Hong Kong Legends
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Hong Kong Legends was a
United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and ...
DVD distribution company, based in
Hertfordshire Hertfordshire ( or ; often abbreviated Herts) is one of the home counties in southern England. It borders Bedfordshire and Cambridgeshire to the north, Essex to the east, Greater London to the south, and Buckinghamshire to the west. For gov ...
and operating from the UK and
Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands. With an area of , Australia is the largest country by ...
between 1999 and 2007. Hong Kong Legends was initially part of Medusa Communications, who, along with Soulblade bought up the UK distribution rights for film titles previously owned by Eastern Heroes label. Hong Kong Legends released 101 Hong Kong classic films, primarily
martial arts film Martial arts films are a subgenre of action films that feature numerous martial arts combat between characters. These combats are usually the films' primary appeal and entertainment value, and often are a method of storytelling and character expres ...
s and other
action films Action film is a film genre in which the protagonist is thrust into a series of events that typically involve violence and physical feats. The genre tends to feature a mostly resourceful hero struggling against incredible odds, which include life ...
. In preparing the DVDs, they gained access to the vaults of Hong Kong studios such as Golden Harvest, selecting the films with the highest quality prints available. Hong Kong Legends added audio commentaries, most notably by
Hong Kong cinema The cinema of Hong Kong ( zh, t=香港電影) is one of the three major threads in the history of Chinese language cinema, alongside the cinema of China and the cinema of Taiwan. As a former British colony, Hong Kong had a greater degree of pol ...
expert Bey Logan, conducted interviews with key actors, directors and other film crew, performed new translations for subtitles and cleaned up damage to the films. Their catalogue of films included releases featuring Hong Kong stars such as
Bruce Lee Bruce Lee (; born Lee Jun-fan, ; November 27, 1940 – July 20, 1973) was a Hong Kong and American martial artist and actor. He was the founder of Jeet Kune Do, a hybrid martial arts philosophy drawing from different combat disciplines th ...
,
Jackie Chan Fang Shilong (born 7 April 1954), known professionally in English as Jackie Chan and in Chinese as Cheng Long ( zh, c=成龍, j=Sing4 Lung4; "becoming the dragon"), is a Hong Kong actor, filmmaker, martial artist, and stuntman known for ...
,
Sammo Hung Sammo Hung Kam-bo ( zh, t=洪金寶, j=Hung4 Gam1-bou2; born 7 January 1952) is a Hong Kong actor, martial artist, film producer and director, known for his work in martial arts films, Hong Kong action cinema, and as a fight choreographer for ...
,
Yuen Biao Yuen Biao (born Ha Lingchun; 26 July 1957) is a Hong Kong actor, martial artist and stuntman. He specialises in acrobatics and Chinese martial arts and has also worked on over 80 films as actor, stuntman and action choreographer. He was one of ...
,
Jet Li Li Lianjie (courtesy name Yangzhong; born 26 April 1963), better known by his stage name Jet Li, is a Chinese film actor, film producer, martial artist, and retired Wushu champion. He is a naturalized Singaporean citizen. After three years ...
,
Chow Yun-fat Chow Yun-fat (born 18 May 1955), previously known as Donald Chow, is a Hong Kong actor. He is perhaps best known for his collaborations with filmmaker John Woo in the five Hong Kong action heroic bloodshed films: '' A Better Tomorrow'', '' A ...
,
Donnie Yen Donnie Yen Chi-tan (; born 27 July 1963) is a Hong Kong actor, martial artist, and action director. Yen is one of Hong Kong's top action stars. Yen is widely credited for bringing mixed martial arts (MMA) into the mainstream Asian cinema by cho ...
and
Michelle Yeoh Michelle Yeoh Choo Kheng, ( ; born 6 August 1962) is a Malaysian actress. Credited as Michelle Khan in her early Hong Kong films, she rose to fame in the 1990s after starring in a series of Hong Kong action films where she performed her own ...
.


