Vyborg June2012 View from Olaf Tower 06.jpg
   HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

Vyborg (; rus, Вы́борг, links=1, r=Výborg, p=ˈvɨbərk; fi, Viipuri ; sv, Viborg ; german: Wiborg ) is a town in, and the administrative center of,
Vyborgsky District Vyborgsky District is the name of several administrative and municipal districts in Russia. *Vyborgsky District, Leningrad Oblast, an administrative and municipal district of Leningrad Oblast *Vyborgsky District, Saint Petersburg, an administrati ...
in
Leningrad Oblast Leningrad Oblast ( rus, Ленинградская область, Leningradskaya oblast’, lʲɪnʲɪnˈgratskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ, , ) is a federal subjects of Russia, federal subject of Russia (an oblast). It was established on 1 August 1927, a ...
, Russia. It lies on the Karelian Isthmus near the head of the
Vyborg Bay Vyborg Bay (, , ) is a deep inlet running northeastward near the eastern end of Gulf of Finland in the Baltic Sea. The city of Vyborg is located near the head of the gulf. The Monrepos Park is considered a jewel of the bay and a major draw f ...
, to the northwest of St. Petersburg, east of the Finnish capital Helsinki, and south of Russia's border with Finland, where the Saimaa Canal enters the
Gulf of Finland The Gulf of Finland ( fi, Suomenlahti; et, Soome laht; rus, Фи́нский зали́в, r=Finskiy zaliv, p=ˈfʲinskʲɪj zɐˈlʲif; sv, Finska viken) is the easternmost arm of the Baltic Sea. It extends between Finland to the north and E ...
. The population of Vyborg is as follows: Located in the boundary zone between the East Slavic/Russian and Finnish worlds,Life & Society: Tracing Finland's Eastern Border – This Is Finland
/ref> formerly well known as one of the few medieval towns in Finland, Vyborg has changed hands several times in history, most recently in 1944 when the Soviet Union captured it from Finland during World War II. Finland evacuated the entire population of the city and resettled them within the rest of the country. On March 25, 2010,
Dmitry Medvedev Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev ( rus, links=no, Дмитрий Анатольевич Медведев, p=ˈdmʲitrʲɪj ɐnɐˈtolʲjɪvʲɪtɕ mʲɪdˈvʲedʲɪf; born 14 September 1965) is a Russian politician who has been serving as the dep ...
named Vyborg the "
City of Military Glory The City of Military Glory (russian: «Город воинской славы») is an honorary title bestowed upon the citizenry of Russian cities, where soldiers had displayed courage and heroism during the Second World War. The award, which to da ...
". In Russia, a city can be awarded that title if there have been fierce battles in or near the city and in the Russian view, the defenders of the homeland have shown bravery, perseverance, and general heroism. During the Finnish Civil War in 1918, Vyborg was officially the second-most significant city in Finland after Helsinki, representing it as Finland's most multicultural city internationally.Göran Lindgren: ''Viipuri sodan jaloissa'', p. 6. ''Helsingin Reservin Sanomat'', no. 2/2013, March 12, 2013. (in Finnish)Pimeä historia: Verinen Viipuri – historioitsija Teemu Keskisarja jäljittää kohtalonhetkiä
— '' YLE'' (in Finnish)
The city hosts the Russian end of the
Nord Stream 1 Nord Stream (German-English mixed expression; german: Nord and en, Stream, literally 'North Stream'; russian: Северный поток, ''Severny potok'') is a pair of offshore natural gas pipelines in Europe that run under the Baltic Sea ...
gas pipeline, laid in 2011 and operated by a consortium led by Russia's
Gazprom PJSC Gazprom ( rus, Газпром, , ɡɐzˈprom) is a Russian majority state-owned multinational energy corporation headquartered in the Lakhta Center in Saint Petersburg. As of 2019, with sales over $120 billion, it was ranked as the larges ...
state hydrocarbons enterprise to pump of natural gas a year under the Baltic Sea to Lubmin, Germany.


