''Entomophthora'' is a fungal

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ...

in the family

Entomophthoraceae Entomophthoraceae is a family of fungi in the order Entomophthorales The Entomophthorales are an order of fungi that were previously classified in the class Zygomycetes. A new subdivision, Entomophthoromycotina, has recently been circumscri ...

. Species in this genus are

parasitic Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life. The entomologist E. O. Wilson ha ...

on flies and other two-winged insects. The genus was

circumscribed In geometry, the circumscribed circle or circumcircle of a polygon is a circle that passes through all the vertices of the polygon. The center of this circle is called the circumcenter and its radius is called the circumradius. Not every polyg ...

by German physician Johann Baptist Georg Wolfgang Fresenius (1808-1866) in 1856.Fresenius, G. 1856. Botanische Zeitung 14, 882-883. This fungus is parasitic and undergoes a number of stages within its life cycle, these include;

infection An infection is the invasion of tissues by pathogens, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce. An infectious disease, also known as a transmissible disease or communicable dis ...

, incubation, sporulation and mummification. Within each stage, this

pathogen In biology, a pathogen ( el, πάθος, "suffering", "passion" and , "producer of") in the oldest and broadest sense, is any organism or agent that can produce disease. A pathogen may also be referred to as an infectious agent, or simply a germ ...

invades the host’s body cells, utilising the insect’s nutrients allowing it to take control over the

brain A brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. It is located in the head, usually close to the sensory organs for senses such as vision. It is the most complex organ in a ve ...

just before the host’s death. Entomophthora reproduces asexually through both

budding Budding or blastogenesis is a type of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud due to cell division at one particular site. For example, the small bulb-like projection coming out from the yeast cell is kno ...

and spores. When in the host’s body, the pathogen utilises budding as a form of growth. This is done through a

fungi A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from ...

cell developing a bud (daughter cell) on the parent cell. The parent cell then replicates its DNA and provides the daughter cell with this DNA. The daughter cell is then able to detach itself from the parent cell resulting in multiplication of the fungus. Spores are another mechanism that is utilised as a method of reproduction; the spores act like seeds in that they will flourish when environmental conditions are appropriate and begin to grow hyphae – root like filaments. These hyphae then develop into the body of the fungus where the spores can be created once again and released into the environment to ensure further reproduction occurs again. Similarly, spores are utilised as a method of transmission of this parasitic

disease A disease is a particular abnormal condition that negatively affects the structure or function of all or part of an organism, and that is not immediately due to any external injury. Diseases are often known to be medical conditions that a ...

, when spores come in contact with the insect either through consumption or direct contact, the pathogen is able to infect the

insect Insects (from Latin ') are pancrustacean hexapod invertebrates of the class Insecta. They are the largest group within the arthropod phylum. Insects have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body ( head, thorax and abdomen), three ...

resulting in the beginning on the life cycle. The insect however has immune responses that fight against these parasites in order to defend themselves from infection.

Hemocytes A blood cell, also called a hematopoietic cell, hemocyte, or hematocyte, is a cell produced through hematopoiesis and found mainly in the blood. Major types of blood cells include red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), a ...

are the cells within the

immune In biology, immunity is the capability of multicellular organisms to resist harmful microorganisms. Immunity involves both specific and nonspecific components. The nonspecific components act as barriers or eliminators of a wide range of pathogens ...

response that are able to detect the entry of a pathogen and initiate the immune response to kill the foreign particles within the insect.

Physical characteristics

Description

Entomophthora is a type of fungal pathogen that is parasitic towards flies and other two-winged insects. When entered into a host’s body, the fungal pathogen begins to invade the body cells and take control of the hosts which, in turn results in death. This relationship between a host and an organism is called parasitism. the parasite lives off or within another

organism In biology, an organism () is any living system that functions as an individual entity. All organisms are composed of cells (cell theory). Organisms are classified by taxonomy into groups such as multicellular animals, plants, and ...

, in this case the fly (host) and causes harm or even death to the host. Entomophthora outbreaks commonly occur in temperate regions often during spring and autumn. Spores are the cause infection of a host, this usually occurs in cool and humid conditions commonly in areas where flies rest.

