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Jacques François Antoine Marie Ibert (15 August 1890 – 5 February 1962) was a French composer of classical music. Having studied music from an early age, he studied at the
"Ibert, Jacques."
''Grove Music Online''. Oxford Music Online, accessed 18 September 2010 Ibert's musical studies were interrupted by the outbreak of World War I, in which he served as a naval officer. After the war he married Rosette Veber, daughter of the painter Jean Veber. Resuming his studies, he won the Conservatoire's top prize, the
"Ibert, Jacques."
''The New Grove Dictionary of Opera'', Grove Music Online, accessed 18 September 2010
Among Ibert's early orchestral compositions were ''La Ballade de la geôle de Reading'', inspired by Oscar Wilde's
Ibert, Jacques (François Antoine)
Student Encyclopedia of Music, vol. 2, Schirmer Reference New York, published 1999, accessed 18 September 2010 The first of these works was played at the Concerts Colonne in October 1922, conducted by
"Ibert, Jacques (François Antoine Marie)."
''The Oxford Companion to Music'', Oxford Music Online, accessed 18 September 2010 but Ibert is at least as well known for lighthearted, even frivolous, pieces, among which are the ''Divertissement'' for small orchestra and the Flute Concerto. Ibert's stage works similarly embrace a wide variety of styles. His first opera, ''Persée et Andromède'', is a concise, gently satirical piece. ''Angélique'' displays his "eclectic style and his accomplished writing of pastiche set pieces". ''Le roi d'Yvetot'' is written, in part in a simple folklike style. The opéra bouffe ''Gonzague'' is another essay in the old opera bouffe style. '' L'Aiglon'', composed jointly with Honegger, employs commedia dell'arte characters and much musical pastiche in a style both accessible and sophisticated. For the farcical ''Les petites Cardinal'' the music is in set pieces in the manner of an operetta. By contrast ''Le chevalier errant'', a choreographic piece incorporating chorus and two reciters, is in an epic style. Ibert's practice of collaborating with other composers extended to his works for the ballet stage. His first work composed expressly for the ballet was a waltz for ''L'éventail de Jeanne'' (1929) to which he was one of ten contributors, others of whom were
"Entr'acte, for flute (or violin) & harp (or guitar)(from "Le médecin de son honneur"). "ALLMUSIC", accessed 30 March 2014
/ref>
The official website of Jacques Ibert
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ibert, Jacques 1890 births 1962 deaths Musicians from Paris 20th-century classical composers French film score composers French male film score composers French male classical composers French opera composers Male opera composers Prix de Rome for composition French ballet composers Conservatoire de Paris alumni Members of the Académie des beaux-arts French military personnel of World War I Burials at Passy Cemetery French exiles French expatriates in Switzerland Directors of the Paris Opera 20th-century French composers 20th-century French male musicians
Jacques François Antoine Marie Ibert (15 August 1890 – 5 February 1962) was a French composer of classical music. Having studied music from an early age, he studied at the Paris Conservatoire
The Conservatoire de Paris (), also known as the Paris Conservatory, is a college of music and dance founded in 1795. Officially known as the Conservatoire National Supérieur de Musique et de Danse de Paris (CNSMDP), it is situated in the avenue ...
and won its top prize, the Prix de Rome
The Prix de Rome () or Grand Prix de Rome was a French scholarship for arts students, initially for painters and sculptors, that was established in 1663 during the reign of Louis XIV of France. Winners were awarded a bursary that allowed them t ...
at his first attempt, despite studies interrupted by his service in World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
.
Ibert pursued a successful composing career, writing (sometimes in collaboration with other composers) seven operas, five ballets, incidental music for plays and films, works for piano solo, choral works, and chamber music. He is probably best remembered for his orchestral works including ''Divertissement'' (1930) and ''Escales'' (1922).
As a composer, Ibert did not attach himself to any of the prevalent genres of music of his time, and has been described as an eclectic. This is seen even in his best-known pieces: ''Divertissement'' for small orchestra is lighthearted, even frivolous, and ''Escales'' (1922) is a ripely romantic work for large orchestra.