History


Early history

According to archeological research, the area of what is now Vyborg used to be a trading center on the Vuoksi River's western branch, which has since dried up. The region was inhabited by the Karelians, a Balto-Finnic tribe which gradually came under the domination of
Novgorod Veliky Novgorod ( rus, links=no, Великий Новгород, t=Great Newtown, p=vʲɪˈlʲikʲɪj ˈnovɡərət), also known as just Novgorod (), is the largest city and administrative centre of Novgorod Oblast, Russia. It is one of the ol ...
and
Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden,The United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names states that the country's formal name is the Kingdom of SwedenUNGEGN World Geographical Names, Sweden./ref> is a Nordic country located on ...
. It has been claimed that Vyborg appeared in the 11th–12th centuries as a mixed Karelian-Russian settlement, although there is no archeological proof of any East Slavic settlement of that time in the area and it is not mentioned in any earliest historical documents, such as the Novgorod First Chronicle or the
Primary Chronicle The ''Tale of Bygone Years'' ( orv, Повѣсть времѧньныхъ лѣтъ, translit=Pověstĭ vremęnĭnyxŭ lětŭ; ; ; ; ), often known in English as the ''Rus' Primary Chronicle'', the ''Russian Primary Chronicle'', or simply the ...
. Wider settlement in the area of Vyborg is generally regarded to date from 13th century onwards when Hanseatic traders began traveling to
Novgorod Veliky Novgorod ( rus, links=no, Великий Новгород, t=Great Newtown, p=vʲɪˈlʲikʲɪj ˈnovɡərət), also known as just Novgorod (), is the largest city and administrative centre of Novgorod Oblast, Russia. It is one of the ol ...
. Vyborg Castle was founded during the Third Swedish Crusade in 1293 by ''marsk''
Torkel Knutsson Torkel (Tyrgils or Torgils) Knutsson (d. 1306) was Lord High Constable of Sweden, member of the Privy Council of Sweden (''Riksråd''), and virtual ruler of Sweden during the early reign of King Birger Magnusson (1280–1321). Biography To ...
on the site of an older Karelian fort which was burned. The castle, which was the first centre for the spread of Christianity in Karelia, was fought over for decades between Sweden and the Republic of Novgorod. As a result of the Treaty of Nöteborg in 1323 between the Novgorod Republic and Sweden, Vyborg was finally recognized as a part of Sweden. The town's trade privileges were chartered by the Pan-Scandinavian King Eric of Pomerania in 1403. It withstood a prolonged siege by
Daniil Shchenya Prince Daniil Vasiliyevich Shchenya (; Unknown – after 1515) was a Russian military leader during the reigns of Ivan III and Vasili III. Career Shchenya was a Gediminid princeling whose great grandfather was a son of Patrikas, who settled i ...
during the Russo-Swedish War of 1496–1497. Under Swedish rule, Vyborg was closely associated with the noble family of
Bååt Bååt was an important Swedish noble family, originally from Småland in south-eastern Sweden. The family is especially known for its long association with Viipuri/ Vyborg Castle in Finland (at present in Russia), the bulwark of the then Swedis ...
, originally from
Småland Småland () is a historical province () in southern Sweden. Småland borders Blekinge, Scania, Halland, Västergötland, Östergötland and the island Öland in the Baltic Sea. The name Småland literally means ''Small Lands''. The Latinized fo ...
. The late-medieval commanders and fief holders of Vyborg were (almost always) descended from or married to the Bååt family. In practice, though not having this as their formal title, they functioned as Margraves, had feudal privileges, and kept all the crown's incomes from the fief to use for the defense of the realm's eastern border.


1710 to 1917

Vyborg remained in Swedish hands until its capture in 1710 after the Siege of Vyborg by
Tsar Tsar ( or ), also spelled ''czar'', ''tzar'', or ''csar'', is a title used by East Slavs, East and South Slavs, South Slavic monarchs. The term is derived from the Latin word ''Caesar (title), caesar'', which was intended to mean "emperor" i ...
Peter the Great Peter I ( – ), most commonly known as Peter the Great,) or Pyotr Alekséyevich ( rus, Пётр Алексе́евич, p=ˈpʲɵtr ɐlʲɪˈksʲejɪvʲɪtɕ, , group=pron was a Russian monarch who ruled the Tsardom of Russia from t ...
in the Great Northern War. In the course of Peter's second administrative reform, Vyborg became the seat of the
Vyborg Province Viipuri Province ( fi, Viipurin lääni'', commonly abbreviated'' Vpl, sv, Viborgs län or Wiborgs län, russian: Выборгская губерния) was a historical province of Finland from 1812 to 1945. History The predecessor of the ...
of St. Petersburg Governorate. The 1721 Treaty of Nystad, which concluded the war with Sweden, finalized the transfer of the town and a part of Old Finland to Russia. The loss of Vyborg led Sweden to develop Fredrikshamn as a substitute port town. Another result of the loss of Vyborg was that its diocese was moved to
Borgå Porvoo (; sv, Borgå ; la, Borgoa) is a city and a municipality in the Uusimaa region of Finland, situated on the southern coast about east of the city border of Helsinki and about from the city centre. Porvoo was one of the six medieval to ...
, transforming the town into an important learning centre. In 1744, Vyborg became the seat of the Vyborg Governorate. In 1783, the governorate was transformed into the
Vyborg Viceroyalty Vyborg (; rus, Вы́борг, links=1, r=Výborg, p=ˈvɨbərk; fi, Viipuri ; sv, Viborg ; german: Wiborg ) is a town in, and the administrative center of, Vyborgsky District in Leningrad Oblast, Russia. It lies on the Karelian Isthmus ne ...
and in 1801 back into Vyborg Governorate. In 1802, the Vyborg Governorate was renamed the Finland Governorate. One of the largest naval battles in history, the Battle of Vyborg Bay, was fought off the shore of the Vyborg Bay on July 4, 1790. After the rest of Finland was ceded to Russia in 1809, Emperor Alexander I incorporated the town and the governorate into the newly-created Grand Duchy of Finland in 1811 (1812 NS). Over the course of the 19th century, the town developed as the centre of administration and trade for eastern Finland. The inauguration of the Saimaa Canal in 1856 benefited the local economy, as it opened the vast waterways of Eastern Finland to the sea. Vyborg was never a major industrial center and lacked large production facilities, but its location made it serve as a focal point of transports of all industries on the Karelian Isthmus, Ladoga Karelia and southeastern Finland.
Trams in Vyborg Vyborg, in Finland until 1940, and since then in Russia, had an electric tramway network from 1912 to 1957. See also * History of rail transport in Finland * History of rail transport in Russia * List of town tramway systems in Europe * Trams ...
started in 1912. The Bolshevik revolutionary Vladimir Lenin lived in the town for a period between the
February Revolution The February Revolution ( rus, Февра́льская револю́ция, r=Fevral'skaya revolyutsiya, p=fʲɪvˈralʲskəjə rʲɪvɐˈlʲutsɨjə), known in Soviet historiography as the February Bourgeois Democratic Revolution and somet ...
and October Revolution of 1917.