History

In 2004,
Contender Entertainment Group Entertainment One Ltd., trading as eOne, is an American-owned Canadian multinational entertainment company. Based in Toronto, Ontario, the company is primarily involved in the acquisition, distribution, and production of films and television s ...
(the UK branch of Entertainment One) took over Medusa Communications, including both Hong Kong Legends, and their sister brand,
Premier Asia Premier Asia was a UK DVD distribution company, operating between the years 2003 - 2008. It was owned by Contender Entertainment Group until the summer of 2007 when Contender was purchased by Entertainment One. Premier Asia is the sister company ...
. Brian White, who had been the Brand Manager and prime mover of the label, left Contender. He was also a close personal friend of Bey Logan. Logan decided it was time to leave the company and moved to the US, to begin working in a similar capacity for
The Weinstein Company The Weinstein Company (usually credited or abbreviated as TWC) was an American independent film studio, founded in New York City by Bob and Harvey Weinstein in March 2005. TWC was one of the largest mini-major film studios in North America pri ...
's East Asian DVD distribution company '' Dragon Dynasty''. Shortly thereafter, Harvey Weinstein brought White on board at Dragon Dynasty as Vice-President of Asian Brand Management and Post Production. With the loss of two of its biggest assets (Logan, for his popular commentaries; and White, who had been responsible for many of the exclusive extras), Hong Kong Legends had to cancel many of its planned releases. As no attempt was made to bring in replacement staff to perform audio commentaries, or to create bonus features, the release schedule dropped, ultimately spelling the demise of the company. Subsequent DVDs were released in so-called "Ultra Bit" versions, implying DVDs with improved bitrates or in otherwise "special editions". In fact, the releases were significantly more basic, the company having lost the rights for additional features other than trailers, and the bitrate was no higher than their previous releases. The directors of Medusa went on to start a new company, Showbox Media Group. Beginning in September 2005, in co-operation with magazine /
partwork A partwork is a written publication released as a series of planned magazine-like issues over a period of time. Issues are typically released on a weekly, fortnightly or monthly basis, and often a completed set is designed to form a reference wo ...
publisher
De Agostini De Agostini S.p.A. is an Italian holding company that coordinates the strategic operating companies De Agostini Editore, De Agostini Communications, IGT, and DeA Capital, and makes financial investments, among which the main investment is a ...
, a selection of the better known Hong Kong Legends titles were released along with a fortnightly magazine giving facts and backgrounds on the featured film. The titles released included '' Fist of Fury'', ''
Drunken Master ''Drunken Master'' () is a 1978 Hong Kong martial arts comedy film directed by Yuen Woo-ping, and starring Jackie Chan, Yuen Siu-tien, and Hwang Jang-lee. It was a success at the Hong Kong box office, earning two and a half times the amount o ...
'', '' Once Upon a Time in China'', '' The Killer''. The series continued for 47 issues. On 5 November 2007, Hong Kong Legends DVD label was discontinued, after the Cine Asia DVD label was formed. On 18 March 2011, Cine Asia announced a revival of the Hong Kong Legends titles under the banner of Cine Asia Presents Hong Kong Legends. The press release featured new artwork for ''
The Big Boss ''The Big Boss'' (, lit. "The Big Brother from Tangshan"; originally titled ''Fists of Fury'' in America) is a 1971 Hong Kong action martial arts film produced by Raymond Chow and starring Bruce Lee in his first major film in a lead role. Th ...
'', '' Fist of Fury'', ''
Game of Death ''The Game of Death'' (Chinese: 死亡的遊戲) is an incomplete Hong Kong martial arts film, filmed between August and October 1972, directed, written, produced by and starring Bruce Lee, in his final film project. Lee died during the making ...
'', and ''
Way of the Dragon ''The Way of the Dragon'' (, originally released in the United States as ''Return of the Dragon'') is a 1972 Hong Kong martial arts action comedy film written, co-produced and directed by Bruce Lee, who also stars in the lead role. This is Lee' ...
''.


