA Agora Spółka Akcyjna (Agora SA) is a Polish media company. Agora and ''Gazeta Wyborcza'' (''The'' ''Electoral Gazette'') were created on the eve of the parliamentary elections in 1989. ''Gazeta Wyborcza'' became the first independent newspape ...

company: *

TOK FM Agora Spółka Akcyjna (Agora SA) is a Polish media company. Agora and ''Gazeta Wyborcza'' (''The'' ''Electoral Gazette'') were created on the eve of the parliamentary elections in 1989. ''Gazeta Wyborcza'' became the first independent newspape ...

- rolling news, talk, current affairs (cross-regional station in 19 cities) * Radio Złote Przeboje - mainly oldies music (Target Demographic 30-49) (23 local stations) * Radio Pogoda - retro music (7 local stations) *

Rock Radio Rock Radio was a brand of radio stations in the United Kingdom owned by GMG Radio. 96.3 Rock Radio was the first station in the network. It operated in West Central Scotland. The station was launched on the frequency which was formerly used b ...

- classic rock music (Target Demographic 18-39) (4 local stations) Other radio stations * MUZO.FM - rock, indie and news station (cross-regional station in 9 cities) *

- catolic (nationwide) * Radio Wnet - universal (cross-regional station in 8 cities) Independent local radio stations, broadcasting on FM * Akademickie Radio Centrum (Lublin) * Akademickie Radio Centrum (Rzeszów) * Akademickie Radio Index (Zielona Góra) * Akademickie Radio Kampus (Warszawa) * Akademickie Radio LUZ (Wrocław) * Białoruskie Radio Racja * Bon Ton Radio (Chełm) * Diecezjalne Radio Nadzieja (Łomża) * Emaus – Katolickie Radio Poznań * Katolickie Radio Anioł Beskidów (Bielsko-Biała) * Katolickie Radio Podlasie (Siedlce) * Katolickie Radio Rodzina (Wrocław) * Katolickie Radio Zamość (Zamość) * KRDP – Katolickie Radio Diecezji Płockiej (Ciechanów) * KRDP – Katolickie Radio Diecezji Płockiej (Płock) * Muzyczne Radio (Jelenia Góra) * Nasze Radio (Sieradz) * Nasze Radio Nostalgicznie (Zduńska Wola) * POPradio (Pruszków) * Radio Kaszëbë * Radio 5 Ełk * Radio 5 Suwałki * Radio 7 (Mława) * Radio Afera (Poznań) * Radio Akadera (Białystok) * Radio Alex (Zakopane) * Radio Bartoszyce * Radio Bayer FM (Suwałki) * Radio Bielsko * Radio Bogoria (Grodzisk Mazowiecki) * Radio CCM * Radio Centrum (Kalisz) * Radio Doxa (Opole) * Radio Elka (Głogów) * Radio Elka (Leszno) * Radio eM Katowice * Radio eM Kielce * Radio Express FM (Tychy) * Radio Fama Kielce * Radio Fama Słupsk * Radio Fama Tomaszów * Radio Fama Wołomin * Radio Fama Żyrardów * Radio Fara (Przemyśl) * Radio Fest (Chorzów) * Radio Fiat (Częstochowa) * Radio Głos (Pelplin) * Radio Gniezno * Radio Hit (Włocławek) * Radio i (Białystok) * Radio Jard (Białystok) * Radio Jasna Góra (Częstochowa) * Radio Kolor (Warszawa) * Radio Kołobrzeg * Radio Konin FM * Radio Kujawy (Włocławek) * Radio Leliwa (Tarnobrzeg) * Radio LEM FM (Gorlice/Polkowice) * Radio Malbork * Radio Nakło * Radio Niepokalanów (Łódź-Warszawa) * Radio Norda (Wejherowo) * Radio Nysa FM * Radio Oko (Ostrołęka) * Radio ONY FM (Nysa) * Radio Ostrowiec * Radio Parada (Łódź) * Radio Park (Kędzierzyn-Koźle) * Radio Piekary * Radio Płock FM * Radio Płońsk * Radio Puławy 24 * Radio Q (Kutno) * Radio Radom * Radio Rekord FM (Radom) * Radio Rekord Mazowsze (Ciechanów) * Radio Silesia (Zabrze) * Radio Sochaczew * Radio Starogard (Starogard Gdański) * Radio Strefa FM Piotrków * Radio SUD FM (Kępno) * Radio Sudety 24 (Strzegom) * Radio Super FM (Szczecin) * Radio Tczew * Radio UWM FM (Olsztyn) * Radio Vanessa (Racibórz) * Radio VIA (Rzeszów) * Radio Victoria (Łowicz) * Radio Warszawa * Radio Weekend (Chojnice) * Radio Wielkopolska * Radio Września FM * Radio Ziemi Wieluńskiej (Wieluń) * Radio Żnin FM * RDN Małopolska (Tarnów) * RDN Nowy Sącz * Rekord – Radio Świętokrzyskie (Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski) * RSC Radio Skierniewice * Studenckie Radio Żak (Łódź) * Trendy Radio (Krosno) * Twoja Polska Stacja (Częstochowa) * Twoje Radio (Stargard Szczeciński)

Press (all private)

Daily papers

(left-wing) *

(centre-right) *

(centrist) * Polska (centrist; edited in cooperation with the

British British may refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * British people, nationals or natives of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories, and Crown Dependencies. ** Britishness, the British identity and common culture * British English, ...

daily ''

The Times ''The Times'' is a British daily national newspaper based in London. It began in 1785 under the title ''The Daily Universal Register'', adopting its current name on 1 January 1788. ''The Times'' and its sister paper '' The Sunday Times'' (f ...