Finnish period

Following the
Russian Revolution The Russian Revolution was a period of Political revolution (Trotskyism), political and social revolution that took place in the former Russian Empire which began during the First World War. This period saw Russia abolish its monarchy and ad ...
of 1917 and the fall of the Russian Empire, Finland declared itself independent. During the Finnish Civil War, Vyborg was in the hands of the Finnish Red Guards until it was captured by the White Guard in the
Battle of Vyborg The Battle of Viipuri was a 1918 Finnish Civil War battle, fought 24–29 April between the Finnish Whites against the Finnish Reds in Viipuri. Together with the Battle of Tampere and Battle of Helsinki, it was one of the three major urban b ...
, on April 29, 1918. In April to May 1918, 360 to civilians were murdered by White Guards during the
Vyborg massacre The Vyborg massacre was the killing of approximately 360 to 420 Russians in the town of Vyborg during the Finnish Civil War in April–May 1918. The massacre took place during and after the Battle of Vyborg as the White Guards captured the town ...
. The city served as the starting point of the civil war, which later spread to the rest of Finland. Vyborg served as the seat of Viipuri Province. In the 1930 census, the administrative area of the city of Vyborg had 52,253 inhabitants. There were a total of 19,986 inhabitants in the rural areas of Vyborg and in Uura, which was located outside the borders of Vyborg but was included in the census, and so the total population of the census area was 72,239. Of the total inhabitants in the census area, 67,609 spoke Finnish, 2,103 Swedish, 1,807 Russian and 439 German. In 1939, the population was slightly less than 75,000 and was Finland's second-largest (Population Register) or fourth-largest (Church and Civil Register) city, depending on the census data. Vyborg had sizable minorities of
Swedes Swedes ( sv, svenskar) are a North Germanic ethnic group native to the Nordic region, primarily their nation state of Sweden, who share a common ancestry, culture, history and language. They mostly inhabit Sweden and the other Nordic countr ...
, Germans, Russians,
Romani Romani may refer to: Ethnicities * Romani people, an ethnic group of Northern Indian origin, living dispersed in Europe, the Americas and Asia ** Romani genocide, under Nazi rule * Romani language, any of several Indo-Aryan languages of the Roma ...
, Tatars and Jews. During that time,
Alvar Aalto Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto (; 3 February 1898 – 11 May 1976) was a Finnish architect and designer. His work includes architecture, furniture, textiles and glassware, as well as sculptures and paintings. He never regarded himself as an artist, see ...
built the
Vyborg Library Vyborg Library ( fi, Viipurin kaupunginkirjasto) is a library in Vyborg, Russia, built during the time of Finnish sovereignty (1918 to 1940-44), before the Finnish city of Viipuri was annexed by the former USSR and its Finnish name was changed to ...
, an icon of functionalist architecture.


