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Squid is eaten in many cuisines; in English, the culinary name calamari is often used for
squid True squid are molluscs with an elongated soft body, large eyes, eight arms, and two tentacles in the superorder Decapodiformes, though many other molluscs within the broader Neocoleoidea are also called squid despite not strictly fitting t ...
dishes.'' Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd edition, 2002
''s.v.''
/ref> There are many ways to prepare and cook squid. Fried squid is common in the Mediterranean. In New Zealand, Australia, the United States, Canada, and South Africa, it is sold in fish and chip shops. In Britain, it can be found in Mediterranean 'calamari' or Asian 'salt and pepper fried squid' forms in various establishments, often served as a bar snack, street food, or starter. Squid can be prepared for consumption in a number of other ways. In Korea, it is sometimes served raw, and elsewhere it is used as sushi, sashimi and tempura items, grilled, stuffed, covered in batter, stewed in gravy and served in stir-fries, rice, and noodle dishes.
Dried shredded squid Dried shredded squid is a dried, shredded, seasoned, seafood product, made from squid or cuttlefish, commonly found in coastal Asian countries, Russia, and Hawaii. The snack is also referred to as dried shredded cuttlefish. History and origins Hi ...
is a common snack in some Asian regions, including East Asia.


Use

The body (
mantle A mantle is a piece of clothing, a type of cloak. Several other meanings are derived from that. Mantle may refer to: *Mantle (clothing), a cloak-like garment worn mainly by women as fashionable outerwear **Mantle (vesture), an Eastern Orthodox ve ...
) can be stuffed whole, cut into flat pieces or sliced into rings. The arms, tentacles, and
ink Ink is a gel, sol, or solution that contains at least one colorant, such as a dye or pigment, and is used to color a surface to produce an image, text, or design. Ink is used for drawing or writing with a pen, brush, reed pen, or quill. Thi ...
are edible; the only parts of the squid that are not eaten are its beak and gladius (pen).


Asia


China

In
Chinese Chinese can refer to: * Something related to China * Chinese people, people of Chinese nationality, citizenship, and/or ethnicity **''Zhonghua minzu'', the supra-ethnic concept of the Chinese nation ** List of ethnic groups in China, people of va ...
and Southeast Asian cuisine, squid is used in stir-fries, rice, and noodle dishes. It may be heavily spiced. In
China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
, Thailand, and
Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...
squid is grilled whole and sold in food stalls. Pre-packaged
dried shredded squid Dried shredded squid is a dried, shredded, seasoned, seafood product, made from squid or cuttlefish, commonly found in coastal Asian countries, Russia, and Hawaii. The snack is also referred to as dried shredded cuttlefish. History and origins Hi ...
or cuttlefish are snack items in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, China and Russia, often shredded to reduce chewiness.


Japan

In Japan, squid is used in almost every type of dish, including sushi, sashimi, and tempura. It can also be marinated in soy sauce ('' ika okizuke''), stewed ('' nabemono''), and grilled ('' ikayaki'').


Korea

In Korea, squid is sometimes killed and served quickly. Unlike octopus, squid tentacles do not usually continue to move when reaching the table. This fresh squid is 산 오징어 (''san ojingeo'') (also with small octopuses called ''nakji''). The squid is served with Korean mustard, soy sauce, chili sauce, or sesame sauce. It is salted and wrapped in lettuce or perilla leaves. Squid is also marinated in hot pepper sauce and cooked on a pan (Nakji Bokum or Ojingeo Bokum/
Ojingeo-chae-bokkeum ''Ojingeo-chae-bokkeum'' () is a ''bokkeum'' (stir-fried dish) made with dried shredded squid—called ''ojingeo-chae'' in Korean— and gochujang-based sauce. Like other dry ''banchan'' (side dish), it can be stored for a long time and retain its ...
). They are also served by food stands as a snack food, battered and deep fried or grilled using hot skillets. They are also cut up into small pieces to be added to 해물파전 (Korean Seafood Pancake) or a variety of spicy seafood soups. Dried squid may also accompany alcoholic beverages as '' anju''. Dried squid is served with peanuts. Squid is roasted and served with hot pepper paste or mayonnaise as a dip. Steamed squid and boiled squid are delicacies. Also in Korea, squid is made into ''
jeotgal ''Jeotgal'' () or ''jeot'' (), translated as salted seafood, is a category of salted preserved dishes made with seafood such as shrimps, oysters, clams, fish, and roe. Depending on the ingredients, ''jeotgal'' can range from flabby, solid piece ...
'' (salted seafood). The '' ojingeo-jeot'', thin strips of skinned, gutted, washed, salted, and fermented squid seasoned with spicy '' gochugaru'' (chili powder)-based spices and minced aromatic vegetables, is a popular '' banchan'' (side dish) served in small quantities as an accompaniment to bap (cooked rice). In Japan, similar dish is called ''ika-no- shiokara''. The heavily salted squid (usually sparkling enope (firefly) squid or
Spear Squid ''Heterololigo'' is a monotypic genus of squids containing the single species ''Heterololigo bleekeri''. It was formerly classified in the genus ''Loligo''; some authors still include it there, but DNA evidence supports its separation into a genu ...
), sometimes with innards, ferments for as long as a month, and is preserved in small jars. This salty, strong flavoured item is served in small quantities as an accompaniment to white rice or
alcoholic beverage An alcoholic beverage (also called an alcoholic drink, adult beverage, or a drink) is a drink that contains ethanol, a type of alcohol that acts as a drug and is produced by fermentation of grains, fruits, or other sources of sugar. The c ...
s.