Releases


Films

* '' 2000 AD'' * ''
Armour of God The phrase "Armor of God" (, ''panoplian tou Theou'') is derived from Ephesians 6:11: "Put on the whole armour of God, that ye may be able to stand against the wiles of the devil." ( King James Version).Bible Gateway Passage Lookup: Armour of Go ...
'' * ''
The Avenging Fist ''The'' () is a grammatical article in English, denoting persons or things already mentioned, under discussion, implied or otherwise presumed familiar to listeners, readers, or speakers. It is the definite article in English. ''The'' is the m ...
'' * '' Battle Creek Brawl'' * '' Beast Cops'' * '' A Better Tomorrow 2'' * ''
The Big Boss ''The Big Boss'' (, lit. "The Big Brother from Tangshan"; originally titled ''Fists of Fury'' in America) is a 1971 Hong Kong action martial arts film produced by Raymond Chow and starring Bruce Lee in his first major film in a lead role. Th ...
'' * '' The Blacksheep Affair'' * '' Body Weapon'' * ''
Bullet in the Head ''Bullet in the Head'' () is a 1990 Hong Kong action film written, produced, edited and directed by John Woo, and starring Tony Leung, Jacky Cheung, Waise Lee and Simon Yam. The film incorporates elements of the action, war, drama, and c ...
'' * ''
A Chinese Ghost Story ''A Chinese Ghost Story'' ( zh, t=倩女幽魂, w=Ch'ien-nü Yu-hun, l=The Ethereal Spirit of a Beauty) is a 1987 Hong Kong romantic comedy horror film starring Leslie Cheung, Joey Wong and Wu Ma, directed by Ching Siu-tung and produced by Ts ...
'' * '' A Chinese Ghost Story 2'' * ''
City Hunter is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Tsukasa Hojo. It was serialized in ''Weekly Shōnen Jump'' from 1985 to 1991 and collected into 35 ''tankōbon'' volumes by its publisher Shueisha. The manga was adapted into ...
'' * '' City on Fire'' * '' Crime Story'' * '' Dragon Fist'' * ''
The Dragon from Russia ''The Dragon from Russia'' is a 1990 Hong Kong martial arts action film directed by Clarence Fok and based on the Japanese manga ''Crying Freeman'' and written by Kazuo Koike and Ryoichi Ikegami, and also produced by Dean Shek, and starrin ...
'' * '' Dragon Lord'' * '' Dragons Forever'' * '' Dreadnaught'' * ''
Drunken Master ''Drunken Master'' () is a 1978 Hong Kong martial arts comedy film directed by Yuen Woo-ping, and starring Jackie Chan, Yuen Siu-tien, and Hwang Jang-lee. It was a success at the Hong Kong box office, earning two and a half times the amount o ...
'' * ''
Duel to the Death ''Duel to the Death'' is a 1983 Hong Kong ''wuxia'' film starring Norman Chui and Damian Lau. It is the directorial debut of Ching Siu-tung. Plot In 16th century, during the Ming dynasty era, every ten years the greatest swordsman from Japan face ...
'' * '' Eastern Condors'' * ''
Encounters of the Spooky Kind ''Encounters of the Spooky Kind'' () is a 1980 Hong Kong martial arts comedy horror film directed by and starring Sammo Hung, who also wrote the film with Huang Ying, and produced by Hung's production company Bo Ho Film Company. Released as ''S ...
'' * ''
The Fearless Hyena ''The Fearless Hyena'' is a 1979 Hong Kong action comedy kung fu film written, directed by and starring Jackie Chan. It was Chan's directorial debut. The film was a box office success. The film has been released under several alternative titl ...
'' * '' First Option'' * '' Fist of Fury'' * ''
Flaming Brothers ''Flaming Brothers'' is a 1987 Hong Kong crime action film directed by Joe Cheung. The film stars Chow Yun-fat, Alan Tang, Pat Ha and Jenny Tseng. The film was shot in Hong Kong, Macau and Thailand. Plot Alan Chan ( Alan Tang) and Cheung Ho ...
'' * '' Full Contact'' * ''
Game of Death ''The Game of Death'' (Chinese: 死亡的遊戲) is an incomplete Hong Kong martial arts film, filmed between August and October 1972, directed, written, produced by and starring Bruce Lee, in his final film project. Lee died during the making ...
