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''Krupuk'' ( Javanese), ''kerupuk'' (
Indonesian Indonesian is anything of, from, or related to Indonesia, an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. It may refer to: * Indonesians, citizens of Indonesia ** Native Indonesians, diverse groups of local inhabitants of the archipelago ** Indonesian ...
), ''keropok'' (
Malay Malay may refer to: Languages * Malay language or Bahasa Melayu, a major Austronesian language spoken in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore ** History of the Malay language, the Malay language from the 4th to the 14th century ** Indonesi ...
), ''kroepoek'' ( Dutch) or ''kropek'' (
Tagalog Tagalog may refer to: Language * Tagalog language, a language spoken in the Philippines ** Old Tagalog, an archaic form of the language ** Batangas Tagalog, a dialect of the language * Tagalog script, the writing system historically used for Tagal ...
) is a
cracker Cracker, crackers or The Crackers may refer to: Animals * ''Hamadryas'' (butterfly), or crackers, a genus of brush-footed butterflies * '' Sparodon'', a monotypic genus whose species is sometimes known as "Cracker" Arts and entertainment Films ...
made from
starch Starch or amylum is a polymeric carbohydrate consisting of numerous glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds. This polysaccharide is produced by most green plants for energy storage. Worldwide, it is the most common carbohydrate in human diets ...
or animal skin and other ingredients that serve as flavouring. Most krupuk are deep fried, while some others are grilled or hot sand fried. They are a popular
snack A snack is a small portion of food generally eaten between meals. Snacks come in a variety of forms including packaged snack foods and other processed foods, as well as items made from fresh ingredients at home. Traditionally, snacks are p ...
in maritime Southeast Asia ( Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Brunei, and Philippines), and is most closely associated with the culinary traditions of Indonesia, in particular Javanese cuisine. It is an ubiquitous staple in its country of origin, and has spread to other countries either via the migration of diaspora populations or exports.


Etymology

''Krupuk'' in Javanese means "fried side dish" (made of flour, mixed with other ingredients). The word was later absorbed to other languages and stylesized according to local pronunciations. In Indonesia and the modern states of Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines, it appears under a general name with minor phonetic variations. In Indonesian, it is "''kerupuk''" while in Malay, it is "''keropok''". In Dutch, it is "''kroepoek''" ("oe" being equivalent to "u"), which was also the original spelling prior to the establishment of modern Indonesia and post-independence spelling reform. The Javanese onomatopoeia for the sound of crunchy foods (''krauk'' for a big crunch; ''kriuk'' for a small crunch) is believed to have inspired the name. It might have also inspired the naming of '' kripik'', a different type of Javanese cracker.


History

According to culinary historian Fadly Rahman, krupuk had existed in Java since the 9th or 10th century. It was written in the Batu Pura Inscription as ''krupuk rambak'', which refers to crackers made from cow or buffalo skin, that still exist today as ''
krupuk kulit Krupuk kulit ( jv, rambak or min, karupuak jangek, lit: "skin crackers") is a traditional Indonesian cattle skin ''krupuk'' (cracker). Traditionally it is made from the soft inner skin of cattle (cow or water buffalo), diced, and sun-dried until ...
'' ("skin ''krupuk''"), and are usually used in a Javanese dish called '' krechek''. In its development, krupuk spreads across the archipelago, and the taste varies according to the ingredients. From Java, krupuk spread to various coastal areas of
Kalimantan Kalimantan () is the Indonesian portion of the island of Borneo. It constitutes 73% of the island's area. The non-Indonesian parts of Borneo are Brunei and East Malaysia. In Indonesia, "Kalimantan" refers to the whole island of Borneo. In 2019, ...
,
Sumatra Sumatra is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the sixth-largest island in the world at 473,481 km2 (182,812 mi.2), not including adjacent i ...
, to the
Malay Peninsula The Malay Peninsula (Malay: ''Semenanjung Tanah Melayu'') is a peninsula in Mainland Southeast Asia. The landmass runs approximately north–south, and at its terminus, it is the southernmost point of the Asian continental mainland. The area ...
. According to the saga, crackers originate from Palembang because since ancient times Palembang has been known as a producer of abundant river fish, from which the fish is made dough such as making curly Pempek and then drying it in the sun and then frying it. Crackers then spread to the southern part of Sumatra, such as Lampung, Bangka Belitung, even to the Malay Peninsula and Java. It is produced and consumed in various varieties and is an integral part of the national cuisines of several Southeast Asian countries. ''Kroepoek'' also can be found in the Netherlands, through their historic colonial ties with Indonesia. Today, krupuk has been one of food-product export commodities of Indonesia, reaching foreign markets including Thailand, China, South Korea, the United States, Mexico, and the European Union.


