A monarchical system of government existed in
Ireland
Ireland from ancient
times until, for what became the Republic of Ireland, the
mid-twentieth century. Northern Ireland, as part of the United
Kingdom, remains under a monarchical system of government. The Gaelic
kingdoms of
Ireland
Ireland ended with the Norman invasion of Ireland, when
the kingdom became a fief of the
Holy See
Holy See under the Lordship of the
King of England. This lasted until the Parliament of
Ireland
Ireland conferred
the Crown of
Ireland
Ireland upon
King Henry VIII of England
King Henry VIII of England during the
English Reformation. The monarch of England held the crowns of England
and
Ireland
Ireland in a personal union. The
Union of the Crowns
Union of the Crowns in 1603
expanded the personal union to include Scotland. The personal union
between England and
Scotland
Scotland became a political union with the
enactments of the Acts of Union 1707, which created the Kingdom of
Great Britain. The crowns of Great Britain and
Ireland
Ireland remained in
personal union until it was ended by the Acts of Union 1800, which
united
Ireland
Ireland and Great Britain into the
United Kingdom
United Kingdom of Great
Britain and
Ireland
Ireland from January 1801 until December 1922.
After that date, most of
Ireland
Ireland left the
United Kingdom
United Kingdom to become the
independent Irish Free State; the remaining part, Northern Ireland,
elected to remain in the United Kingdom. Both the Free State and the
United Kingdom, which changed its name to the
United Kingdom
United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern
Ireland
Ireland in 1927, had the same person as monarch:
George V. In 1937, the year after George V's death, the Free State
adopted a new constitution which changed the state's name to Ireland
(or Éire) and removed all mention of the monarch. In April 1949,
Ireland
Ireland was declared a republic, with the description of the Republic
of Ireland. Since April 1949, the only part of the island of Ireland
that has retained a monarchical system is Northern
Ireland
Ireland (as part of
the
United Kingdom
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland).
Contents
1 Gaelic kingdoms
1.1 Ard Rí co febressa: High Kings with opposition
1.1.1 High Kings of
Ireland
Ireland 846–1198
1.1.2 Ruaidhrí, King of Ireland
2 Lordship of Ireland: 1198–1542
2.1 Lords of
Ireland
Ireland 1177–1542
3 Kingdom of Ireland: 1542–1800
3.1 Re-creation of title
3.2 Union with Great Britain
3.3 Partition:
Irish Free State
Irish Free State and Northern
Ireland
Ireland (1922–1936)
3.4 Abdication crisis, President of
Ireland
Ireland and Republic of Ireland
Act (1936–1949)
3.5 List of monarchs of Ireland
3.5.1 Monarchs of Ireland
3.5.2 Monarchs of the
Irish Free State
Irish Free State and Ireland
3.5.3 Monarchs of the
United Kingdom
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland
3.5.4 King's title, George I – George VI
4 References
Gaelic kingdoms[edit]
Gaelic
Ireland
Ireland consisted of as few as five and as many as nine Primary
kingdoms (Cuaighe) which were often subdivided into many minor smaller
kingdoms (Tutha). The primary kingdoms were Ailech, Airgíalla,
Connacht, Leinster, Mide, Osraige, Munster,
Thomond
Thomond and Ulster. Until
the end of Gaelic
Ireland
Ireland they continued to fluctuate, expand and
contract in size, as well as dissolving entirely or being amalgamated
into new entities. The role of High King of
Ireland
Ireland was primarily
titular and rarely (if ever) absolute. Gaelic
Ireland
Ireland was not ruled as
a unitary state.
Map of
Ireland
Ireland (900 AD)
The names of Connacht, Ulster,
Leinster
Leinster and
Munster
Munster are still in use,
now applied to the four modern provinces of Ireland. The following is
a list of the main Irish kingdoms and their kings.
Kings of
Ailech
Ailech (5th century to 1185)
Kings of
Airgíalla
Airgíalla ( –1590)
Kings of
Connacht
Connacht (406–1474)
Kings of
Leinster
Leinster (634 to 1603 or 1632 (de facto))
Kings of
Mide
Mide (8th–12th centuries)
Kings of
Osraige
Osraige ( –12th century)
Kings of
Munster
Munster (4th century to 1138 or 1194 (claimant))
Kings of
Thomond
Thomond (1118–1543)
Kings of
Ulster
Ulster (5th–12th centuries)
Ard Rí co febressa: High Kings with opposition[edit]
Main article: High Kings of Ireland
Maire Herbert has noted that "Annal evidence from the late eighth
century in
Ireland
Ireland suggests that the larger provincial kingships were
already accruing power at the expense of smaller political units.