In tandem with his creative work, Ibert was the director of the Académie de France at the Villa Medici
The Villa Medici () is a Mannerist villa and an architectural complex with a garden contiguous with the larger Borghese gardens, on the Pincian Hill next to Trinità dei Monti in Rome, Italy. The Villa Medici, founded by Ferdinando I de' Medici, ...
in Rome. During World War II he was proscribed by the pro-Nazi
Nazism ( ; german: Nazismus), the common name in English for National Socialism (german: Nationalsozialismus, ), is the far-right totalitarian political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in ...
government in Paris, and for a time he went into exile in Switzerland. Restored to his former eminence in French musical life after the war, his final musical appointment was in charge of the Paris Opera and the Opéra-Comique.
Biography
Early years
Ibert was born in Paris. His father was a successful businessman, and his mother a talented pianist who had studied withAntoine François Marmontel
Antoine François Marmontel () (18 July 1816 – 16 January 1898) was a French pianist, composer, teacher and musicographer. He is mainly known today as an influential teacher at the Paris Conservatory, where he taught many musicians who became ...
and encouraged the young Ibert's musical interests. From the age of four, he began studying music, first learning the violin and then the piano from his mother, despite his father's wishes that his son would follow in his business profession. After leaving school, he earned a living as a private teacher, as an accompanist, and as a cinema pianist. He also started composing songs, sometimes under the pen name William Berty, and helped his father's business, which had suffered a financial setback. In 1910, Ibert became a student at the Paris Conservatoire
The Conservatoire de Paris (), also known as the Paris Conservatory, is a college of music and dance founded in 1795. Officially known as the Conservatoire National Supérieur de Musique et de Danse de Paris (CNSMDP), it is situated in the avenue ...
, studying with Émile Pessard
Émile Louis Fortuné Pessard (29 May 1843 – 10 February 1917) was a French composer.
Pessard was born and died in Paris. He studied at the Conservatoire de Paris, where he won 1st prize in Harmony. In 1866 he won the Grand Prix de Rome with h ...
(harmony), André Gedalge (counterpoint) and Paul Vidal
Paul Antonin Vidal (16 June 1863 – 9 April 1931) was a French composer, conductor and music teacher mainly active in Paris.Charlton D. Paul Vidal. In: ''The New Grove Dictionary of Opera.'' Macmillan, London and New York, 1997.
Life and caree ...
(composition)."Jacques Ibert", in '' Sax, Mule & Co'', Jean-Pierre Thiollet
Jean-Pierre Thiollet (; born 9 December 1956) is a French writer and journalist.
Primarily living in Paris, he is the author of numerous books and one of the national leaders of the European Confederation of Independent Trade Unions (CEDI), a ...
, H & D, 2004, p. 135 Gédalge also gave him private lessons in orchestration; Ibert's fellow-students at these private classes included Arthur Honegger
Arthur Honegger (; 10 March 1892 – 27 November 1955) was a Swiss composer who was born in France and lived a large part of his life in Paris. A member of Les Six, his best known work is probably ''Antigone'', composed between 1924 and 1927 t ...
and Darius Milhaud
Darius Milhaud (; 4 September 1892 – 22 June 1974) was a French composer, conductor, and teacher. He was a member of Les Six—also known as ''The Group of Six''—and one of the most prolific composers of the 20th century. His compositions ...
.Laederich, Alexandra"Ibert, Jacques."
''Grove Music Online''. Oxford Music Online, accessed 18 September 2010 Ibert's musical studies were interrupted by the outbreak of World War I, in which he served as a naval officer. After the war he married Rosette Veber, daughter of the painter Jean Veber. Resuming his studies, he won the Conservatoire's top prize, the
Prix de Rome
The Prix de Rome () or Grand Prix de Rome was a French scholarship for arts students, initially for painters and sculptors, that was established in 1663 during the reign of Louis XIV of France. Winners were awarded a bursary that allowed them t ...
at his first attempt, in 1919. The prize gave him the opportunity to pursue further musical studies in Rome. In the course of these, Ibert composed his first opera, ''Persée et Andromède'' (1921), to a libretto by his brother-in-law, the author Michel Veber, writing under the pen name "Nino".Langham Smith, Richard 1992"Ibert, Jacques."