Preparation and consumption

To achieve maximum crunchiness, most of this pre-packed raw krupuk must be sun-dried first before being deep fried at home. To cook krupuk, a wok with plenty of high-temperature cooking oil is needed. A healthier, fatless version might be made by briefly pulsing the raw krupuk in the microwave oven: usually one minute at the medium (~700W) power is enough to successfully puff a handful of chips. Raw krupuk is quite small, hard, and darker in color than the cooked one. Krupuk and kripik can be consumed alone as a snack, or cracked and garnished on top of foods for a complementary, crisp texture. Certain Indonesian dishes such as gado-gado, karedok, rujak,
asinan ''Asinan'' is a pickled (through brined or vinegared) vegetable or fruit dish, commonly found in Indonesia. ''Asin'', Indonesian for "salty", is the process of preserving the ingredients by soaking them in a solution of salty water. ''Asinan'' ...
, bubur ayam and certain kinds of soto require a certain type of krupuk for toppings. It is an essential ingredient to make ''
seblak Seblak ( Sundanese: ᮞᮨᮘᮣᮊ᮪) is a Sundanese savoury and spicy dish, originating from West Java, Indonesia. Made of wet ''krupuk'' (traditional Indonesian crackers) cooked with protein sources (egg, chicken, seafood or beef) in spicy ...
'', a savoury-spicy dish made of boiled, wet ''krupuk'' cooked with a protein (chicken, beef, or seafood), all in a spicy sauce.


Types


Indonesia

Indonesia has perhaps the largest variety of ''krupuk''. There are many variations on krupuk, many of which are made from starch with seafood (shrimp, fish, or squid), but occasionally with rice, fruits, nuts or vegetables; these variations are more usual in Southeast Asia. * Krupuk amplang, refer to pingpong ball-sized fish krupuk from
Kalimantan Kalimantan () is the Indonesian portion of the island of Borneo. It constitutes 73% of the island's area. The non-Indonesian parts of Borneo are Brunei and East Malaysia. In Indonesia, "Kalimantan" refers to the whole island of Borneo. In 2019, ...
. * Krupuk bawang,
garlic Garlic (''Allium sativum'') is a species of bulbous flowering plant in the genus ''Allium''. Its close relatives include the onion, shallot, leek, chive, Allium fistulosum, Welsh onion and Allium chinense, Chinese onion. It is native to South A ...
cracker * Krupuk gendar, ground rice cracker * Krupuk ikan, fish cracker, commonly found in Indonesia, especially seafood industry production centres such as
Palembang Palembang () is the capital city of the Indonesian province of South Sumatra. The city proper covers on both banks of the Musi River on the eastern lowland of southern Sumatra. It had a population of 1,668,848 at the 2020 Census. Palembang ...
, Bangka, Cirebon and
Sidoarjo Sidoarjo Regency ( jv, ꦑꦧꦸꦥꦠꦺꦤ꧀ꦱꦶꦢꦲꦂꦗ, Kabupatèn Sidaharja) is a regency in East Java, Indonesia. It is bordered by Surabaya city and Gresik Regency to the north, by Pasuruan Regency to the south, by Mojokerto Regency ...
. Wahoo is the most popular fish used to make krupuk ikan, however a more expensive variant uses belida fish or featherback knifefish. * Krupuk blek (also krupuk uyel, krupuk kampung, or krupuk putih), a cassava starch cracker ubiquitous in Indonesia * Krupuk kemplang, a type of flat fish cracker is particularly popular in south Sumatran city of Palembang * Krupuk kuku macan, another name of amplang with distinct "tiger nail", nugget-shaped, brown-coloured fish cracker, popularly associated with Samarinda and the island of Bangka. *
Krupuk kulit Krupuk kulit ( jv, rambak or min, karupuak jangek, lit: "skin crackers") is a traditional Indonesian cattle skin ''krupuk'' (cracker). Traditionally it is made from the soft inner skin of cattle (cow or water buffalo), diced, and sun-dried until ...
, found in most parts of Indonesia, Krupuk jangek (Minangkabau), or Rambak (Java); refer to crackers made of dried cattle skin, particularly popular in the Minangkabau area of West Sumatra. * Krupuk kulit babi, crispy fried pork skin, also known as pork rinds. Rarely found in Muslim-majority regions in Indonesia, but common in non-Muslim majority provinces, such as
Bali Bali () is a province of Indonesia and the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands. East of Java and west of Lombok, the province includes the island of Bali and a few smaller neighbouring islands, notably Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan, and Nu ...
,
North Sumatra North Sumatra ( id, Sumatra Utara) is a province of Indonesia located on the northern part of the island of Sumatra. Its capital and largest city is Medan. North Sumatra is Indonesia's fourth most populous province after West Java, East Java and ...
, and North Sulawesi. * Krupuk mie ( noodle cracker), is yellowish krupuk made from noodle-like paste usually used for
asinan ''Asinan'' is a pickled (through brined or vinegared) vegetable or fruit dish, commonly found in Indonesia. ''Asin'', Indonesian for "salty", is the process of preserving the ingredients by soaking them in a solution of salty water. ''Asinan'' ...
topping, particularly popular in Jakarta and most markets in Java. * Krupuk udang, shrimp cracker or
prawn cracker Prawn crackers ( id, krupuk udang) are a deep fried snack made from starch and prawn. They are a common snack food in Southeast Asian cuisine, but they are most closely associated with Indonesia.They have also been adapted into East Asian cuisi ...
probably is the most internationally well-known variant of krupuk. The examples of popular ''krupuk udang'' brands in Indonesia is Resep Kerupuk Udang, Finna and Komodo brand whereas the popular krupuk udang household brands in Malaysia are Rota Prawn Crackers and myReal Pulau Pangkor Prawn Crackers. File:Fried Krupuk Udang.JPG, '' Krupuk udang'', prawn cracker File:Kerupuk ikan.JPG, '' Krupuk ikan'', fish cracker File:Kerupuk putih.jpg, ''Kerupuk kampung'' made of tapioca starch File:Amplang on a plate.JPG, '' Krupuk amplang'', fish cracker File:Kerupuk kemplang Bandar Lampung.JPG, '' Krupuk kemplang'', fish cracker File:Kerupuk mi kuning.JPG, ''Krupuk mie'', noodle cracker File:Kerupuk kulit.JPG, ''
Krupuk kulit Krupuk kulit ( jv, rambak or min, karupuak jangek, lit: "skin crackers") is a traditional Indonesian cattle skin ''krupuk'' (cracker). Traditionally it is made from the soft inner skin of cattle (cow or water buffalo), diced, and sun-dried until ...
'', skin cracker