Leading kings appear in public roles at church-state
proclamations...and at royal conferences with their peers." (2000,
p. 62). Responding to the assumption of the title ri hErenn uile
("king of all Ireland") by Mael Sechlainn I in 862, she furthermore
states that
the ninth-century assumption of the title of "ri Erenn" was a first
step towards the definition of a national kingship and a
territorially-based Irish realm. Yet change only gained ground after
the stranglehold of
Uí Néill power-structures was broken in the
eleventh century. ...The renaming of a kingship ... engendered a new
self-perception which shaped the future definition of a kingdom and of
its subjects.
(Herbert, 2000, p. 72)
Nevertheless, the achievements of Mael Sechlainn and his successors
were purely personal, and open to destruction upon their deaths.
Between 846–1022, and again from 1042–1166, kings from the leading
Irish kingdoms made greater attempts to compel the rest of the
island's populace to their rule, with varying degrees of success,
until the inauguration of
Ruaidri Ua Conchobair
Ruaidri Ua Conchobair (Rory O'Connor) in
1166,
High Kings of
Ireland
Ireland 846–1198[edit]
Mael Sechnaill mac Maele Ruanaid, 846–860
Aed Findliath, 861–876
Flann Sinna, 877–914
Niall Glundub, 915–917
Donnchad Donn, 918–942
Congalach Cnogba, 943–954
Domnall ua Neill, 955–978
Mael Sechnaill mac Domnaill, 979–1002; 1014–1022
Brian Boru, 1002–1014
Donnchad mac Briain, died 1064
Diarmait mac Mail na mBo, died 1072
Toirdelbach Ua Briain, died 1086
Muirchertach Ua Briain, died 1119
Domnall Ua Lochlainn, died 1121
Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair, died 1156
Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn, died 1166
Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair, died 1198
Ruaidhrí, King of Ireland[edit]
Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair
Upon the death of
Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn in early 1166, Ruaidhrí,
King of Connacht, proceeded to
Dublin
Dublin where he was inaugurated King of
Ireland
Ireland without opposition. He was arguably the first undisputed full
king of Ireland. He was also the only Gaelic one, as the events of the
Norman invasion of 1169–1171 brought about the destruction of the
high-kingship, and the direct involvement of the
Kings of England
.svg/340px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_England_(1399-1603).svg.png)
Kings of England in
Irish politics.
One of Ruaidrí's first acts as King was the conquest of Leinster,
which resulted in the exile of its king, Dermot MacMurrough. Ruaidrí
then obtained terms and hostages from all the notable kings and lords.
He then celebrated the Oneach Tailtann, a recognised prerogative of
the High Kings, and made a number of notable charitable gifts and
donations. However, his caput remained in his home territory in
central
Connacht
Connacht (County Galway). Ireland's recognised capital,
Dublin, was ruled by Ascall mac Ragnaill, who had submitted to
Ruaidri.
Only with the arrival of MacMurrough's Anglo-Norman allies in May 1169
did Ruaidrí's position begin to weaken. A series of disastrous
defeats and ill-judged treaties lost him much of Leinster, and
encouraged uprisings by rebel lords. By the time of the arrival of
Henry II in 1171, Ruaidrí's position as king of
Ireland
Ireland was
increasingly untenable.
Ruaidrí at first remained aloof from engagement with King Henry,
though many of the lesser kings and lords welcomed his arrival as they
wished to see him curb the territorial gains made by his vassals.
Through the intercession of
Lorcán Ua Tuathail
Lorcán Ua Tuathail (Laurence O'Toole),
the Archbishop of Dublin, Ruaidrí and Henry came to terms with the
Treaty of Windsor in 1175. Ruaidrí agreed to recognise Henry as his
lord; in return, Ruaidrí was allowed to keep all
Ireland
Ireland as his
personal kingdom outside the petty kingdoms of
Laigin (Leinster) and
Mide
Mide as well as the city of Waterford.