Winter and Continuation Wars

During the Winter War between the Soviet Union and Finland in 1939–1940, over 70,000 people were evacuated from Vyborg to other parts of Finland. The Winter War was concluded by the
Moscow Peace Treaty The Moscow Peace Treaty was signed by Finland and the Soviet Union on 12 March 1940, and the ratifications were exchanged on 21 March. It marked the end of the 105-day Winter War, upon which Finland ceded border areas to the Soviet Union. The ...
, which stipulated the transfer of Vyborg to Soviet control, and the whole Karelian Isthmus, and those places were emptied of their residents, to Soviet control. It was incorporated into the Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic on March 31, 1940. As the town was still held by the Finns, the remaining Finnish population, some 10,000 people, had to be evacuated in haste before the handover. Thus, practically the whole population of Finnish Vyborg was resettled elsewhere in Finland. The town became the administrative center of
Vyborgsky District Vyborgsky District is the name of several administrative and municipal districts in Russia. *Vyborgsky District, Leningrad Oblast, an administrative and municipal district of Leningrad Oblast *Vyborgsky District, Saint Petersburg, an administrati ...
. The evacuees from Finnish Karelia came to be a vociferous political force, and their wish to return to their homes was an important motive when Finland sought support from Nazi Germany against the Soviet Union. As a result, Finland fought with Nazi Germany as a co-belligerent during the Second World War. On August 29, 1941, Vyborg was captured by Finnish troops. At first, the Finnish Army did not allow civilians into the town. Of the 6,287 buildings, 3,807 had been destroyed. The first civilians started to arrive on late September, and by the end of the year, Vyborg had a population of about 9,700. In December 1941, the Finnish government formally annexed the town, along with the other areas that had been lost in the Moscow Peace Treaty. However, the annexation was not recognized by any foreign state, even Finland's ally, Germany. By 1942, the population had risen to 16,000. About 70% of the evacuees from Finnish Karelia returned after the reconquest to rebuild their looted homes but were again evacuated after the Red Army's Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive, timed to coincide with the Battle of Normandy. By the time of the Soviet offensive, the town had a population of nearly 28,000. The town was captured by the Red Army on June 20, 1944, but the Finnish forces, using war material provided by Germany, managed to halt the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Tali-Ihantala, the largest battle fought by any of the
Nordic countries The Nordic countries (also known as the Nordics or ''Norden''; literal translation, lit. 'the North') are a geographical and cultural region in Northern Europe and the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic. It includes the sovereign states of Denmar ...
, in Viipuri Rural Municipality, which surrounded the town, which was town was seriously damaged. In the subsequent Moscow Armistice on September 19, 1944, Finland returned to the borders set by the Moscow Peace Treaty and ceded more land than the treaty originally demanded. In the
Paris Peace Treaties The Paris Peace Treaties (french: Traités de Paris) were signed on 10 February 1947 following the end of World War II in 1945. The Paris Peace Conference lasted from 29 July until 15 October 1946. The victorious wartime Allied powers (princi ...
(1947), Finland relinquished all claims to Vyborg.


Soviet era

After the Second World War,
Leningrad Oblast Leningrad Oblast ( rus, Ленинградская область, Leningradskaya oblast’, lʲɪnʲɪnˈgratskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ, , ) is a federal subjects of Russia, federal subject of Russia (an oblast). It was established on 1 August 1927, a ...
wanted to incorporate the area of Vyborg, but it took until November 1944 for the area to be finally transferred from the Karelo-Finnish SSR. During the Soviet era, the town was settled by people from all over the Soviet Union. The naval air bases of Pribilovo and
Veshchevo Veshchevo (russian: Вещево; fi, Heinjoki) is a rural locality on Karelian Isthmus, in Vyborgsky District of Leningrad Oblast, and a station of the Vyborg– Zhitkovo railroad. The railway track between Veshchevo and Zhitkovo was, howeve ...
were built nearby. In 1940s and the 1950s, new factories were built: shipbuilding (1948), instrumentational (1953). In 1960, a local history museum was opened.


Administrative and municipal status

Within the framework of administrative divisions, Vyborg serves as the administrative center of
Vyborgsky District Vyborgsky District is the name of several administrative and municipal districts in Russia. *Vyborgsky District, Leningrad Oblast, an administrative and municipal district of Leningrad Oblast *Vyborgsky District, Saint Petersburg, an administrati ...
.Oblast Law #32-oz As an administrative division, it is incorporated within Vyborgsky District as Vyborgskoye Settlement Municipal Formation. As a municipal division, Vyborgskoye Settlement Municipal Formation is incorporated within Vyborg Municipal District as Vyborgskoye Urban Settlement.Law #17-oz


Climate

Similar to many other areas along the Baltic Sea, Vyborg has a humid continental climate ( Dfb) with large temperature differences between summer and winter. The climate is characterised by a fairly cloudy beginning of winter, but an increasing share of sunshine from February. Winter temperatures are being somewhat moderated by maritime effects compared to Russian cities further inland even on more southerly latitudes, but still cold enough to be comparable to areas much further north that are nearer the
Gulf Stream The Gulf Stream, together with its northern extension the North Atlantic Current, North Atlantic Drift, is a warm and swift Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico and flows through the Straits of Florida a ...
. The beginning of spring is generally sunny and rather low in precipitation. Summer is moderately warm. Autumn is generally cloudy and rainy. The most dominant are the south-west and south winds.