''The New Grove Dictionary of Opera'', Grove Music Online, accessed 18 September 2010
Composer and administrator
Among Ibert's early orchestral compositions were ''La Ballade de la geôle de Reading'', inspired by Oscar Wilde's poem
Poetry (derived from the Greek ''poiesis'', "making"), also called verse, is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and often rhythmic qualities of language − such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre − to evoke meanings in ...
, and ''Escales'' (''Ports of Call''), inspired by his experiences of Mediterranean ports while he was serving in the navy.Kuhn, Laura (ed.Ibert, Jacques (François Antoine)
Student Encyclopedia of Music, vol. 2, Schirmer Reference New York, published 1999, accessed 18 September 2010 The first of these works was played at the Concerts Colonne in October 1922, conducted by
Gabriel Pierné
Henri Constant Gabriel Pierné (16 August 1863 – 17 July 1937) was a French composer, conductor, pianist and organist.
Biography
Gabriel Pierné was born in Metz. His family moved to Paris, after Metz and part of Lorraine were annexed to Ger ...
; the second was performed in January 1924 with Paul Paray conducting the Orchestre Lamoureux
The Orchestre Lamoureux () officially known as the Société des Nouveaux-Concerts and also known as the Concerts Lamoureux) is an orchestral concert society which once gave weekly concerts by its own orchestra, founded in Paris by Charles Lamoureu ...
. The two works made Ibert an early reputation both at home and abroad. His publisher Alphonse Leduc commissioned two collections of piano music from him, ''Histoires'' and ''Les Rencontres'', which enhanced his popularity. In 1927 his opéra-bouffe ''Angélique'' was produced; it was the most successful of his operas, a musical farce, displaying eclectic style and flair.
In addition to composing, Ibert was active as a conductor and in musical administration. He was a member of professional committees, and in 1937 he was appointed director of the Académie de France at the Villa Medici
The Villa Medici () is a Mannerist villa and an architectural complex with a garden contiguous with the larger Borghese gardens, on the Pincian Hill next to Trinità dei Monti in Rome, Italy. The Villa Medici, founded by Ferdinando I de' Medici, ...
in Rome. Ibert, with the enthusiastic support of his wife "threw himself wholeheartedly into his administrative role and proved an excellent ambassador of French culture in Italy." He held the post until the end of 1960, except for an enforced break while France and Italy were at war during World War II.
Later years
The war years were difficult for Ibert. In 1940 theVichy government
Vichy France (french: Régime de Vichy; 10 July 1940 – 9 August 1944), officially the French State ('), was the fascist French state headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II. Officially independent, but with half of its terr ...
banned his music and he retreated to Antibes, in the south of France, and later to Switzerland and the Haute-Savoie
Haute-Savoie (; Arpitan: ''Savouè d'Amont'' or ''Hiôta-Savouè''; en, Upper Savoy) or '; it, Alta Savoia. is a department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of Southeastern France, bordering both Switzerland and Italy. Its prefecture is Ann ...
. In August 1944, he was readmitted to the musical life of the country when General de Gaulle
Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (; ; (commonly abbreviated as CDG) 22 November 18909 November 1970) was a French army officer and statesman who led Free France against Nazi Germany in World War II and chaired the Provisional Government ...
recalled him to Paris. In 1955 Ibert was appointed administrator of the Réunion des Théâtres Lyriques Nationaux, which ran both the Paris Opera and the Opéra-Comique. After less than a year, his health obliged him to retire. Shortly afterwards he was elected to the Académie des Beaux-Arts
An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of secondary or tertiary higher learning (and generally also research or honorary membership). The name traces back to Plato's school of philosophy, ...
.
Ibert died in Paris aged 71, and is buried at Passy Cemetery in the city's 16th arrondissement
The 16th arrondissement of Paris (''XVIe arrondissement'') is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France. In spoken French, this arrondissement is referred to as ''seizième''.
The arrondissement includes part of the Arc de Tr ...
.
Music
Ibert refused to ally himself to any particular musical fashion or school, maintaining that "all systems are valid", a position that has caused many commentators to categorise him as "eclectic". His biographer, Alexandra Laederich, writes, "His music can be festive and gay … lyrical and inspired, or descriptive and evocative … often tinged with gentle humour … all the elements of his musical language bar that of harmony relate closely to the Classical tradition." The early orchestral works, such as ''Escales'', are in "a lush Impressionist style",Griffiths, Paul and Richard Langham Smit"Ibert, Jacques (François Antoine Marie)."