Henry was unwilling or unable to enforce the terms of the treaty on
his barons in Ireland, who continued to gain territory in Ireland. A
low point came in 1177 with a successful raid into the heart of
Connacht
Connacht by a party of Anglo-Normans, led by one of Ruaidrí's sons,
Prince Muirchertach. They were expelled, Ruaidhrí ordering the
blinding of Muirchertach, but over the next six years his rule was
increasingly diminished by internal dynastic conflict and external
attacks. Finally, in 1183, he abdicated.
He was twice briefly returned to power in 1185 and 1189, but even
within his home kingdom of
Connacht
Connacht he had become politically
marginalized. He lived quietly on his estates, and died at the
monastery of Cong in 1198 and was buried at Clonmacnoise. With the
possible exception of
Brian Ua Néill (Brian O'Neill; died 1260), no
other Gaelic king was ever again recognised as king or high king of
Ireland.
Lordship of Ireland: 1198–1542[edit]
Main article: Lordship of Ireland
By the time of Ruairi's death in 1198, King
Henry II of England
Henry II of England had
invaded
Ireland
Ireland and given the part of it he controlled to his son John
as a Lordship when John was just 10 in 1177. When John succeeded to
the English throne in 1199, he remained Lord of
Ireland
Ireland thereby
bringing the kingdom of England and the lordship of
Ireland
Ireland into
personal union. By the mid-13th century, while the island was
nominally ruled by the king of England, from c.1260 the effective area
of control began to recede. As various
Cambro-Norman
Cambro-Norman noble families
died out in the male line, the Gaelic nobility began to reclaim lost
territory. Successive English kings did little to stem the tide,
instead using
Ireland
Ireland to draw upon men and supplies in the wars in
Scotland
Scotland and France.
By the 1390s the Lordship had effectively shrunk to the Pale with the
rest of the island under the control of independent Gaelic-Irish or
rebel
Cambro-Norman
Cambro-Norman noble families. King
Richard II of England
Richard II of England made
two journeys to
Ireland
Ireland during his reign to rectify the situation; as
a direct result of his second visit in 1399 he lost his throne to
Henry Bolingbroke. This was the last time that a medieval king of
England visited Ireland.
For the duration of the 15th century, royal power in
Ireland
Ireland was weak,
the country being dominated by the various clans and dynasties of
Gaelic (O'Neill, O'Brien, MacCarthy) or
Cambro-Norman
Cambro-Norman (Burke,
FitzGerald, Butler) origin. Affairs closer to London ensured, well
into the 1530s, that Irish affairs remained at best a secondary
concern.
Lords of
Ireland
Ireland 1177–1542[edit]
See also: List of English monarchs
John (1177–1216)
First man to be made Lord of
Ireland
Ireland and established the precedent
that that Lord would also be King of England.
Henry III (1216–72)
Henry III granted
Ireland
Ireland to his son, Edward I, in 1254 on condition
that it would never be separated from the Crown.
Brian Ua Néill claimed the title of High King of
Ireland
Ireland from
1258–60, until his defeat and death in the Battle of Druim Dearg
Edward I (1272–1307)
Edward II (1307–27)
Edward Bruce, Earl of Carrick, declared himself High King of Ireland
during a failed rebellion of 1315–18
Edward III (1327–77)
Richard II (1377–99)
Robert de Vere was created Duke of
Ireland
Ireland in 1386, but forfeited his
titles in 1388
Henry IV (1399–1413)
Henry V (1413–22)
Henry VI (1422–61)
Edward IV (1461–70)
Henry VI (1470–71)
Edward IV (1471–83)
Edward V (1483)
Richard III (1483–85)
Henry VII (1485–1509)
Lambert Simnel
Lambert Simnel claimed to be Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick,
and was crowned "King Edward VI" in Christ Church Cathedral,
Dublin
Dublin on
24 May 1487. His claim ended with the Battle of Stoke Field, 16 June
1487.
Perkin Warbeck
.jpg/400px-Castles_of_Leinster-_Dunsoghly,_Co._Dublin_(geograph_2496350).jpg)
Perkin Warbeck claimed to be Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York
("Richard IV") and gained some Irish support before a failed invasion
of England in 1495.
Henry VIII (1509–42)
The title of Lord of
Ireland
Ireland was abolished by Henry VIII, who was made
King of
Ireland
Ireland by the Parliament of
Ireland
Ireland by the Crown of Ireland
Act 1542.