'' * '' Game of Death II'' * '' Hand of Death'' * ''
Hapkido Hapkido ( , , also spelled ''hap ki do'' or ''hapki-do''; from Korean 합기도 ''hapgido'' ) is a hybrid Korean martial art. It is a form of self-defense that employs joint locks, grappling, throwing techniques, kicks, punches, and other s ...
'' * '' Heart of the Dragon'' * '' Heroes Shed No Tears'' * ''
Hitman Contract killing is a form of murder or assassination in which one party hires another party to kill a targeted person or persons. It involves an illegal agreement which includes some form of payment, monetary or otherwise. Either party may b ...
'' * '' Hong Kong 1941'' * ''
The Iceman Cometh ''The Iceman Cometh'' is a play written by American playwright Eugene O'Neill in 1939. First published in 1946, the play premiered on Broadway at the Martin Beck Theatre on October 9, 1946, directed by Eddie Dowling, where it ran for 136 perf ...
'' * '' In the Line of Duty'' * '' Iron Fisted Monk'' * '' Iron Monkey'' * ''
Island of Fire ''Island of Fire'' () is a 1990 Taiwanese-Hong Kong action film directed by Kevin Chu, and starring Jackie Chan, Andy Lau, Sammo Hung, Tony Leung Ka-fai and Tou Chung-hua. The film was shot in Taiwan and the Philippines in 42 days from 5 Apri ...
'' * '' The Killer'' * ''
King of Beggars ''King of Beggars'' is a 1992 Hong Kong martial arts comedy film directed by Gordon Chan, starring Stephen Chow, Sharla Cheung, Ng Man-tat and Norman Chui. The story is loosely based on legends about the martial artist So Chan (better known as ...
'' * '' Knockabout'' * '' Last Hurrah for Chivalry'' * ''
Legend of a Fighter ''Legend of a Fighter'' (in Chinese 霍元甲) is a 1982 Hong Kong martial arts film directed by Yuen Woo-ping, and produced by Ng See-yuen, who also wrote the screenplay with Leung Lap-yan and Wong Jing. The film stars Bryan Leung, Yasuaki Kur ...
'' * ''
Magnificent Bodyguards ''Magnificent Bodyguards'' is a 1978 Hong Kong martial arts action film starring Jackie Chan and directed by Lo Wei. Chan, along with Luk Chuen also worked as stunt coordinators. This film was well received in Hong Kong, but Chan himself doesn ...
'' * ''
Magnificent Butcher ''The Magnificent Butcher'' () is a 1979 Hong Kong martial arts comedy film directed by Yuen Woo-ping, and starring Sammo Hung, Kwan Tak-hing, Yuen Biao, and Wei Pai. The film is based on the story of Lam Sai-wing, one of the students of the ...
'' * '' Magnificent Warriors'' * '' The Master'' * ''
Millionaire's Express Millionaires Express (, also known as ''Shanghai Express''; released in the Philippines as ''China Warriors'') is a 1986 Hong Kong martial arts western comedy film written and directed by Sammo Hung. The film stars Hung, Yuen Biao, Rosamund K ...
'' * ''
Miracles A miracle is an event that is inexplicable by natural or scientific lawsOne dictionary define"Miracle"as: "A surprising and welcome event that is not explicable by natural or scientific laws and is therefore considered to be the work of a divin ...
'' * ''
Mr. Vampire ''Mr. Vampire'' (Chinese: 殭屍先生) is a 1985 Hong Kong comedy horror film directed by Ricky Lau and produced by Sammo Hung. The film's box office success led to the creation of a ''Mr. Vampire'' franchise, with the release of four sequels d ...
'' * '' Moon Warriors'' * ''
My Lucky Stars ''My Lucky Stars'' () is a 1985 Hong Kong action comedy film directed by Sammo Hung, written by Barry Wong, and starring Hung, Jackie Chan and Yuen Biao. It was released as ''5 Lucky Stars'' in Japan and as ''Ninja Encounter'' in the Philippines ...
'' * ''
Naked Killer ''Naked Killer'' () is a 1992 Hong Kong erotic thriller film written and produced by Wong Jing, and directed by Clarence Fok Yiu-leung. The film stars Chingmy Yau, Simon Yam and Carrie Ng. The film is regarded as a cult classic. Plot Kitty ...
'' * ''