Philippines

In the Philippines, squid is cooked as ''
adobong pusit Philippine ''adobo'' (from Spanish ''adobar'': "marinade," "sauce" or "seasoning" / ) is a popular Filipino dish and cooking process in Philippine cuisine that involves meat, seafood, or vegetables marinated in vinegar, soy sauce, garlic, ...
'', squid in adobo sauce, along with the ink, imparting a tangy flavour, especially with fresh chillies. Battered squid rings, which is also sold as a popular deep-fried street food called '' calamares'' in the Philippines, is served with alioli, mayonnaise or chilli vinegar. Squid is grilled on charcoal, brushed with a soy sauce-based marinade, and stuffed with tomato and onions. Another recipe is ''rellenong pusit'', stuffed with finely-chopped vegetables, squid fat, and ground pork. A variant of '' pancit'' noodles is ''
pancit pusit ''Pancit choca'' is a Filipino black seafood noodle dish made with squid ink and ''bihon'' (rice vermicelli). It originates from Cavite, Philippines, and is originally known as ''pancit choca en su tinta'' in Caviteño Chavacano. It is also kn ...
'', which is '' pancit bihon'' with squid added, along with the ink, giving the noodles its dark color.


South Asia

In India and
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්‍රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...
, squid or cuttlefish is eaten in coastal areas for example, in Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Squid are eaten deep fried (Koonthal Fry) or as squid gravy (koonthal varattiyathu/Roast). In Kerala and Tamil Nadu, squid is called ''koonthal'', ''kanava'' or ''kadamba''. In Coastal Karnataka, squid is also called ''bondaas''.


Middle East

In Egypt, Cyprus, and Turkey, squid rings and arms are coated in batter and fried in oil. Other recipes from these regions simmer squid with vegetables. Squid is also often stuffed. In Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, fried squid is served with tarator, a sauce made using tahini. Like many seafood dishes, it may be served with a slice of lemon.