Kingdom of Ireland: 1542–1800[edit]
Re-creation of title[edit]
Main article: Kingdom of Ireland
Henry VIII claimed the title "King of Ireland" in 1542.
The title "King of Ireland" was created by an act of the Irish
Parliament in 1541, replacing the Lordship of Ireland, which had
existed since 1171, with the Kingdom of Ireland. The Crown of Ireland
Act 1542 established a personal union between the English and Irish
crowns, providing that whoever was
King of England
King of England was to be King of
Ireland
Ireland as well, and so its first holder was King Henry VIII of
England. Henry's sixth and last wife, Katherine Parr, was the first
Queen consort of
Ireland
Ireland following her marriage to King Henry in
1543.[1] This followed the failure of the plan to make The 1st Duke of
Richmond and Somerset (1519–1536), Henry VIII's illegitimate son,
into the King of Ireland. Although Richmond was made Lord Lieutenant,
the King's counsellors feared that creating a separate Kingdom of
Ireland, with a ruler other than that of England, would create another
threat like the King of Scotland.[2]
The title of King of
Ireland
Ireland was created after Henry VIII had been
excommunicated in 1538, so it was not recognised by European Catholic
monarchs. Following the accession of the Catholic Mary I in 1553 and
her marriage to Felipe, Prince of Asturias, in 1554, Pope Paul IV
issued the papal bull "Ilius" in 1555, recognising them as Queen and
King of
Ireland
Ireland together with her heirs and successors.[3]
For a brief period in the 17th century, during the Wars of the Three
Kingdoms from the impeachment and execution of Charles I in 1649 to
the Irish Restoration in May 1660, there was no 'King of Ireland'.
After the Irish Rebellion of 1641, Irish Catholics, organised in
Confederate Ireland, still recognised Charles I, and later Charles II,
as legitimate monarchs, in opposition to the claims of the English
Parliament, and signed a formal treaty with Charles I in 1648. But in
1649, the Rump Parliament, victorious in the English Civil War,
executed Charles I, and made England a republic, or "Commonwealth".
The Parliamentarian general
Oliver Cromwell
Oliver Cromwell came across the Irish Sea
to crush the Irish royalists, temporarily uniting England, Scotland,
and
Ireland
Ireland under one government, and styling himself "Lord Protector"
of the three kingdoms. (See also Cromwellian conquest of Ireland.)
After Cromwell's death in 1658, his son Richard emerged as the leader
of this pan-
British and Irish Isles
British and Irish Isles republic, but he was not competent
to maintain it. The
Parliament of England
.svg/440px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_(1558-1603).svg.png)
Parliament of England at
Westminster
Westminster voted to
restore the monarchy, and in 1660 King Charles II returned from exile
in France to become King of England, King of
Scotland
Scotland and King of
Ireland.
Union with Great Britain[edit]
See also: List of British monarchs
The
Acts of Union 1707
.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_(1702-1707).svg.png)
Acts of Union 1707 merged the kingdoms of England and Scotland
into the Kingdom of Great Britain, under the sovereignty of the
British Crown. The effect was to create a personal union between the
Crown of
Ireland
Ireland and the British Crown, instead of the English Crown.
Later, from 1 January 1801, an additional merger took place between
the two Kingdoms. By the terms of the Acts of Union 1800, the Kingdom
of
Ireland
Ireland merged with the Kingdom of Great Britain, thus creating the
United Kingdom
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Following the separation
of most of
Ireland
Ireland from that kingdom in 1922, the remaining
constituent parts were renamed the
United Kingdom
United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern
Ireland
Ireland in 1927, five years after the establishment of the
Irish Free State.
Partition:
Irish Free State
Irish Free State and Northern
Ireland
Ireland (1922–1936)[edit]
Main article: Monarchy in the Irish Free State
Leinster
Leinster House, Dublin, decorated for the visit of King
George V
George V and
Queen Mary in 1911.
Within a decade it was the seat of the
Oireachtas
Oireachtas of the Irish Free
State.
In early December 1922, most of
Ireland
Ireland (twenty-six of the country's
thirty-two counties) left the
United Kingdom
United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland. These 'Twenty-Six Counties' now became the Irish Free State,
a self-governing dominion within the British Empire. Six of Ireland's
north-eastern counties, all within the Province of Ulster, remained
within the
United Kingdom
United Kingdom as Northern Ireland. As a Dominion, the Free
State was a constitutional monarchy with the British monarch as its
head of state. The monarch was officially represented in the new Free
State by the Governor-General of the Irish Free State.