Life cycle

Infection occurs when an insect comes in contact with the Entomophthora pathogen. Once the insect has been infected, the fungal disease begins its transmission and development throughout the body, causing harm and soon death to the host. The stages in which this pathogen undergoes to impact the host and cause harm, is referred to its

life cycle Life cycle, life-cycle, or lifecycle may refer to: Science and academia *Biological life cycle, the sequence of life stages that an organism undergoes from birth to reproduction ending with the production of the offspring * Life-cycle hypothesis ...

. The first stage of the life cycle is infection, referring to the invasion of

micro-organisms A microorganism, or microbe,, ''mikros'', "small") and ''organism'' from the el, ὀργανισμός, ''organismós'', "organism"). It is usually written as a single word but is sometimes hyphenated (''micro-organism''), especially in olde ...

into a

genome In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is all the genetic information of an organism. It consists of nucleotide sequences of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The nuclear genome includes protein-coding genes and non-coding g ...

, these micro-organisms are foreign to the body. Within this stage, the host come in contact with a conidia – a type of reproductive spore through

touch In physiology, the somatosensory system is the network of neural structures in the brain and body that produce the perception of touch ( haptic perception), as well as temperature ( thermoception), body position (proprioception), and pain. It ...

ingestion Ingestion is the consumption of a substance by an organism. In animals, it normally is accomplished by taking in a substance through the mouth into the gastrointestinal tract, such as through eating or drinking. In single-celled organisms in ...

. When the conidia is within the host’s body, it beings to germinate. Germination refers to the process in which an organism grows from a spore. Here, the conidia present within the body begins to produce hyphae, these act like the roots of the fungi as they grow and branch out within the body of the host. Ultimately initiating the spread of the pathogen throughout the insect. 2010-10-04 Entomophthora muscae (Cohn) Fresen 204249

2010-10-04 Entomophthora muscae (Cohn) Fresen 204249

The next stage of the pathogen’s life cycle is incubation; this is the period of time between the insect's first exposure to the pathogen and the occurrence of the first symptom. Within this period the internal hyphae combine digestive

enzyme Enzymes () are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products ...

s and utilise pressure to penetrate through a number of cuticle layers of the host. This allows for the spread of the pathogen throughout the whole body of the host, infecting the insects

blood Blood is a body fluid in the circulatory system of humans and other vertebrates that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells, and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells. Blood in the cir ...

and tissue. The fungal cells are able to absorb water and nutrients from the hosts body ensuring the pathogen’s survival. This initiates the third stage of the life cycle; sporulation. Within this stage, the fungal pathogen begins to

reproduce Reproduction (or procreation or breeding) is the biological process by which new individual organisms – "offspring" – are produced from their "parent" or parents. Reproduction is a fundamental feature of all known life; each individual org ...

, this is done through the formation of spores from vegetative cells and budding. These spores are then released within the insect and infect the

membrane A membrane is a selective barrier; it allows some things to pass through but stops others. Such things may be molecules, ions, or other small particles. Membranes can be generally classified into synthetic membranes and biological membranes. ...

areas within the host’s

abdominal The abdomen (colloquially called the belly, tummy, midriff, tucky or stomach) is the part of the body between the thorax (chest) and pelvis, in humans and in other vertebrates. The abdomen is the front part of the abdominal segment of the torso ...

cuticle. The disturbance of blood flow, tissue and abdominal cuticle causes the pathogen to enter its last stage of its life cycle. In the host, the appearance of this stage is apparent due to abdominal swelling creating a striped pattern that remains even after death. The last stage of the Entomophthora life cycle is

mummification A mummy is a dead human or an animal whose soft tissues and organs have been preserved by either intentional or accidental exposure to chemicals, extreme cold, very low humidity, or lack of air, so that the recovered body does not decay furt ...

of the cadaver, in which this stage causes death to the host. The pathogen has interrupted and overtaken the host’s main vital mechanisms for survival, so the host’s body is no longer able to function normally and defend itself against the pathogen or any other threats. The

mycelium Mycelium (plural mycelia) is a root-like structure of a fungus consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae. Fungal colonies composed of mycelium are found in and on soil and many other substrates. A typical single spore germinates ...

– a group of hyphae- is then able to grow within the brain, controlling the behavioural aspects of the fly. The infection of the fly’s brain allows the pathogen to gain control over the fly’s movements. The pathogen commonly forces the host to locate itself on a high point of a surface, straighten out its back legs and open its wings. This allows for the hyphae to maximise growth within the body of the host causing death. Once death has occurred, the pathogen then releases its spores out into the environment to allow for transmission and reproduction once again. The position in which the fly remains ensures that the release of spores is dispersed as widely as possible to ensure transmission to another insect.