Europe


Southern Europe

Fried squid (calamari fritti) is a dish in Mediterranean cuisine. It consists of
batter Batter or batters may refer to: Common meanings * Batter (cooking), thin dough that can be easily poured into a pan * Batter (baseball), person whose turn it is to face the pitcher * Batter (cricket), a player who is currently batting * Batter ...
-coated squid, deep-fried for less than two minutes to prevent toughness. It is served plain, with salt and lemon on the side. In Spain, (''rabas'' or ''calamares a la romana'', battered calamari, lit. ''Roman-style calamari'') has the calamari rings covered in a thick batter, deep fried, and with lemon juice and mayonnaise or garlic mayonnaise. Battered and fried baby squid is ''puntillitas''. Squid stewed in its own black ink is called ''calamares en su tinta'' or ''chipirones en su tinta'' resulting a black stew-like dish in which squid meat is very tender and is accompanied by a thick black sauce usually made with onion, tomato, squid ink, among others. In Spain and Italy, squid or cuttlefish ink is eaten in dishes such as paella, risotto, soups and pasta. In Spain, Italy, Greece, Cyprus, Turkey, Portugal and Croatia, squid rings and arms are coated in batter and fried in oil. Other recipes from these regions feature squid (or
octopus An octopus ( : octopuses or octopodes, see below for variants) is a soft-bodied, eight- limbed mollusc of the order Octopoda (, ). The order consists of some 300 species and is grouped within the class Cephalopoda with squids, cuttle ...
) simmered slowly, with vegetables such as squash or tomato. When frying, the squid flesh is kept tender by short cooking time. When simmering, the flesh is most tender when cooking is prolonged with reduced temperature. In Greece or Cyprus it is served also with Tzatziki a Greek yoghurt, cucumber mint dip. In Sardinia, squid are served with a sauce made from lemon, garlic, parsley, and olive oil. In Portugal, ''lulas'' are commonly eaten grilled whole, in kebabs of squid rings with bell peppers and onion ("
espetadas Espetada (also known as espetinho, especially in Brazil) is the Portuguese language, Portuguese term used for the technique of cooking food on skewers, and for the dish (food), dishes prepared that way. Espetada is a traditional dish in Portuguese ...
") or stewed. Also stuffed with minced meat and stewed ("Lulas Recheadas"). The battered version is known as 'lulas à sevilhana', named after Seville, the Andalusian city that popularised the dish. The city of Setúbal is also known for its fried
cuttlefish Cuttlefish or cuttles are marine molluscs of the order Sepiida. They belong to the class Cephalopoda which also includes squid, octopuses, and nautiluses. Cuttlefish have a unique internal shell, the cuttlebone, which is used for control of ...
(''Choco frito 'à setubalense). In Malta, ''klamar mimli'' involves stuffing the squid with rice, breadcrumbs, parsley, garlic and capers and then gently stewing in red wine. In Slovenia, squid are eaten grilled and stuffed with
pršut ''Prosciutto crudo'', in English often shortened to prosciutto ( , ), is Italian uncooked, unsmoked, and dry-cured ham. ''Prosciutto crudo'' is usually served thinly sliced. Several regions in Italy have their own variations of ''prosciutto crudo ...
and cheese, with ''blitva'' ( Swiss chard).


Russia

In Russia, a lightly boiled julienned squid with onion rings, garnished with mayonnaise, makes a salad. Another dish is a squid stuffed with rice and vegetables and then roasted.


Commonwealth

In South Africa,
Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...
and New Zealand, fried calamari is popular in fish and chip shops; imitation calamari of white fish may also be used.


North America

In North America, fried squid is a staple in seafood restaurants. It is served as an appetizer, garnished with
parsley Parsley, or garden parsley (''Petroselinum crispum'') is a species of flowering plant in the family Apiaceae that is native to the central and eastern Mediterranean region (Sardinia, Lebanon, Israel, Cyprus, Turkey, southern Italy, Greece, Por ...
, or sprinkled with parmesan cheese. It is served with dips:
pepper Pepper or peppers may refer to: Food and spice * Piperaceae or the pepper family, a large family of flowering plant ** Black pepper * ''Capsicum'' or pepper, a genus of flowering plants in the nightshade family Solanaceae ** Bell pepper ** Chili ...
corn
mayonnaise Mayonnaise (; ), colloquially referred to as "mayo" , is a thick, cold, and creamy sauce or dressing commonly used on sandwiches, hamburgers, composed salads, and French fries. It also forms the base for various other sauces, such as tartar ...
, tzatziki, marinara sauce, tartar sauce, or cocktail sauce. In Mexico it is served with Tabasco sauce or
habanero The habanero (; ) is a hot variety of chili. Unripe habaneros are green, and they color as they mature. The most common color variants are orange and red, but the fruit may also be white, brown, yellow, green, or purple. Typically, a ripe haba ...
. Other dips, such as ketchup,
aioli Aioli, allioli or aïoli ( or ; Provençal oc, alhòli or ''aiòli'' ; ca, allioli ; es, alioli ) is a cold sauce consisting of an emulsion of garlic and olive oil; it is found in the cuisines of the northwest Mediterranean, from Andalusia ...
, and olive oil are used. In the United States, the government and industry worked together to popularize calamari consumption in the 1990s. In the United States, in an attempt to popularize squid as a protein source in the 1970s, researchers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology developed a squid-gutting machine, and submitted
squid cocktail Squid cocktail is a seafood dish, which is usually served as an hors d'œuvre. It is similar to a prawn cocktail, but uses Squid (food), squid as the main ingredient. In 1969 in the United States, squid cocktail was one of the dishes explored to ...
, rings, and chowder to a 70-person tasting panel for market research.National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration - United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration - Google Books
/ref> Despite a general lack of popularity of squid in the United States, as aside from the internal "ethnic market" polling had shown a negative public perception of squid foods, the tasting panel gave the dishes "high marks". During the
2020 Democratic National Convention The 2020 Democratic National Convention was a presidential nominating convention that was held from August 17 to 20, 2020, at the Wisconsin Center in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and virtually across the United States. At the convention, delegates of ...
, calamari was featured prominently during the virtual roll call for the state of Rhode Island.