The King's title in the
Irish Free State
Irish Free State was exactly the same as it
was elsewhere in the British Empire, being from 1922 to 1927: "By the
Grace of God, of the
United Kingdom
United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland
Ireland and
of the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith,
Emperor of India" and, from 1927 to 1937: "By the Grace of God, of
Great Britain,
Ireland
Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas King,
Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India". The change in the King's
title was effected under an Act of the Parliament of the United
Kingdom called the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act, 1927, intended
to update the name of the
United Kingdom
United Kingdom as well as the King's title
to reflect the fact that most of the island of
Ireland
Ireland had left the
United Kingdom. The Act therefore provided that "Parliament shall
hereafter be known as and styled the Parliament of the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland
Ireland [instead of the Parliament of
the
United Kingdom
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]" and "In every Act
passed and public document issued after the passing of this Act the
expression 'United Kingdom' shall, unless the context otherwise
requires, mean Great Britain and Northern Ireland."[4]
According to The Times, the "
Imperial Conference
Imperial Conference proposed that, as a
result of the establishment of the Irish Free State, the title of the
King should be changed to 'George V, by the Grace of God, of Great
Britain, Ireland, and the British Dominions beyond the seas King,
Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India.'"[4] The change did not mean
that the King had now assumed different styles in the different parts
of his Empire. That development did not formally occur until 1953,
four years after the new Republic of
Ireland
Ireland had left the
Commonwealth.
Despite a lack of change in his title, George V's position as king of
that country became separated from his place as King of the United
Kingdom (as occurred with all the other British Dominions at the
time). The Government of the
Irish Free State
Irish Free State (also known as His
Majesty's Government in the Irish Free State) was confident that the
relationship of these independent countries under the Crown would
function as a personal union.[5]
Abdication crisis, President of
Ireland
Ireland and Republic of
Ireland
Ireland Act
(1936–1949)[edit]
Main article: Irish head of state from 1936 to 1949
The constitutional crisis resulting from the abdication of King Edward
VIII in December 1936 was used by Éamon de Valera's government as a
catalyst to amend the Constitution of the
Irish Free State
Irish Free State by
eliminating all but one of the King's official duties. This was
achieved with the enactment on 11 December of the Constitution
(Amendment No. 27) Act, which removed the monarch from the
constitution and, on 12 December, the External Relations Act,[6] which
provided that the monarch recognised by Britain and the rest of the
Commonwealth could represent the
Irish Free State
Irish Free State "for the purposes of
the appointment of diplomatic and consular representatives and the
conclusion of international agreements" when authorised to do so by
the Irish government. The following year, a new constitution was
ratified, changing the name of the Free State to Éire, or "Ireland"
in the English language, and establishing the office of President of
Ireland. The King's role in
Ireland
Ireland was ambiguous. Whether the Irish
head of state from 1936 to 1949 was George VI, or the President, was
left unclear.[7][8] This ambiguity was eliminated with the enactment
of the Republic of
Ireland
Ireland Act 1948, which came into force in April
1949 and declared the state to be a republic.[9] The External
Relations Act was repealed, removing the remaining duties of the
monarch, and
Ireland
Ireland formally withdrew from the British
Commonwealth.[10] The position of the King in the Irish state was
finally and formally ended by the
Oireachtas
Oireachtas with the repeal of the
Crown of
Ireland
Ireland Act 1542 by the Statute Law Revision (Pre-Union Irish
Statutes) Act 1962.
The British monarchy, specifically, continued and continues in
Northern Ireland, which remains a part of the sovereign state that is
the
United Kingdom
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. From 1921
until 1973, the British monarch was officially represented in Northern
Ireland
Ireland by the Governor of Northern Ireland.