''The Oxford Companion to Music'', Oxford Music Online, accessed 18 September 2010 but Ibert is at least as well known for lighthearted, even frivolous, pieces, among which are the ''Divertissement'' for small orchestra and the Flute Concerto. Ibert's stage works similarly embrace a wide variety of styles. His first opera, ''Persée et Andromède'', is a concise, gently satirical piece. ''Angélique'' displays his "eclectic style and his accomplished writing of pastiche set pieces". ''Le roi d'Yvetot'' is written, in part in a simple folklike style. The opéra bouffe ''Gonzague'' is another essay in the old opera bouffe style. '' L'Aiglon'', composed jointly with Honegger, employs commedia dell'arte characters and much musical pastiche in a style both accessible and sophisticated. For the farcical ''Les petites Cardinal'' the music is in set pieces in the manner of an operetta. By contrast ''Le chevalier errant'', a choreographic piece incorporating chorus and two reciters, is in an epic style. Ibert's practice of collaborating with other composers extended to his works for the ballet stage. His first work composed expressly for the ballet was a waltz for ''L'éventail de Jeanne'' (1929) to which he was one of ten contributors, others of whom were
Ravel
Joseph Maurice Ravel (7 March 1875 – 28 December 1937) was a French composer, pianist and conductor. He is often associated with Impressionism along with his elder contemporary Claude Debussy, although both composers rejected the term. In ...
and Poulenc. He was the sole composer of four further ballets between 1934 and 1954.
For the theatre and cinema, Ibert was a prolific composer of incidental music. His best-known theatre score was music for Eugène Labiche
Eugene is a common male given name that comes from the Greek εὐγενής (''eugenēs''), "noble", literally "well-born", from εὖ (''eu''), "well" and γένος (''genos''), "race, stock, kin".Shakespeare
William Shakespeare ( 26 April 1564 – 23 April 1616) was an English playwright, poet and actor. He is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's natio ...
productions. His cinema scores covered a similarly broad range. He wrote the music for more than a dozen French films, and for American directors he composed a score for Orson Welles
George Orson Welles (May 6, 1915 – October 10, 1985) was an American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter, known for his innovative work in film, radio and theatre. He is considered to be among the greatest and most influential f ...
's 1948 film of '' Macbeth'', and the ''Circus'' ballet for Gene Kelly's '' Invitation to the Dance'' in 1952.
Works
Operas
* '' Persée et Andromède'', 1921 * '' Angélique (opera)'', 1927 * ''Le roi d'Yvetot'', 1930 * ''Gonzague'', 1931 * '' L'Aiglon'' (Acts 1 and 5, the rest byArthur Honegger
Arthur Honegger (; 10 March 1892 – 27 November 1955) was a Swiss composer who was born in France and lived a large part of his life in Paris. A member of Les Six, his best known work is probably ''Antigone'', composed between 1924 and 1927 t ...
), 1937
* ''Les petites cardinal'' (operetta, with Honegger), 1938
* ''Barbe-bleue'', 1943
Ballet
* ''Les amours de Jupiter'', ballet (1945) * ''Le chevalier errant'', épopée choréographique (1951)Orchestral
* ''La ballade de la geôle de Reading'' (1920) * ''Escales'' (1922) *# Rome – Palerme *# Tunis – Nefta *# Valencia * ''Valse'' (1927; for the children's ballet '' L'éventail de Jeanne'', to which ten French composers each contributed a dance) * ''Divertissement'' (1929) * ''Suite symphonique'' (1930) * ''Symphonie marine'' (1931) * ''Ouverture de fête'' (1940) * ''Louisville Concerto'' (1953) * ''Hommage à Mozart'' (1955) * ''Bacchanale'' (1956) * ''Tropismes pour des amours imaginaires'' (1957) * ''Bostoniana'' (1961; first movement of an unfinished symphony)Concertos
* Concerto for Cello and Wind Instruments (1925) *Flute Concerto A flute concerto is a concerto for solo flute and instrumental ensemble, customarily the orchestra. Such works have been written from the Baroque period, when the solo concerto form was first developed, up through the present day. Some major compose ...