Naked Weapon ''Naked Weapon'' (赤裸特工) is a 2002 Hong Kong action-thriller film directed by action choreographer Tony Ching, starring Maggie Q, Anya Wu and Daniel Wu. Written by film producer Wong Jing, ''Naked Weapon'' is similar in theme though un ...
'' * '' New Dragon Gate Inn'' * '' New Fist of Fury'' * ''
New Police Story ''New Police Story'' is a 2004 Hong Kong action film produced and directed by Benny Chan, and also produced by and starring Jackie Chan. The film was released in the Hong Kong on 24 September 2004. The film is a reboot of the ''Police Story' ...
'' * ''
Ninja in the Dragon's Den ''Ninja in the Dragon's Den'' () is a 1982 Hong Kong martial arts film directed by Corey Yuen in his feature film directorial debut, who also writer with Ng See-yuen, who also producer. It stars Conan Lee, Hiroyuki Sanada and Hwang Jang-lee. ...
'' * '' The Odd Couple'' * '' Once a Thief'' * '' Once Upon a Time in China'' * '' Once Upon a Time in China II'' * ''
Once Upon a Time in China III ''Once Upon a Time in China III'' is a 1993 Hong Kong martial arts film written, produced and directed by Tsui Hark, starring Jet Li as Chinese martial arts master and folk hero of Cantonese ethnicity, Wong Fei-hung. It is the third installmen ...
'' * ''Outlaw Brothers'' * '' The Peacock King'' * '' Police Assassins'' * '' Police Story'' * ''
Police Story 2 ''Police Story 2'' (, also known marketed as ''Jackie Chan's Police Story 2'') is a 1988 Hong Kong action film starring and directed by Jackie Chan, who also wrote the screenplay with Edward Tang. It is a sequel to the hit 1985 film '' Police S ...
'' * '' The Postman Fights Back'' * '' The Prodigal Son'' * '' Project A'' * ''
Project A Part II ''Project A Part II'' (; aka ''Jackie Chan’s Project A II''; released in the Philippines as ''Super Fighter'') is a 1987 Hong Kong action film starring and directed by Jackie Chan, who also writer with Edward Tang, who also producer with Ray ...
'' * '' The Protector'' * '' Purple Storm'' * ''
Red Wolf The red wolf (''Canis rufus'') is a canine native to the southeastern United States. Its size is intermediate between the coyote (''Canis latrans'') and gray wolf (''Canis lupus''). The red wolf's taxonomic classification as being a separate s ...
'' * '' Riki-Oh: The Story of Ricky'' * ''
The Scorpion King ''The Scorpion King'' is a 2002 American sword and sorcery action adventure film directed by Chuck Russell, starring Dwayne Johnson, Steven Brand, Kelly Hu, Grant Heslov and Michael Clarke Duncan. It is both a prequel and spin-off of ''The ...
'' * ''
Seoul Raiders ''Seoul Raiders'' is a 2005 Hong Kong action film co-written and directed by Jingle Ma and starring Tony Leung Chiu-wai, Richie Jen and Shu Qi. The film is a sequel to the 2000 film '' Tokyo Raiders''. Plot Agent Lam teams up with JJ to track ...
'' * ''
Seven Swords ''Seven Swords'' is a 2005 ''wuxia'' film produced and directed by Tsui Hark, starring Donnie Yen, Leon Lai, Charlie Yeung, Sun Honglei, Lu Yi and Kim So-yeon. An international co-production between Hong Kong, China, South Korea and the Netherla ...
'' * ''
Sex and Zen ''Sex and Zen'' (, ''The Carnal Prayer Mat's Stash of Illicit Love'') is a 1991 Hong Kong erotic sex comedy film directed by Michael Mak, and starring Lawrence Ng and Amy Yip. The film is loosely based on ''The Carnal Prayer Mat'', a Chinese er ...
'' * '' Shaolin Wooden Men'' aka ''Shaolin Chamber of Death'' * ''
She Shoots Straight ''She Shoots Straight'' (, alternately ''Lethal Lady'') is a Hong Kong films of 1990, 1990 Cinema of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Hong Kong action cinema, action film directed by Corey Yuen and starring Sammo Hung and Joyce Godenzi. Story ''She Shoot ...
'' * '' Skinny Tiger, Fatty Dragon'' * ''
Snake & Crane Arts of Shaolin ''Snake & Crane Arts of Shaolin'' () is a 1978 Hong Kong action film directed by Chen Chi Hwa and starring Jackie Chan. It was released by the Lo Wei Motion Picture Company, a subsidiary of Golden Harvest. Along with Tu Wi Ho, Chen was also the ...