List of monarchs of Ireland[edit]
Monarchs of Ireland[edit]
An Irish groat depicting Philip and Mary
Henry VIII (1542–47); Lord of
Ireland
Ireland 1509–42; made King by the
Crown of
Ireland
Ireland Act 1542
Edward VI (1547–53)
Lady Jane Grey
Lady Jane Grey (1553; disputed)
Mary I (1553–58)
Philip jure uxoris (1554–58); his role as King of
Ireland
Ireland was
reinforced by the Treason Act 1554
Elizabeth I (1558–1603)
James I (1603–25)
Charles I (1625–49)
The
Wars of the Three Kingdoms
_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/560px-Sir_Anthony_Van_Dyck_-_Charles_I_(1600-49)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg)
Wars of the Three Kingdoms (incorporating the Irish Rebellion of
1641, Confederate Ireland, the Cromwellian conquest of
Ireland
Ireland and the
Irish Confederate Wars) took place between 1639 and 1651. Charles I
was executed in 1649 and his son Charles II was recognised by some
Irish lords as King of Ireland. The Interregnum began with England,
Ireland,
Scotland
Scotland and Wales ruled by the Council of State, then the
Lord Protector
.svg/240px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Protectorate_(1653–1659).svg.png)
Lord Protector
Oliver Cromwell
Oliver Cromwell (1649–58) and his son Richard
Cromwell (1658–59). The Restoration in
Ireland
Ireland was effected in 1660
without major opposition, Charles II being declared King on 14 May
1660 by the Irish Convention.
Charles II (1660–85)
James II (1685–91)
William III (1689–1702) & Mary II (1689–94)
The position of King of
Ireland
Ireland was contested by William III and James
II between 1689 and 1691, after the
Glorious Revolution
Glorious Revolution of 1688. The
Crown and Parliament Recognition Act 1689
.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_(1689-1694).svg.png)
Crown and Parliament Recognition Act 1689 made William King of
Ireland, and this was reinforced by his victory at the Battle of the
Boyne (part of the Williamite War in Ireland).
Anne (1702–14)
The
Acts of Union 1707
Acts of Union 1707 united the
Kingdom of England
Kingdom of England and Kingdom of
Scotland
Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain. However, the Kingdom of
Ireland
Ireland remained a separate state.
George I (1714–27)
George II (1727–60)
George III (1760–1800)
The Acts of Union 1800, instituted in reaction to the Irish Rebellion
of 1798, created the
United Kingdom
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
Monarchs of the
Irish Free State
Irish Free State and Ireland[edit]
The royal arms of
Ireland
Ireland – Badge of Ireland, used during the period
of the Kingdom of
Ireland
Ireland on coins, etc.
George V
George V (1922–1936) (The
Irish Free State
Irish Free State became a self-governing
Dominion
Dominion of the
British Empire
British Empire and subsequently, in 1931, a
legislatively independent country)
Edward VIII
.jpg/440px-HRH_The_Prince_of_Wales_No_4_(HS85-10-36416).jpg)
Edward VIII (1936)
Arguably
George VI
George VI (1936–1949), whose status was diminished
Monarchs of the
United Kingdom
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland[edit]
George VI
George VI (1949–1952) (Following the
Ireland
Ireland Act 1949, only that
part of
Ireland
Ireland known as Northern
Ireland
Ireland remained part of a
monarchy.)
Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II (1952–)
King's title, George I – George VI[edit]
The king's title in the Irish Free State, when it became a
self-governing
Dominion
Dominion of the British Empire, and its constitutional
successor from December 1936 to April 1949, was the same as elsewhere
in the British Commonwealth,[11] but it was unclear whether the
President of
Ireland
Ireland was
Irish head of state from 1936 to 1949 or the
King, George VI.
The changes in the royal style in the 20th century took into account
the emergence of independence for the dominions from the Imperial
Parliament of the United Kingdom. The kings successively and their
advisers and governments in the
United Kingdom
United Kingdom were fully aware that
the republican intent of the representatives of the Irish Free State
was in marked contrast to the intent of the governments of certain
other dominions, such as Canada.[12] and such differences were
manifested in this period in the design and use of flags and other
national symbols for the
Irish Free State
Irish Free State and other dominions.[13]
References[edit]
^ Katherine Parr, editor, Janel Mueller. Katherine Parr: Complete
Works and Correspondence, University of Chicago Press, 2011. pg 178.