(1934)
* Concertino da camera
The Concertino da camera for alto saxophone and eleven instruments was written by Jacques Ibert in 1935. Ibert dedicated the work to saxophone pioneer Sigurd Raschèr,Raschèr, S. Top Tones for the Saxophone, (1941) Carl Fischer, NY page 19 who p ...
for Alto Saxophone and Eleven Instruments (1935–1936)
* Symphonie Concertante for Oboe and String Orchestra
Vocal/choral orchestral
* ''Le poète et la fée''Chamber/instrumental
* ''Six pièces'' for harp solo (1916–1917) * ''Trois Pièces'' for organ Pièce Solennelle, Musette, Fugue (1920) * ''Deux mouvements'' for 2 flutes (or flute and oboe), clarinet and bassoon (1921) * ''Jeux'', Sonatine for flute and piano (1923) * ''Le Jardinier de Samos'' for flute, clarinet, trumpet, violin, cello and percussion (1924) * ''Française'' for guitar (1926) * ''Arie (Vocalise)'' for flute, violin and piano (1927) * ''Aria'' for flute (or other instrument) and piano (1927, 1930) * ''Trois pièces brèves'' for wind quintet (1930) * ''Ariette'' for guitar (1935) * ''Cinq pièces en trio'' for oboe, clarinet and bassoon (1935) * ''Entr'acte'' for flute (or violin) and harp (or guitar) (1935) * ''Pièce'' for flute solo (1936) * String Quartet (1937–1942) * ''Capriccio pour dix instruments'' for flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, trumpet, harp, 2 violins, viola, and cello (1936–1938) * Trio for violin, cello and harp (1944) * ''Deux interludes'' for flute, violin and harpsichord (or harp) (1946) * ''Étude-caprice pour un Tombeau de Chopin'' for cello solo (1949) * ''Ghirlarzana'' for cello solo (1950) * ''Caprilena'' for violin solo (1950) * ''Impromptu'' for trumpet and piano (1950) * ''Carignane'' for bassoon and piano (1953) * ''Arabesque'' for bassoon and pianoPiano
* ''Histoires'', ten pieces for piano (1922) *# La meneuse de tortues d'or (D minor) *# Le petit âne blanc (F major) *# Le vieux mendiant (E major) *# A Giddy Girl (G major) *# Dans la maison triste (C minor) *# Le palais abandonné (B minor) *# Bajo la mesa (A minor) *# La cage de cristal (The crystal cage) (E minor) *# La marchande d'eau fraiche (The water seller) (F minor) *# Le cortège de Balkis (F major) * Toccata (D major) * ''Escales'' (arr. for piano by the composer) * ''Le vent dans les ruines'' (En Champagne) * ''Les rencontres'' (Petite suite en forme de ballet) * ''Matin sur l'eau'' * ''Noel en Picardie'' * ''Petite suite en 15 images'' (1944) *# Prélude *# Ronde *# Le gai vigneron *# Berceuse aux étoiles *# Le cavalier Sans-Souci *# Parade *# La promenade en traineau *# Romance *# Quadrille *# Sérénade sur l'eau *# La machine à coudre *# L'adieu *# Les crocus *# Premier bal *# Danse du cocher * Valse de '' L'éventail de Jeanne'' (arr. for piano by the composer)Incidental music
* ''Suite Élisabéthaine'' for Shakespeare's '' A Midsummer Night's Dream'' (1942) * ''Entr'acte'' for Pedro Ignacio Calderón's '' El médico de su honra (Le médecin de son honneur)'' (1937) Patsy Morit"Entr'acte, for flute (or violin) & harp (or guitar)(from "Le médecin de son honneur"). "ALLMUSIC", accessed 30 March 2014
/ref>
Film music
* ''S.O.S. Foch'' (director, Jean Arroy), 1931 * '' Moon Over Morocco'' ( Julien Duvivier), 1931 * ''Don Quichotte
''Don Quichotte'' (''Don Quixote'') is an opera in five acts by Jules Massenet to a French libretto by Henri Caïn. It was first performed on 19 February 1910 at the Opéra de Monte-Carlo.