Economy and culture

Vyborg continues to be an important industrial producer of paper. Tourism is increasingly important, and the Russian film festival ''Window to Europe'' takes place in the town each year. * Vyborg Shipyard An HVDC back-to-back facility for the exchange of electricity between the Russian and Finnish power grids was completed near Vyborg in 1982. It consists of three bipolar HVDC back-to-back schemes with an operating voltage of 85 kV and a maximum transmission rate of 355 MW, so that the entire maximum transmission rate amounts to 1,420 MW. The
Nord Stream 1 Nord Stream (German-English mixed expression; german: Nord and en, Stream, literally 'North Stream'; russian: Северный поток, ''Severny potok'') is a pair of offshore natural gas pipelines in Europe that run under the Baltic Sea ...
offshore pipeline runs from Vyborg compressor station at Portovaya Bay along the bottom of the Baltic Sea to Lubmin in Germany. It started operating in September 2011, enabling Russia to export gas directly to Western Europe. The feeding pipeline in Russia (
Gryazovets–Vyborg gas pipeline Gryazovets–Vyborg gas pipeline (russian: Грязовец–Выборг) is a branch pipeline of the Northern Lights pipeline from Gryazovets in central part of Russian Federation through Vologda and Leningrad oblasts to Saint Petersburg, Vybo ...
) is operated by
Gazprom PJSC Gazprom ( rus, Газпром, , ɡɐzˈprom) is a Russian majority state-owned multinational energy corporation headquartered in the Lakhta Center in Saint Petersburg. As of 2019, with sales over $120 billion, it was ranked as the larges ...
and is a part of the integrated gas transport network of Russia connecting existing grid in Gryazovets with the coastal compressor station at Vyborg.


Finnish singing culture

Before the war, Vyborg was a major Finnish town of culture. Even today, a few choirs cherish Vyborg singing traditions. These are, for example, the ''Wiipurilaisen osakunnan kuoro'' of the University of Helsinki and the ''
Viipurin Lauluveikot Viipurin Lauluveikot is a Finnish male choir that was founded in Viipuri in 1897 and is one of the oldest men's choirs still active in Finland. After the Second World War, the choir moved from Viipuri to Helsinki because Finland had lost Viipur ...
'' male choir, with the latter founded in Vyborg in 1897.


Sights

Vyborg's most prominent landmark is its Swedish-built castle, started in the 13th century and extensively reconstructed in 1891–1894. The
Round Tower A fortified tower (also defensive tower or castle tower or, in context, just tower) is one of the defensive structures used in fortifications, such as castles, along with curtain walls. Castle towers can have a variety of different shapes and ful ...
and the Rathaus Tower date from the mid-16th century and are parts of the Medieval
Vyborg town wall The Vyborg town wall (russian: Выборгская городская стена, fi, Viipurin kaupunginmuuri, sv, Viborgs stadsmur) was a defensive structure built around the town of Viborg (today Vyborg, Russia). It was completed during the ...
. Many of the buildings in historical old town of Vyborg are still in poor condition today. The
Viipuri Library Vyborg Library ( fi, Viipurin kaupunginkirjasto) is a library in Vyborg, Russia, built during the time of Finnish sovereignty (1918 to 1940-44), before the Finnish city of Viipuri was annexed by the former USSR and its Finnish name was changed to ...
by Finnish architect
Alvar Aalto Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto (; 3 February 1898 – 11 May 1976) was a Finnish architect and designer. His work includes architecture, furniture, textiles and glassware, as well as sculptures and paintings. He never regarded himself as an artist, see ...
and the
Hermitage-Vyborg Center The Hermitage-Vyborg Center is an external branch of the Saint Petersburg based Hermitage Museum in the Karelian town of Vyborg. The museum was opened in 2010. Hermitage-Vyborg Center is located in the Vyborg Art Museum and Drawing School building ...
are a reference point in the history of modern architecture. There are also Russian fortifications of
Annenkrone Annenkrone (''St Anne's Crown'', russian: Анненские укрепления, ''Annenskiye ukrepleniya'', fi, Pyhän Annan kruunu) is an early 18th century fortification in Vyborg, Russia. It is located outside the town in the island of Tve ...
, completed by 1740, as well as the monuments to
Peter the Great Peter I ( – ), most commonly known as Peter the Great,) or Pyotr Alekséyevich ( rus, Пётр Алексе́евич, p=ˈpʲɵtr ɐlʲɪˈksʲejɪvʲɪtɕ, , group=pron was a Russian monarch who ruled the Tsardom of Russia from t ...
(1910) and
Torkel Knutsson Torkel (Tyrgils or Torgils) Knutsson (d. 1306) was Lord High Constable of Sweden, member of the Privy Council of Sweden (''Riksråd''), and virtual ruler of Sweden during the early reign of King Birger Magnusson (1280–1321). Biography To ...
. Tourists can also visit the house where the founder of the Soviet state Vladimir Lenin prepared the Bolshevik revolution during his stay in Vyborg from September 24 to October 7, 1917. The main street in Vyborg is called ''Prospekt Lenina'' (russian: проспект Ленина; literally "Lenin Avenue"), formerly also known as Torkkelinkatu,Viktor Dmitriew:
Viipurin Suomalaisen Kirjallisuusseuran toimitteita 10
', 1992. (in Finnish)
and along it, there is popular . Sprawling along the heights adjacent to the
Gulf of Finland The Gulf of Finland ( fi, Suomenlahti; et, Soome laht; rus, Фи́нский зали́в, r=Finskiy zaliv, p=ˈfʲinskʲɪj zɐˈlʲif; sv, Finska viken) is the easternmost arm of the Baltic Sea. It extends between Finland to the north and E ...
is
Monrepos Park Mon Repos or Monrepos (russian: Монрепо́, from the French for "my rest") is an extensive English landscape park in the northern part of the rocky island of Linnasaari (Tverdysh, Slottsholmen) outside Vyborg, Russia. The park lies alon ...
, one of the most spacious English landscape gardens in Eastern Europe. The garden was laid out on behest of its owner, Baron Ludwig Heinrich von Nicolay, at the turn of the 19th century. Most of its structures were designed by the architect
Giuseppe Antonio Martinelli Giuseppe is the Italian form of the given name Joseph, from Latin Iōsēphus from Ancient Greek Ἰωσήφ (Iōsḗph), from Hebrew יוסף. It is the most common name in Italy and is unique (97%) to it. The feminine form of the name is Gius ...
. Previously, the estate belonged to the future king Frederick I ( Maria Fyodorovna's brother), who called it Charlottendahl in honor of his second wife.