Last Will and Testament of Dowager Queen Katherine Parr
^ J.J. Scarisbrick, English Monarchs: Henry VIII, University of
California Press
^ The papal bull "ILIUS" of 1555 conferring the title of King of
Ireland
Ireland upon Philip,
Prince of Asturias
Prince of Asturias (later Philip II of Spain)
^ a b The Times, 4 March 1927
^ "Black v Chrétien: Suing a Minister of the Crown for Abuse of
Power, Misfeasance in Public Office and Negligence". Murdoch
University Electronic Journal of Law. 9 (3). September 2002. Retrieved
2 October 2008.
^
Edward VIII
Edward VIII (12 December 1936). Executive Authority (External
Relations) Act, 1936. Dublin: Irish Statute Book. 3.2. Retrieved 6 May
2009.
^ McMahon, Deirdre (1984). Republicans and Imperialists: Anglo-Irish
Relations in the 1930's. p. 181. ISBN 0300030711.
^ In the words of Mary E. Daly (January 2007). "The Irish Free
State/Éire/Republic of Ireland/Ireland: "A Country by Any Other
Name"?". Journal of British Studies. 46 (1): 72–90.
doi:10.1086/508399. JSTOR 10.1086/508399. : "After the
enactment of the 1936 External Relations Act and the 1937
Constitution, Ireland's only remaining link with the crown had been
the accreditation of diplomats. The president of
Ireland
Ireland was the head
of state. When opposition deputies asked de Valera whether
Ireland
Ireland was
a republic—a favorite pastime in the mid-1940s—he tended to resort
to dictionary definitions showing that
Ireland
Ireland had all the attributes
of a republic."
^ Section 1 of the Republic of
Ireland
Ireland Act 1948.
^ Kondō, Atsushi (2001). Citizenship in a Global World: Comparing
Citizenship Rights for Aliens. Hampshire: Palgrave. p. 120.
ISBN 0-333-80265-9.
Ireland
Ireland reluctantly remained a member of the
Commonwealth as Irish citizens remained British Subjects. However,
Irish representatives stopped attending Commonwealth meetings in 1937
and
Ireland
Ireland adopted a position of neutrality in World War II. Ireland
became a Republic in 1949 and formally left the Commonwealth.
^ Proclamation altering the Style and Titles appertaining to the
Crown, London, 13 May 1927.[1]
^ Heads of government attending the 1926
Imperial Conference
Imperial Conference included
W. T. Cosgrave, then serving as President of the Executive Council
(prime minister) from 1922 to 1932. It was recorded that the distinct
characteristics and histories of each was recognised by the parties
attending the Conference,
^ See "The Flags of Canada", Alistair B. Fraser, 1998, [2] 1_For the
chronology of Canadian flags from 1870, at the time of the Irish
republican movement, see Appendix III [3]. 2_For explanation of the
distinction between national flags and monarchical badges or blazons
of arms see Chapter I: ___"...a nation needs emblems and symbols to
preserve traditions and inspire love of country. Of these symbols, the
coat of arms and the flag are the chief." Charles Frederick Hamilton,
Assistant Comptroller, R.C.M.P (1921) ___"The function of a flag is to
send the simple message of identity. The function of arms is to
dignify an individual, or institution, or country by special
identifying symbolism and by appropriate reference to ancestry." John
Ross Matheson, Canada's Flag: A Search for a Country (Boston G.K.
Hall, 1980), p. 7. ___"Canada's flag serves to identify something
Canadian. More specialized in its use, Canada's arms identify national
authority and jurisdiction. Leaving aside strictly decorative uses of
either, the flag is used wherever one wishes to make the simple
statement: Canada or Canadian; the arms only where the authority of
the nation is asserted." Alistair B. Fraser, 1998, op.cit.
Synchronismen der irischen Konige, Rudolf Thurneysen, ZCP 19, 1933,
pp. 81–99
The Uí Brian Kingship in Telach Oc, James Hogan, in Feil-Sgrighinn
Eoin Mhic Neill, pp. 406–444, ed. John Ryan, Dublin, 1938
Early Irish History and Mythology, T.F. O'Rahilly, 1946
The heir-designate in early medieval Ireland, Gearóid Mac Niocaill,
Irish Jurist 3 (1968), pp. 326–29.