'') * Gazeta Polska Codziennie (far-right) *

(tabloid - German Swiss owned - Axel-Springer) * Super Express (tabloid) *

Nasz Dziennik ''Nasz Dziennik'' ("Our Daily") is a Polish-language Roman Catholic daily newspaper published six times a week in Warsaw, Poland. It is connected to the Lux Veritatis Foundation. Its viewpoint has been described as right-wing to far-right (har ...

(catholic, far-right)

Weekly magazines

(left-wing) *

(Polish edition of

, left-wing. German Swiss owned. Axel-Springer) *

Do rzeczy ''Do Rzeczy'' (, lit. ''To the point'') is a Polish-language conservative and liberal weekly news and political magazine published in Warsaw, Poland. It often promotes the PIS party narrative. History and profile ''Do Rzeczy'' was establishe ...

(right-wing) *

Sieci ''Sieci'' (English lit.: ''the Network''), also stylised as ''W Sieci'', ''wSieci'', or ''Tygodnik Sieci''; is a right-wing weekly magazine published in Poland.

(far-right) *

Przekrój ''Przekrój'' (; ''Cross-section'') was the oldest Polish weekly newsmagazine in operation, established in 1945 in Kraków. After temporary closure in 2013, it was bought by photographer Tomasz Niewiadomski and subsequently relaunched in December ...

(left-wing) * Przegląd (left-wing) * NIE (left-wing, owned by Jerzy Urban, the Polish communist government's spokesman during 1981–1989) *

(far-right) * Najwyższy Czas! (far-right) *

Tygodnik Powszechny ''Tygodnik Powszechny'' (, ''The Common Weekly'') is a Polish Roman Catholic weekly magazine, published in Kraków, which focuses on social, cultural and political issues. It was established in 1945 under the auspices of Cardinal Adam Stefan Sa ...

(Catholic socio-cultural weekly, centre-right) *

Niedziela Niedziela is a Polish surname Polish may refer to: * Anything from or related to Poland, a country in Europe * Polish language * Poles Poles,, ; singular masculine: ''Polak'', singular feminine: ''Polka'' or Polish people, are a West Sla ...

(Catholic, far-right) * Gość Niedzielny (Catholic, right-wing) * * Angora (left-wing Polish and world press review, owned by Agora SA Cox Communications Media Development Investment Fund) *

Forum Forum or The Forum (plural forums or fora) may refer to: Common uses * Forum (legal), designated space for public expression in the United States *Forum (Roman), open public space within a Roman city **Roman Forum, most famous example *Internet ...

(world press review, rather centrist to left-wing)

Internet

Top-level domain A top-level domain (TLD) is one of the domains at the highest level in the hierarchical Domain Name System of the Internet after the root domain. The top-level domain names are installed in the root zone of the name space. For all domains in ...

.pl is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Poland, administered by NASK, the Polish research and development organization. It is one of the founding members of CENTR. History The domain was created in 1990, following the mit ...

Internet users The Internet (or internet) is the global system of interconnected computer networks that uses the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to communicate between networks and devices. It is a '' network of networks'' that consists of private, pub ...

: 25.0 million users, 21st in the world; 65.0% of the population, 54th in the world (2012).Calculated using penetration rate and population data fro
"Countries and Areas Ranked by Population: 2012"
Population data, International Programs, U.S. Census Bureau, retrieved 26 June 2013"Percentage of Individuals using the Internet 2000-2012"
International Telecommunication Union (Geneva), June 2013, retrieved 22 June 2013 * Fixed broadband: 6.4 million subscriptions, 17th in the world; 16.6% of the population, 54th in the world (2012)."Fixed (wired)-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2012"
Dynamic Report, ITU ITC EYE,

International Telecommunication Union The International Telecommunication Union is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for many matters related to information and communication technologies. It was established on 17 May 1865 as the International Telegraph Unio ...

. Retrieved on 29 June 2013. *

Wireless broadband Wireless broadband is telecommunications technology that provides high-speed wireless Internet access or computer networking access over a wide area. The term comprises both fixed and mobile broadband. The term broadband Originally the word ...

: 18.9 million subscriptions, 16th in the world; 49.3% of the population, 33rd in the world (2012)."Active mobile-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2012"
Dynamic Report, ITU ITC EYE,

. Retrieved on 29 June 2013. * Internet hosts: 13.3 million hosts, 12th in the world (2012)."Internet hosts"
, ''World Factbook'', U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2013.