Notable people


Born before 1917

for people born in Viipuri Province between 1812 and 1917, when it was part of the Grand Duchy of Finland.


Born 1917–1945

* Lauri Törni (a.k.a. Larry Thorne; 1919–1965), Finnish Army captain who later served in the German and United States armies *
Sirkka Sari Sirkka Sari (born Sirkka Linnea Jahnsson, 1 May 1920 – 30 July 1939) was a Finnish actress.Rikas tyttö< ...
(1920 in Raivola1939), Finnish actress *
Lars Lindeman Lars Sebastian ”Basse” Lindeman (23 March 1920, in Viipuri– 14 September 2006, in Lahti) was a Finnish politician and ambassador. Lindeman completed his degree in agricultural engineering in 1944. He worked in the municipality of Ingå si ...
(1920–2006), Finnish politician and ambassador in Oslo, Reykjavik, and Lisbon * Pekka Malinen (1921–2004), minister and diplomat, ambassador in Egypt, Syria, and Portugal *
Paul Jyrkänkallio Paul Georg Jyrkänkallio (until 1944 ''Schmidt''; 25 May 1922 - 2 May 2004) was a Finnish diplomat. Jyrkänkallio was born in Koivisto, and obtained a Bachelor of Philosophy degree. He was an ambassador in Sofia from 1969 to 1972, Budapest from ...
(1922 in Koivisto2004), Finnish diplomat, ambassador in Sofia, Rome, and Athens *
Usko Santavuori Usko Volmar Abel Santavuori (16 January 1922, in Viipuri – 1 June 2003, in Espoo) was a Finnish sensationalist radio reporter. He achieved fame by groundbreaking programs where he took himself and the microphone to participate in various extrao ...
(1922 in Viipuri2003), Finnish sensationalist radio reporter *
Max Jakobson Max Jakobson (September 30, 1923 – March 9, 2013) was a Finnish diplomat and journalist of Finnish-Jewish descent. Jakobson was an instrumental figure in shaping Finland's policy of neutrality during the Cold War. Max Jakobson was born i ...
(1923–2013), Finnish diplomat and journalist of Finnish-Jewish descent *
Tankmar Horn Tankmar Horn (16 August 1924 – 16 March 2018) was a Finnish diplomat, economist, and businessman. Due to his father's position as army officer, Horn lived in different places in his youth. During the Second World War he studied in Berlin and ...
(1924–2018), Finnish diplomat, economist, and businessman. *
Heimo Haitto Heimo Verneri Haitto (22 May 1925 – 9 June 1999) was a Finnish-American classical violinist who played in several U.S. symphony orchestras. A child prodigy, he was characterized as “Finland’s Jascha Heifetz”. Career Heimo Haitto was born ...
(1925–1999), Finnish-American classical violinist and child prodigy *
Juhani Kumpulainen Juhani "Juhku" Kumpulainen (31 July 1925, in Viipuri – 12 November 1991, in Helsinki) was a Finnish actor and director. He did a total of 85 movie roles between 1950 and 1991. Kumpulainen was also the official YLE's administrative and organiz ...
(1925 in Viipuri1991), Finnish actor and director *
Seppo Pietinen Seppo Taito Pietinen (23 October 1925 Viipuri – 5 June 1990 Helsinki) was a Finnish diplomat and lawyer with title of Master in Law. He was an Ambassador in Dar es Salaam from 1971 to 1973, and in Addis Ababa and Lusaka from 1972 to 1973, the ...
(1925–1990), Finnish diplomat, Ambassador in Addis Ababa, Lima, Vienna, and Paris *
Irina Hudova Irina Hudova (17 June 1926 — 20 July 2015) was a Finnish ballerina and dance pedagogue, notable for having served as the Director of the Finnish National Ballet as well as the first Professor of Dance in Finland. Education Hudova, who was of ...
(1926-2015), Finnish ballet dancer and teacher *
Ilmi Parkkari Ilmi Parkkari (1926–1979) was a Finnish film and stage actress An actor or actress is a person who portrays a character in a performance. The actor performs "in the flesh" in the traditional medium of the theatre or in modern media such a ...
(1926–1979), Finnish film and stage actress * Erik Bruun (born 1926 in Viipuri), Finnish
graphic design Graphic design is a profession, academic discipline and applied art whose activity consists in projecting visual communications intended to transmit specific messages to social groups, with specific objectives. Graphic design is an interdiscipli ...
er * Ossi Runne (1927 - 2020), Finnish musician *
Heikki Seppä Heikki Markus Seppä, also known as Heiki Seppa (March 8, 1927 – May 18, 2010) was a Finnish-born American master metalsmith, educator, and author. He taught at Washington University in St. Louis, from 1965 to 1992. Early life and education He ...