Reproduction

Reproduction refers to the process in which an offspring is formed via asexual reproduction or

sexual Sex is the biological distinction of an organism between male and female. Sex or SEX may also refer to: Biology and behaviour *Animal sexual behaviour **Copulation (zoology) **Human sexual activity **Non-penetrative sex, or sexual outercourse ** ...

reproduction. Asexual reproduction involves one parent, producing a genetically identical

offspring In biology, offspring are the young creation of living organisms, produced either by a single organism or, in the case of sexual reproduction, two organisms. Collective offspring may be known as a brood or progeny in a more general way. This ca ...

, to the parent cell. Whereas sexual reproduction involves the meeting and fertilisation of

gamete A gamete (; , ultimately ) is a haploid cell that fuses with another haploid cell during fertilization in organisms that reproduce sexually. Gametes are an organism's reproductive cells, also referred to as sex cells. In species that produce ...

cells in order to produce a

genetically Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms.Hartl D, Jones E (2005) It is an important branch in biology because heredity is vital to organisms' evolution. Gregor Mendel, a Moravian Augustinian friar working i ...

different offspring. Fungi type organisms reproduce asexually through the release of diploid spores. Spores are micro unicellular cells that are released and dispersed into the environment in a mass of numbers to increase the likelihood of further development and growth of the fungus. As spores are very small in size, they are easily moved via environmental conditions, that being wind, water, or even on an animal’s fur. These spores will find favourable conditions and successfully flourish, develop and grow into the structure and body of the

Development of the fungus via spores is initiated through germination; this marks the beginning of fungal development. Spores will begin to develop filaments called hyphae; these are root like structures of the fungi as they branch out into the environment absorbing any available water and other nutrients required for survival. Groups of hyphae will interconnect, forming the main fungal body, the

. The fungi will soon develop a sporangiophore, this is the stalk/ stem of the fungus. The sporangiophore is an elongated structure that provides support to the body of the fungus and creates spores. This is done through a process in which the haploid

nucleus Nucleus ( : nuclei) is a Latin word for the seed inside a fruit. It most often refers to: *Atomic nucleus, the very dense central region of an atom * Cell nucleus, a central organelle of a eukaryotic cell, containing most of the cell's DNA Nucl ...

– a nucleus with half the number of

chromosome A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. In most chromosomes the very long thin DNA fibers are coated with packaging proteins; in eukaryotic cells the most important of these proteins are ...

s for that

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...

– is encased in an outer membrane with a

cytoplasm In cell biology, the cytoplasm is all of the material within a eukaryotic cell, enclosed by the cell membrane, except for the cell nucleus. The material inside the nucleus and contained within the nuclear membrane is termed the nucleoplasm. ...

. The haploid nucleus within the sporangiophore fuses with the cytoplasm to create diploid nuclei (spores) – a nucleus with the normal number of chromosomes for a specific species -. These spores then travel through the sporangiophore where they reach the sporangium. The sporangium is the structure within the fungi that is reliant on storing spores. The rupturing of the sporangium releases a large mass of spores into the environment, this enable the fungi to reproduce rapidly. Fungal species are also able to reproduce asexually via budding. Budding refers to the process in which an offspring is formed from a parent cell. This occurs for Entomophthora cells already within a host. When environmental conditions are favourable, a fungus cell develops a small growth on the cell body, this is referred to as the bud. The bud will enlarge over time, utilising the nutrients from the parent cell, which in turn ultimately causes growth. The parent cell replicates its DNA through the process of

DNA replication In molecular biology, DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule. DNA replication occurs in all living organisms acting as the most essential part for biological inheritanc ...

– a process in which DNA undergoes a number of steps to formulate a copy of itself during

cell division Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two daughter cells. Cell division usually occurs as part of a larger cell cycle in which the cell grows and replicates its chromosome(s) before dividing. In eukaryotes, there ar ...

, creating genetically identical DNA to the parent cell-. Once the DNA is replicated within the

, the nucleus then divides. One copy of the nucleus moves into the bud, and the other nucleus remains in the parent cell. When the daughter cell (bud) reaches a certain size, it detaches from the parent cell via cytokinesis.