Malaysia

In Malaysia, it is called ''keropok'' and associated with fish and seafood (those made with other foods than fish and seafood are called ''kerepek''). Varieties of ''keropok'' found in Malaysia ''Keropok kering'', ''Keropok lekor'' and amplang. ''Keropok lekor'' originated from Terengganu, and Amplang is endemic to the coastal towns of
Semporna Semporna ( ms, Pekan Semporna) is the capital of the Semporna District in the Tawau Division of Sabah, Malaysia. Its population was estimated to be around 35,301 in 2010. History Semporna was founded soon after the British North Borneo Char ...
and Tawau in Sabah. While ''keropok kering'' can be found in most of Malaysia states, Mukah town in Sarawak also historically known as a fishing town for the making of ''keropok''.


Philippines

''Krupuk'', most commonly spelt as ''kropek'' and ''kropeck'' in the Philippines, is sometimes also referred to as "fish crackers", "prawn crackers" or less commonly as "fish chicharrón", which is technically fried fish skin. Some forms of chicharrón are made with non-animal sources such as tapioca starch and green
pea The pea is most commonly the small spherical seed or the seed-pod of the flowering plant species ''Pisum sativum''. Each pod contains several peas, which can be green or yellow. Botanically, pea pods are fruit, since they contain seeds and d ...
s, hence the term. It is debatable if the vegetarian, kropek-like "mock pork crackling" could be considered a form of ''kropek'', since there are a lot of similarities but also differences which make them two. These are sold at
sari-sari stores A sari-sari store, anglicized as neighborhood sundry store, is a convenience store found in the Philippines. The word ''sari-sari'' is Tagalog meaning "variety" or "sundry". Such stores occupy an important economic and social location in a Fi ...
in smaller portions as a light snack, as well as in bigger bags at local supermarkets and convenience stores. ''Kropek'' is often eaten as an appetizer, with a vinegar and chili dipping sauce, sometimes as accompaniment at drinking sessions, or paired with a meal. There are a lot of local brands which sell different varieties of ''kropek''. Some of the more well-known brands in the Philippines are La La Fish Crackers and Oishi prawn crackers, fish crackers, and fish ''kropeck''. Oishi, a Philippines-based company that has expanded across Asia, is one of the biggest Filipino and Asian companies.