(1927 in Säkkijärvi2010), Finnish-American master
metalsmith A metalsmith or simply smith is a craftsperson fashioning useful items (for example, tools, kitchenware, tableware, jewelry, armor and weapons) out of various metals. Smithing is one of the oldest list of metalworking occupations, metalworking o ...
, educator and author *
Veijo Meri Veijo Väinö Valvo Meri (31 December 1928 – 21 June 2015) was a Finnish writer. Much of his work focuses on war and its absurdity. The work is anti-war and has dark humor. Born in Viipuri (today Vyborg, Russia), Meri graduated from secondary ...
(1928–2015), Finnish writer, his work focuses on war and its absurdity * Casper Wrede (1929 in Viipuri1998), Finnish theatre and film director *
Esko Kunnamo Esko Sulevi Kunnamo (29 May 1929 – 23 January 2014Muistot
hs.fi
) was a Finnish diplomat. Kunnamo was born in ...
(1929–2014), Finnish diplomat, ambassador in Kuwait, Abu Dhabi & Lagos *
Paavo Rintala Paavo Rintala (born in Viipuri, Finland on 20 September 1930 – died in Kirkkonummi, Finland 8 August 1999) was a Finnish novelist and theologian. He also wrote theatre pieces, radio plays and prose. Rintala has won the ''Kirjallisuuden valtio ...
(1930–1999), Finnish novelist and theologian * Pertti Ripatti (1930–2016), Finnish diplomat, ambassador in Abu Dhabi, Caracas & Kuala Lumpur * Oiva Toikka (1931–2019), Finnish glass designer * Lasse Äikäs (1932 in Kuolemajärvi1988), Finnish lawyer, civil servant and politician *
Kari Nurmela Kari Nurmela (born Viipuri May 26, 1933; died Helsinki January 21, 1984) was a Finnish dramatic baritone of note. Born in Viipuri, Finland, Nurmela made his operatic debut as the Conte di Luna, in ''Il trovatore'', at Helsinki, in 1961. He went o ...
(Viipuri 19331984), Finnish dramatic baritone *
Pertti Kärkkäinen Pertti Ahti Olavi Kärkkäinen (3 April 1933 – 10 January 2017) was a Finnish diplomat. He was born in Viipuri and held a Bachelor of Political Science degree. He served as Finnish Ambassador to Jakarta (Indonesia) from 1982Facta 2001, WSOY 1 ...
(1933–2017), Finnish diplomat, Ambassador to Buenos Aires, Santiago & Lima *
Pentti Ikonen Pentti Ikonen (9 May 1934 – 24 March 2007) was a Finnish swimmer. He competed in three events at the 1952 Summer Olympics The 1952 Summer Olympics ( fi, Kesäolympialaiset 1952; sv, Olympiska sommarspelen 1952), officially known as t ...
(1934–2007), Finnish swimmer, competed in 3 events at the
1952 Summer Olympics The 1952 Summer Olympics ( fi, Kesäolympialaiset 1952; sv, Olympiska sommarspelen 1952), officially known as the Games of the XV Olympiad ( fi, XV olympiadin kisat; sv, Den XV olympiadens spel) and commonly known as Helsinki 1952 ( sv, Helsin ...
* Martti Ahtisaari (born 1937 in Viipuri), Finnish politician, the tenth
President of Finland The president of the Republic of Finland ( fi, Suomen tasavallan presidentti; sv, Republiken Finlands president) is the head of state of Finland. Under the Constitution of Finland, executive power is vested in the Finnish Government and the p ...
(1994–2000) and Nobel Peace Prize laureate * Gustav Hägglund (born 1938 in Viipuri), retired Finnish general,
Chief of Defence The chief of defence (or head of defence) is the highest ranked commissioned officer of a nation's armed forces. The acronym CHOD is in common use within NATO and the European Union as a generic term for the highest national military position withi ...
1994–2001 *
Laila Hirvisaari Laila Ellen Kaarina Hirvisaari (7 June 1938 – 16 June 2021), also known as Laila Hietamies, was a Finnish author and writer. By 2008, more than four million copies of her works had been sold.(30 September 2008)Laila Hirvisaaren teoksia myyty yl ...
(1938–2021, born in Viipuri), Finnish author and writer *
Heikki Talvitie Heikki Talvitie (born 5 September 1939) is a Finnish diplomat. He has served as Ambassador in Belgrade from 1984 to 1988, in Moscow from 1988 to 1992 and from Stockholm in 1996–2002. Talvitie has also been an EU Special Representative in the ...
(born 1939), Finnish diplomat, Ambassador in Belgrade, Moscow & Stockholm *
Riitta Uosukainen Riitta Maria Uosukainen (née Vainikka; 18 June 1942, Jääski, Viipuri Province, Finland (now Svetogorsk, Leningrad Oblast, Russia)) is a Finnish politician and former Member of Parliament. She is one of the eight people to gain the highest hon ...
(born 1942 in Jääski), Finnish politician and former MP, Counselor of State