'' * ''
Snake in the Eagle's Shadow Snakes are elongated, limbless, carnivorous reptiles of the suborder Serpentes . Like all other squamates, snakes are ectothermic, amniote vertebrates covered in overlapping scales. Many species of snakes have skulls with several more joints ...
'' * ''
Spiritual Kung Fu ''Spiritual Kung Fu'' () (Quan Jing) is a 1978 Hong Kong action martial arts film directed and produced by Lo Wei, and starring Jackie Chan and James Tien. The film also features Yuen Biao as one of the ''Master of the Five Fists'' martial arts ...
'' * '' The Swordsman'' * '' Tai Chi Boxer'' * ''
Tiger on the Beat ''Tiger on the Beat'' (老虎出更), also known as ''Tiger on Beat'', is a 1988 Hong Kong action comedy film directed by Lau Kar-leung. The film stars Chow Yun-fat and Conan Lee as a buddy cop team who originally hate each other, but learn to ...
'' * ''
Twinkle, Twinkle Lucky Stars ''Twinkle, Twinkle, Lucky Stars'' (, released in the Philippines as ''Dragon Mission'') is a 1985 Hong Kong action comedy film starring and directed by Sammo Hung. The film co-stars Jackie Chan and Yuen Biao. It is the third installment in the ...
'' * '' Warriors Two'' * ''
Way of the Dragon ''The Way of the Dragon'' (, originally released in the United States as ''Return of the Dragon'') is a 1972 Hong Kong martial arts action comedy film written, co-produced and directed by Bruce Lee, who also stars in the lead role. This is Lee' ...
'' * ''
Wheels on Meals ''Wheels on Meals'' () is a 1984 Hong Kong martial arts action comedy film written and directed by Sammo Hung, with action choreographed by Jackie Chan. The film stars Jackie Chan, Sammo Hung, Yuen Biao, Lola Forner, Benny Urquidez and José ...
'' * ''
Wing Chun Wing Chun (Chinese: 詠春 or 咏春, lit. "singing spring"), sometimes spelled Ving Tsun, is a concept-based fighting art, form of Southern Chinese kung fu and close-quarters system of self-defense. In Mandarin, it is pronounced "Yong Chun. ...
'' * ''
Winners and Sinners ''Winners and Sinners'' (, also known as ''5 Lucky Stars'') is a 1983 Hong Kong action comedy film written and directed by Sammo Hung, who also starred in the film. The film co-stars Jackie Chan and Yuen Biao, the latter serving as one of th ...
'' * ''
The Young Master ''The Young Master'' () is a 1980 Hong Kong martial arts film starring and directed by Jackie Chan, who also wrote the screenplay with Edward Tang, Lau Tin-chi and Tung Lu. The film co-stars Yuen Biao, Fung Fung and Shih Kien. The film was r ...
'' * ''
Zu Warriors from the Magic Mountain ''Zu Warriors from the Magic Mountain'' ( zh, t=新蜀山劍俠) is a 1983 Hong Kong supernatural ''wuxia'' fantasy film directed by Tsui Hark and based on the xianxia novel '' Legend of the Swordsmen of the Mountains of Shu'' by Huanzhulouzh ...
''


Documentaries

* ''An Introduction To Hong Kong Legends'' * ''Bruce Lee, The Legend & Bruce Lee: The Man and the Legend'' * ''Heromakers'' * ''Jackie Chan: My Story'' / '' My Stunts''


Box Sets

* ''Bruce Lee 30th Anniversary Commemorative'' * ''The Donnie Yen Collection'' * ''The Epic Action Collection'' * ''The Fantasy Swordplay Collection'' * ''The Jackie Chan Collection'' * ''The Jackie Chan Project A Collection'' * ''The Jet Li Collection'' * ''The John Woo Collection'' * ''Manga in Motion'' * ''The Michelle Yeoh Collection'' * ''The Police Story Double Disc Set'' * ''Tsui Hark's Once Upon a Time in China Trilogy'' Release information taken from various sources, including the now defunct official Hong Kong Legends website, IMDB and online stores such as HKFlix.


References

{{reflist Film distributors of the United Kingdom DVD companies of the United Kingdom Mass media companies established in 1999 Companies disestablished in 2007 1999 establishments in the United Kingdom 2007 disestablishments in the United Kingdom