Cytokinesis Cytokinesis () is the part of the cell division process during which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell divides into two daughter cells. Cytoplasmic division begins during or after the late stages of nuclear division in mitosis and mei ...

refers to a process in which the cytoplasm within a cell splits, separating two cells. During budding cytokinesis occurs to separate the daughter cell from the parent cell. Once the daughter cell is detached from the parent cell, it will grow and mature into a large cell and will be able to develop its own bud and hence reproduce.

Transmission

Transmission refers to the transfer of pathogens –

causing agents – from an infected individual to a group or to another individual. There are two modes of transmission that cause infection, that being direct or indirect contact with a pathogen. Direct transmission refers to a pathogen passing directly from organism to organism, this can be in the form of direct contact (skin to skin contact, kissing, sexual intercourse, etc.) or from droplet spread (coughing, sneezing, talking). Whereas indirect transmission refers to a transfer of a pathogen through air particles, inanimate objects and animate intermediaries, more specifically

vehicle A vehicle (from la, vehiculum) is a machine that transports people or cargo. Vehicles include wagons, bicycles, motor vehicles (motorcycles, cars, trucks, buses, mobility scooters for disabled people), railed vehicles (trains, trams), ...

vector Vector most often refers to: *Euclidean vector, a quantity with a magnitude and a direction *Vector (epidemiology), an agent that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another living organism Vector may also refer to: Mathematic ...

s and airborne transmission. Airborne transmission occurs when pathogens are carried via dust or droplet nuclei suspended in the air. Inanimate objects can transfer pathogens through vehicles. As infectious agents can be included in food, water, blood, etc. these can be transported around via the vehicle, ultimately indirectly exposing different locations to pathogens. Animate intermediaries refer to vectors, these are organisms that carry the pathogen but are not infected by the pathogen, for example a

mosquito Mosquitoes (or mosquitos) are members of a group of almost 3,600 species of small flies within the family Culicidae (from the Latin ''culex'' meaning " gnat"). The word "mosquito" (formed by ''mosca'' and diminutive ''-ito'') is Spanish for "li ...

can carry

malaria Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects humans and other animals. Malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever, tiredness, vomiting, and headaches. In severe cases, it can cause jaundice, seizures, coma, or death. S ...

and can infect individuals with malaria, however the mosquito itself does not have malaria. Entomophthora cf

Entomophthora is a fungal pathogenic disease, in order for this species to infect other organisms the pathogen must come in contact with the insect’s body. Fungal transmission occurs through the movement of

microscopic The microscopic scale () is the scale of objects and events smaller than those that can easily be seen by the naked eye, requiring a lens or microscope to see them clearly. In physics, the microscopic scale is sometimes regarded as the scale be ...

reproductive spores through the environment. These spores are released out into the environment via the rupturing of a sporangium. Once the release of spores occurs, their movement is dependent on environmental conditions, more specially, being blown through wind, passing through water streams etc. Spores will continue to travel through the environment until they come in contact with an insect where the organism will become infected, and the pathogen’s life cycle will begin. Contact occurs through the ingestion of spores or interaction between the pathogen and the external body of the insect. This is indirect transmission as the pathogen is airborne, travelling through the air until it comes in contact with an organism. Fungi transmission can also be transmitted directly through contact between insects, ultimately transferring spores from an infected insect to a non-infected insect. Entomophthora has been looked into by humans as a form of

biological control Biological control or biocontrol is a method of controlling pests, such as insects, mites, weeds, and plant diseases, using other organisms. It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory, or other natural mechanisms, but typically also i ...

against flies that are

pest insects Economic entomology is a field of entomology, which involves the study of insects that benefit or harm humans, domestic animals, and crops. Insects that cause losses are termed as pests. Some species can cause indirect damage by spreading disea ...

; however the transmission occurs through direct transmission between flies and attempts to artificially culture the fungus failed. Once an insect is infected with the Entomophthora pathogen, it soon begins its

. If successful the pathogen will invade the bodily cells of the host,

germinate Germination is the process by which an organism grows from a seed or spore. The term is applied to the sprouting of a seedling from a seed of an angiosperm or gymnosperm, the growth of a sporeling from a spore, such as the spores of fungi, fer ...

and reproduce within the host’s body until the pathogen reaches the last stage of its life cycle. This stage is where the insect dies, the pathogen remains within the host’s body producing and releasing spores into the environment. Further allowing the transmission of the pathogen to other organisms, to ultimately maximise infection of the Entomophthora disease throughout the two-winged insect population.