Massenet's ''comédie-héroïque'', like many dramatiz ...
'' (Georg Wilhelm Pabst
Georg Wilhelm Pabst (25 August 1885 – 29 May 1967) was an Austrian film director and screenwriter. He started as an actor and theater director, before becoming one of the most influential German-language filmmakers during the Weimar Republic.
...
), 1932
* '' The Two Orphans'' ( Maurice Tourneur), 1933
* ''Maternité'' ( Jean Choux), 1934
* ' (Tourneur), 1935
* '' Golgotha'' (Duvivier), 1935
* ''Le Coupable'' ( Raymond Bernard), 1936
* '' Anne-Marie'', 1936
* '' The Former Mattia Pascal'' (''L'Homme de nulle part'') (Pierre Chenal
Pierre Chenal (; 5 December 1904 – 23 December 1990) was a French director and screenwriter who flourished in the 1930s. He was married to Czech-born French film actress Florence Marly from 1937 to 1955.
Work
Chenal was best known for film no ...
), 1937
* ''Conflict
Conflict may refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media
Films
* ''Conflict'' (1921 film), an American silent film directed by Stuart Paton
* ''Conflict'' (1936 film), an American boxing film starring John Wayne
* ''Conflict'' (1937 film) ...
'' ( Léonide Moguy), 1938
* '' The Patriot'' (1938)
* ''Angelica
''Angelica'' is a genus of about 60 species of tall biennial and perennial herbs in the family Apiaceae, native to temperate and subarctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere, reaching as far north as Iceland, Lapland, and Greenland. They gr ...
'' (1939)
* '' Thérèse Martin'' (1939)
* ''The Phantom Carriage
''The Phantom Carriage'' ( sv, Körkarlen, literally "The Wagoner") is a 1921 Swedish silent film directed by and starring Victor Sjöström, based on the 1912 novel '' Thy Soul Shall Bear Witness!'' (''Körkarlen'') by Swedish author Selma Lag ...
'' (1939)
* ''Le Héros de la Marne'' (André Hugon
André Hugon (17 December 1886 – 22 August 1960) was a French film director, screenwriter and film producer best known for his silent films from 1913 onwards, particularly of the 1920s and into sound.
Hugon was born in Algiers in 1886 w ...
), 1939
* '' La Comédie du bonheur'' (Marcel L'Herbier
Marcel L'Herbier (; 23 April 1888 – 26 November 1979) was a French filmmaker who achieved prominence as an avant-garde theorist and imaginative practitioner with a series of silent films in the 1920s. His career as a director continued unti ...
), 1940
* ''Les Petites du quai aux fleurs
''Les Petites du quai aux fleurs'' is a French film.
Plot
A bookshop owner has four daughters who have romantic troubles.
References
External linksat louisjourdan.net''Les Petites du quai aux fleurs''at IMDb
IMDb (an abbreviation of Int ...
'' ( Marc Allégret), 1944
* '' Macbeth'' (Orson Welles
George Orson Welles (May 6, 1915 – October 10, 1985) was an American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter, known for his innovative work in film, radio and theatre. He is considered to be among the greatest and most influential f ...
), 1948
* ''Circus'' (ballet for '' Invitation to the Dance'', Gene Kelly), 1952;
* ''Marianne of My Youth
''Marianne of My Youth'' (French: ''Marianne de ma jeunesse'', German: ''Marianne'') is a 1955 French–West German romantic drama film directed by Julien Duvivier and starring Marianne Hold, Horst Buchholz and Pierre Vaneck.McCann p.174 It was r ...
'' (Duvivier), 1955
References
External links
*The official website of Jacques Ibert
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ibert, Jacques 1890 births 1962 deaths Musicians from Paris 20th-century classical composers French film score composers French male film score composers French male classical composers French opera composers Male opera composers Prix de Rome for composition French ballet composers Conservatoire de Paris alumni Members of the Académie des beaux-arts French military personnel of World War I Burials at Passy Cemetery French exiles French expatriates in Switzerland Directors of the Paris Opera 20th-century French composers 20th-century French male musicians