Etymology

The direct source of the English name ''calamari'' is disputed, with Spanish ''calamar'', Italian ''calamaro'' (plural ''calamari''), and Modern Greek ''kalamári'' being cited. Ultimately, all of these terms derive from the Late Latin ''calamarium'', "pen case" or "ink pot", itself from the Latin ''calamarius'', "pertaining to a writing-reed", after the resemblance in shape and the inky fluid that
squid True squid are molluscs with an elongated soft body, large eyes, eight arms, and two tentacles in the superorder Decapodiformes, though many other molluscs within the broader Neocoleoidea are also called squid despite not strictly fitting t ...
secrete; ''calamarius'' in turn derives from the Greek ''kalamos'' 'reed' or 'pen'.


Nutritional value

The nutritional value of squid compares favorably with fishes, having high content of protein and phosphorus with traces of calcium, thiamine, and riboflavin. Squid are 67.5–80.7% protein and 2.22–8.48% fat. A 2016 study of loligo squid found that 13% of the wet weight was oil, which was a rich source of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids (2.78%
arachidonic acid Arachidonic acid (AA, sometimes ARA) is a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid 20:4(ω-6), or 20:4(5,8,11,14). It is structurally related to the saturated arachidic acid found in cupuaçu butter. Its name derives from the New Latin word ''arachi ...
, 3.10%
linolenic acid Linolenic acid is a type of naturally-occurring fatty acid. It can refer to either of two octadecatrienoic acids (i.e. with an 18-carbon chain and three double bonds, which are found in the '' cis'' configuration), or a mixture of the two. Lino ...
, 5.20% linoleic acid, 15.40% docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and 9.60% eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)).


Allergies

Allergies to calamari can occur. As with other molluscs, the allergen is probably
tropomyosin Tropomyosin is a two-stranded alpha-helical, coiled coil protein found in actin-based cytoskeletons. Tropomyosin and the actin skeleton All organisms contain organelles that provide physical integrity to their cells. These type of organelles ar ...
.Auckland Allergy Clinic, "Seafood Allergy"


Gallery

File:Fried baby squid.jpg, Chinese-style fried baby squid File:Ikameshi 001.jpg, Japanese '' Ikameshi'' File:Ika somen by jetalone in Minato, Tokyo.jpg, Japanese '' Ika Sōmen'' (squid noodle) File:Nigirizushi_(hotaru-ika).jpg, Japanese '' sushi'' File:Shiokara_001.jpg, Japanese ''Ika no shiokara'' File:Squid steaks, uncooked.jpg, Squid steaks, uncooked File:Squid jerky.jpg, Squid jerky File:Ojingeojeot (squid jeotgal).jpg, Korean '' ojingeo-jeot'' (salted squid) File:Ojingeo sundae (stuffed squid) 2.jpg, Korean ''ojingeo-
sundae A sundae () is an ice cream dessert of American origin that typically consists of one or more scoops of ice cream topped with sauce or syrup and in some cases other toppings such as: sprinkles, whipped cream, marshmallows, peanuts, maraschino ...
'' (stuffed squid) File:Ojingeo-twigim and gochu-twigim 2.jpg, Korean Ojingeo-Twigim along with Gochu-Twigim. Ojingeo is squid whereas Gochu is pepper


See also

* Fish as food * List of deep fried foods * List of seafood dishes * Octopus as food *
Pain in invertebrates Pain in invertebrates is a contentious issue. Although there are numerous definitions of pain, almost all involve two key components. First, nociception is required. This is the ability to detect noxious stimuli which evokes a reflex response th ...


References


External links

* {{Cuisine of Greece Appetizers Animal-based seafood Chinese cuisine Japanese cuisine Korean cuisine Vietnamese cuisine Philippine cuisine Lao cuisine Thai cuisine Sri Lankan seafood dishes French cuisine Portuguese cuisine Greek cuisine Spanish cuisine Italian cuisine Seafood Deep fried foods Tapas Molluscs as food