Insect Immunity

The

system refers to the organs and tissues that are utilised within the body in order to provide resistance and protection against

. All living organisms have an immune system and mechanisms in order to protect themselves from foreign pathogens and molecules that they come in contact with. As flies are a small and simple organism, they do not have such a complex immune system like humans, however they still are able to defend themselves to some extent against pathogens. Flies have only an

innate immunity The innate, or nonspecific, immune system is one of the two main immunity strategies (the other being the adaptive immune system) in vertebrates. The innate immune system is an older evolutionary defense strategy, relatively speaking, and is the ...

, this means having a defence mechanism that is not specific to any pathogen that enters the body. Within a fly immune system, there are a number of

s and

protein Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, res ...

s they are able to use in order to defend themselves against foreign pathogens. Entomophthora is a parasitic disease, when entered into the body, the immune response is initiated when hemocyte

receptors Receptor may refer to: *Sensory receptor, in physiology, any structure which, on receiving environmental stimuli, produces an informative nerve impulse *Receptor (biochemistry), in biochemistry, a protein molecule that receives and responds to a n ...

interact with foreign molecules. The recognition of a pathogen within the body triggers the immune response to occur within the area of the infected site. Hemocytes are cells within the immune system of

invertebrate Invertebrates are a paraphyletic group of animals that neither possess nor develop a vertebral column (commonly known as a ''backbone'' or ''spine''), derived from the notochord. This is a grouping including all animals apart from the chordate ...

s found within the

hemolymph Hemolymph, or haemolymph, is a fluid, analogous to the blood in vertebrates, that circulates in the interior of the arthropod (invertebrate) body, remaining in direct contact with the animal's tissues. It is composed of a fluid plasma in which ...

. These cells travel to the infected site when the immune response is triggered and begin to form a barrier like structure around the foreign parasite. Lamellocytes –

effector cell In cell biology, an effector cell is any of various types of cell that actively responds to a stimulus and effects some change (brings it about). Examples of effector cells include: * The muscle, gland or organ cell capable of responding to ...

s – bind to the pathogen and create many cell layers until a capsule is formed around the fungus. Cytotoxic products are released into the capsule in order to kill the invading fungus. However, if the fungal pathogen is able to withstand this stress, it has the ability to continue its life cycle, causing death to the host.

Classification

Living organisms are categorised within groups of similar species, this process is determined by scientists and is called biological classification. Within the six kingdoms of classification – ''

plant Plants are predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae. Historically, the plant kingdom encompassed all living things that were not animals, and included algae and fungi; however, all current definitions of Plantae exclu ...

animal Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the Kingdom (biology), biological kingdom Animalia. With few exceptions, animals Heterotroph, consume organic material, Cellular respiration#Aerobic respiration, breathe oxygen, are Motilit ...

archaebacteria Archaea ( ; singular archaeon ) is a domain of single-celled organisms. These microorganisms lack cell nuclei and are therefore prokaryotes. Archaea were initially classified as bacteria, receiving the name archaebacteria (in the Archaebact ...

eubacteria Bacteria (; singular: bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were amon ...

and

protist A protist () is any eukaryotic organism (that is, an organism whose cells contain a cell nucleus) that is not an animal, plant, or fungus. While it is likely that protists share a common ancestor (the last eukaryotic common ancestor), the exc ...

s'' - Entomophthora is within the Fungi kingdom. The Fungi kingdom is then divided into five groups – ''

Chytridiomycota Chytridiomycota are a division of zoosporic organisms in the kingdom Fungi, informally known as chytrids. The name is derived from the Ancient Greek ('), meaning "little pot", describing the structure containing unreleased zoöspores. Chytri ...

Zygomycota Zygomycota, or zygote fungi, is a former division or phylum of the kingdom Fungi. The members are now part of two phyla: the Mucoromycota and Zoopagomycota. Approximately 1060 species are known. They are mostly terrestrial in habitat, living ...

, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Glomeromycotan'' – this pathogen falls under the phylum of ''Zygomycota''. Entomophthora then falls under more precise groups, more specifically; subphylum group of '' Entomophthoromycotina'', the order ''

Entomophthorales The Entomophthorales are an order of fungi that were previously classified in the class Zygomycetes. A new subdivision, Entomophthoromycotina, has recently been circumscribed for them. Most species of the Entomophthorales are pathogens of ins ...

'', the family of ''Entomophthoraceae'', then the genus ''Entomophthora''. The genus group is then divided into the species where there are a number of types of Entomophthora that range in genetic characteristics.

Taxonomy

The genus name of ''Entomophthora'' is derived from 2 words in the

Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...

, ''entomon'' meaning 'insect' and ''phthora'' which means 'destroyer'. The word ''entomon'' also means 'cut up into sections' which also describes the segments seen in insects.

Species

As accepted by

Species Fungorum ''Index Fungorum'' is an international project to index all formal names (scientific names) in the fungus kingdom. the project is based at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, one of three partners along with Landcare Research and the Institute of M ...

Entomophthora muscae ''Entomophthora muscae'' is a species of pathogenic fungus in the order Entomophthorales which causes a fatal disease in flies. It can cause epizootic outbreaks of disease in houseflies and has been investigated as a potential biological control ...

Former species

Almost are all family Entomophthoraceae, unless noted; {{div col * ''E. acaricida'' {{Au, (Petch) Krejzová (1976) = '' Apterivorax acaricida'', Neozygitaceae * ''E. adjarica'' {{Au, Tsints. & Vartap. (1976) = '' Neozygites adjaricus'', Neozygitaceae * ''E. americana'' {{Au, (Thaxt.) Sacc. & Traverso (1910) = '' Furia americana'' * ''E. anglica'' {{Au, Petch (1944) = '' Zoophthora anglica'' * ''E. anisopliae'' {{Au, Metschn. (1879) = ''

Metarhizium anisopliae ''Metarhizium robertsii'' formerly known as ''M. anisopliae'', and even earlier as ''Entomophthora anisopliae'' (basionym) is a fungus that grows naturally in soils throughout the world and causes disease in various insects by acting as a paras ...

'',

Clavicipitaceae The Clavicipitaceae are a family of fungi within the order Hypocreales. A 2008 estimate placed 43 genera in the family, but recent work has increased this number to 97. Phylogeny Molecular phylogenetic analysis of multigene DNA sequence data in ...

* ''E. aphidis'' {{Au, H. Hoffm. (1858) = '' Zoophthora aphidis'' * ''E. aphrophorae'' {{Au, Rostr. (1896) = '' Zoophthora aphrophorae'' * ''E. apiculata'' {{Au, (Thaxt.) M.A. Gust. (1965) = '' Batkoa apiculata'' * ''E. aquatica'' {{Au, J.F. Anderson & Ringo ex J.F. Anderson & Anagnost. (1980) = '' Erynia aquatica'' * ''E. atrosperma'' {{Au, Petch (1932) = '' Tarichium atrospermum'' * ''E. aulicae'' {{Au, (E. Reichardt) G. Winter (1876) = '' Entomophaga aulicae'' * ''E. batkoi'' {{Au, Bałazy (1978) = '' Entomophaga batkoi'' * ''E. blunckii'' {{Au, G. Lakon ex G. Zimm. (1978) = '' Pandora blunckii'' * ''E. brahminae'' {{Au, S.K. Bose & P.R. Mehta (1953) = '' Pandora brahminae'' * ''E. calopteni'' {{Au, Bessey (1883) = '' Entomophaga calopteni'' * ''E. canadensis'' {{Au, D.M. MacLeod, Tyrrell & R.S. Soper (1979) = '' Zoophthora canadensis'' * ''E. caroliniana'' {{Au, (Thaxt.) S. Keller (1979) = '' Eryniopsis caroliniana'' * ''E. carpentieri'' {{Au, Giard (1888) = '' Conidiobolus carpentieri'',

Ancylistaceae The ''Ancylistaceae'' are a family of fungi in the order Entomophthorales. The family currently contains 3 genera: '' Ancylistes'', '' Macrobiotophthora'', '' Conidiobolus''. '' Capillidium'' was added in 2020, it was once thought to be a sub-gen ...