Production centres

In Indonesia, major producing centres of ''krupuk'' usually are coastal fishing towns.
Sidoarjo Sidoarjo Regency ( jv, ꦑꦧꦸꦥꦠꦺꦤ꧀ꦱꦶꦢꦲꦂꦗ, Kabupatèn Sidaharja) is a regency in East Java, Indonesia. It is bordered by Surabaya city and Gresik Regency to the north, by Pasuruan Regency to the south, by Mojokerto Regency ...
in East Java, Cirebon in West Java, Karimun Jawa island, Padang,
Palembang Palembang () is the capital city of the Indonesian province of South Sumatra. The city proper covers on both banks of the Musi River on the eastern lowland of southern Sumatra. It had a population of 1,668,848 at the 2020 Census. Palembang ...
and Medan in Sumatra, Bangka Island, Samarinda and Pontianak in Kalimantan, and
Makassar Makassar (, mak, ᨆᨀᨔᨑ, Mangkasara’, ) is the capital of the Indonesian province of South Sulawesi. It is the largest city in the region of Eastern Indonesia and the country's fifth-largest urban center after Jakarta, Surabaya, Med ...
in Sulawesi are major producers of krupuk, and many recipes originate from there. Some inland towns also famous as krupuk production centres, such as
Bandung Bandung ( su, ᮘᮔ᮪ᮓᮥᮀ, Bandung, ; ) is the capital city of the Indonesian province of West Java. It has a population of 2,452,943 within its city limits according to the official estimates as at mid 2021, making it the fourth most ...
,
Garut Garut is a district and town in West Java of Indonesia, and the former capital of Garut Regency. It is located about 75 km to the southeast of the major city of Bandung. History The modern history of Garut started on March 2, 1811 when Balub ...
and
Malang Malang (; ) is a landlocked List of regencies and cities of Indonesia, city in the Indonesian Provinces of Indonesia, province of East Java. It has a history dating back to the age of Singhasari, Singhasari Kingdom. It is the second most popul ...
. Although usually they are not producing seafood-based krupuk as their coastal towns counterparts. Most of krupuk producer traditionally are modest home industry. However, today there is a dilemma among krupuk factories, whether to shift to automation through modern machinery but have to lay-off some of their workers, or continues producing in traditional ways but lack in producing capacity. Most of the coastal towns in Malaysia such as
Mukah Mukah ( muːkəh), historically known as Muka is a coastal town which serves as the capital and the administrative center of the Mukah Division since 1 March 2002. The district also covers an area of with a population about 49,900 in the Muka ...
, Malacca Town, Pangkor Island and Lumut produce ''keropok'' from large scale manufacturing to small scale home factories.


See also

*
Prawn cracker Prawn crackers ( id, krupuk udang) are a deep fried snack made from starch and prawn. They are a common snack food in Southeast Asian cuisine, but they are most closely associated with Indonesia.They have also been adapted into East Asian cuisi ...
* Fish cracker * Kabkab * Kiping * Kripik *
Rempeyek Rempeyek or peyek is a deep-fried savoury Indonesian- Javanese cracker made from flour (usually rice flour) with other ingredients, bound or coated by crispy flour batter. The most common type of rempeyek is ''peyek kacang'' ("peanut peyek") ...
*
Emping Emping (also known as arifin) are a type of Indonesian chips, a bite-size snack kripik cracker, made of ''melinjo'' or ''belinjo'' (''Gnetum gnemon'') nuts (which are seeds). Emping crackers have a slightly bitter taste. Emping snacks are availa ...
*
Seblak Seblak ( Sundanese: ᮞᮨᮘᮣᮊ᮪) is a Sundanese savoury and spicy dish, originating from West Java, Indonesia. Made of wet ''krupuk'' (traditional Indonesian crackers) cooked with protein sources (egg, chicken, seafood or beef) in spicy ...
* Duros


References


External links

{{Singaporean cuisine, state=collapsed Indonesian snack foods Malaysian cuisine Southeast Asian cuisine Deep fried foods