Born after 1945

* Negmatullo Kurbanov (born 1963), Tajik major general in the Ministry of Internal Affairs (Tajikistan) *
Viatcheslav Ekimov Viatcheslav Vladimirovich Ekimov (Russian Вячеслав Владимирович Екимов; born 4 February 1966), nicknamed ''Eki'', is a Russian former professional racing cyclist. A triple Olympic gold medalist, he was awarded the titl ...
(born 1966), nicknamed Eki, Russian former professional racing cyclist and triple Olympic gold medalist * Aleksandr Vlasov (born 1996), Professional cyclist, currently rides for Team
Astana-Premier Tech Astana Qazaqstan Team () is a professional road bicycle racing team sponsored by the Samruk-Kazyna, a coalition of state-owned companies from Kazakhstan and named after its capital city Astana. Astana attained UCI ProTeam status in its inaugur ...
* Vitaly Petrov (born 1984), Russian racing driver who competed in Formula One from 2010 to 2012 *
Aleksei Kangaskolkka Aleksei Kangaskolkka (born 29 October 1988) is a Finnish-Russian former professional footballer who played as a forward. Career Kangaskolkka was born in Vyborg, USSR, where he grew up before moving to Finland with his mother and Ingrian Finnis ...
(born 1988), Russian-born Finnish footballer, who plays for Finnish side IFK Mariehamn * Kirill Alekseenko (born 1997), Russian chess grandmaster, participant in the
Candidates Tournament 2020 A candidate, or nominee, is the prospective recipient of an award or honor, or a person seeking or being considered for some kind of position; for example: * to be elected to an office — in this case a candidate selection procedure occurs. * t ...


Twin towns and sister cities

Vyborg is twinned with: *
Bodø Bodø (; smj, Bådåddjo, sv, Bodö) is a municipality in Nordland county, Norway. It is part of the traditional region of Salten. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Bodø (which is also the capital of Nordland count ...
, Norway * Lappeenranta, Finland *
Nyköping Nyköping () is a Urban areas in Sweden, locality and the seat of Nyköping Municipality, Södermanland County, Sweden with 32,759 inhabitants as of 2017. The city is also the capital of Södermanland County. Including Arnö, the locality on the ...
,
Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden,The United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names states that the country's formal name is the Kingdom of SwedenUNGEGN World Geographical Names, Sweden./ref> is a Nordic country located on ...
* Ramla, Israel * Stirling, Scotland


See also

* European route E18 * Saimaa Canal *
Vyborg railway station Vyborg (russian: Вы́борг; fi, Viipurin rautatieasema) is a railway station, located in the town of Vyborg in Leningrad Oblast, Russia. The first wooden station building was built in 1870. The second station building was built in 1913 but ...


References


Notes


Sources

* * *


External links


Official website of Vyborg


* {{Authority control Grand Duchy of Finland Forts in Russia Castles in Russia Karelian Isthmus Medieval Finnish towns