The rise of the
Uí Néill and the high-kingship of Ireland, Francis
John Byrne, O'Donnell Lecture, 1969; published Dublin, 1970
Irish regnal succession – a reappraisal, Donnchadh O Corrain, Studia
Hibernica 11, 1971, pp7–39
Gaelic and Gaelicised Ireland, Kenneth Nicholls, 1972
Rí Éirenn, Rí Alban, kingship and identity in the night and tenth
centuries, Maire Herbert, in Kings clerics and chronicles in Scotland,
pp. 62–72, ed. S. Taylor, Dublin, 2000
Irish Kings and High Kings, Francis John Byrne, 1973; 3rd reprint,
Dublin, 2001
Dal Cais, church and dynasty, Donnachadh O Corrain, Eiru 24, 1973,
pp. 1–69
Nationality and kingship in pre-Norman Ireland, Donnchadh O Corrain,
in Nationality and the pursuit of national independence,
pp. 1–35, Historical Studies 11, ed. T.W. Moody, Belfast, 1978
The Irish royal sites in history and archaeology, B. Wailes, CMCS 3,
1982, pp. 1–29
A New History of
Ireland
Ireland vol. ix:maps, genealogies, lists:a companion
to Irish history part II., edited T.W. Moody, F.X. Martin, F.J.Byrne,
Oxford, 1984
The archaeology of early Irish kingship, Richard B. Warner, in Power
and Politics in Early Medieval Britain and Ireland, pp. 47–68,
ed. S.T. Driscoll and M.R. Nieke, Edinburgh, 1988
From Kings to Warlords:The Changing Political Structure of Gaelic
Ireland
Ireland in the Later Middle Ages, Katharine Simms, Dublin, 1987
The King as Judge in early Ireland, Marilyn Gerriets, CMCS 13 (1987),
pp. 39–72.
High Kingship and Tiberius Claudius Cogidubnus, A.T. Fear, in EtC 30
(1994), pp. 165–68.
Kingship, society and sacrality:rank, power and ideology in early
medieval Ireland, N.B. Aitchison, in Traditio 49 (1994)
pp. 45–47
Kings and kingship in Early Medieval Ireland, pp. 63–84, Daibhi
O Croinin, 1995
The Kingship of Tara in Early Christian Ireland, Thomas
Charles-Edwards, 1995
Kings over overkings. Propaganda for pre-eminence in early medieval
Ireland, Bart Jaski, in The Propagation of Power in the Medieval West,
ed. M. Gosman, A. Vanderjagt, J. Veenstra, pp. 163–76,
Groningen, 1996
An inaugural ode to Hugh O'Connor (King of
Connacht
Connacht 1293–1309, Seam
Mac Mathuna, ZCP 49–50, 1997, pp. 26–62.
The inauguration of
Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair
Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair at Ath an Termoinn,
Elizabeth FitzPatrick, Peritia 12 (1998), pp. 351–8
Kings, the kingship of
Leinster
Leinster and the regnal poems of "laidshenchas
Laigen:a reflection of dynastic politics in leinster, 650–1150, Edel
Bhreathnach, in Seanchas:Studies in Early and Medieval Irish
Archaeology, History and Literature in Honour of Francis John Byrne,
Four Courts
Four Courts Press, Dublin, 2000
The Conntinuation of Bede, s.a. 750; high-kings, kings of Tara and
Bretwaldas, T.M. Charles-Edwards, pp. 137–145, op.cit.
Early Irish Kingship and Succession, Bart Jaski, Dublin, 2000
Leinster
Leinster states and kings in Christian times pp. 33–52, The Ua
Maelechlainn kings of Meath, pp. 90–107, Christian kings of
Connacht, pp. 177–194, Paul Walsh, in Irish Leaders and
Learning Through the Ages, ed. Nollaig O Muraile, 2003
Finghin MacCarthaigh, king of Desmond, and the mystery of the second
nunnery at Clonmacnoise, Conleth Manning, in Regions and Rulers in
Ireland
Ireland 1100–1650, ed. David Edwards, pp. 20–26, Four Courts
Press, Dublin, 2004
Kingship in Early Ireland, Charles Doherty, in The Kingship and
Landscape of Tara, pp. 3–31, ed. Edel Bhreathnach, Four Courts
Press, Dublin, 2005
Kings named in "Baile Chuinn Chechathaig" and the
Airgialla
Airgialla Charter
Poem,
Ailbhe Mac Shamhrain and Paul Byrne, in op.cit.,
pp. 159–224.
High-Kings with Opposition, Maire-Therese Flannagan, in A New History
of Ireland, Volume One:Pre-Historic and Early Ireland, 2008
v
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