* ''E. cicadina'' {{Au, (Peck) Bubák (1916) = '' Massospora cicadina'' * ''E. conglomerata'' {{Au, Sorokīn (1877) = '' Entomophaga conglomerata'' * ''E. conica'' {{Au, Nowak. (1883) = '' Erynia conica'' * ''E. coronata'' {{Au, (Costantin) Kevorkian (1937) = ''

Conidiobolus coronatus ''Conidiobolus coronatus'' is a saprotrophic fungus, first described by Costantin in 1897 as ''Boudierella coronata''. Though this fungus has also been known by the name ''Entomophthora coronata'', the correct name is ''Conidiobolus coronatus''. ...

'', Ancylistaceae * ''E. creatonoti'' {{Au, D.F. Yen (1962) = '' Furia creatonoti'' * ''E. crustosa'' {{Au, D.M. MacLeod & Tyrrell (1979) = '' Furia gastropachae'' * ''E. curvispora'' {{Au, Nowak. (1877) = '' Erynia curvispora'' * ''E. cyrtoneurae'' {{Au, Giard (1888) = '' Tarichium cyrtoneurae'' * ''E. delphacis'' {{Au, Hori (1906) = '' Pandora delphacis'' * ''E. delpiniana'' {{Au, Cavara (1899) = '' Erynia delpiniana'' * ''E. dipterigena'' {{Au, (Thaxt.) Sacc. & Traverso (1891) = '' Pandora dipterigena'' * ''E. dysderci'' {{Au, (Viégas) D.M. MacLeod & Müll.-Kög. (1973) = '' Batkoa dysderci'' * ''E. echinospora'' {{Au, (Thaxt.) Sacc. & Traverso (1891) = '' Pandora echinospora'' * ''E. elateridiphaga'' {{Au, Turian (1978) = '' Zoophthora elateridiphaga'' * ''E. floridana'' {{Au, J. Weiser & Muma (1966) = '' Neozygites floridanus'', Neozygitaceae * ''E. forficulae'' {{Au, Giard (1889) = '' Zoophthora forficulae'' * ''E. fresenii'' {{Au, (Nowak.) M.A. Gust. (1965) = '' Neozygites fresenii'' Neozygitaceae * ''E. geometralis'' {{Au, (Thaxt.) Sacc. & Traverso (1891) = '' Zoophthora geometralis'' * ''E. gigantea'' {{Au, S. Keller (1979) = '' Batkoa gigantea'' * ''E. gloeospora'' {{Au, Vuill. (1886) = '' Pandora gloeospora'' * ''E. gracilis'' {{Au, (Thaxt.) Sacc. & Traverso (1891) = '' Erynia gracilis'' * ''E. grylli'' {{Au, Fresen. (1856) = '' Entomophaga grylli'' * ''E. henrici'' {{Au, Molliard (1918) = '' Erynia henrici'' * ''E. ignobilis'' {{Au, I.M. Hall & P.H. Dunn (1957) = '' Conidiobolus obscurus'', Ancylistaceae * ''E. jaapiana'' {{Au, Bubák (1916) = '' Tarichium jaapianum'' * ''E. jaczewskii'' {{Au, (Zaprom.) D.M. MacLeod & Müll.-Kög. (1970) = '' Erynia jaczewskii'' * ''E. kansana'' {{Au, J.A. Hutchison (1962) = ''

Entomophaga kansana ''Entomophaga'' is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae. It was reviewed by T. Tachi and H. Shima in 2006 and was found to be paraphyletic; it was also found to form a monophyletic In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is ...

'' * ''E. lageniformis'' {{Au, (Thaxt.) D.M. MacLeod & Müll.-Kög. (1973) = '' Neozygites lageniformis'', Neozygitaceae * ''E. lampyridarum'' {{Au, (Thaxt.) Sacc. & Traverso (1891) = ''

Eryniopsis lampyridarum ''Eryniopsis lampyridarum'' is an entomopathogenic fungus and its host is the soldier beetle, either '' Chauliognathus marginatus'' or ''Chauliognathus pensylvanicus The goldenrod soldier beetle or Pennsylvania leatherwing (''Chauliognathus pens ...

'' * ''E. lecanii'' {{Au, (Zimm.) D.M. MacLeod & Müll.-Kög. (1973) = '' Neozygites lecanii'', Neozygitaceae * ''E. longispora'' {{Au, Bałazy (1982) = '' Eryniopsis longispora'' * ''E. major'' {{Au, (Thaxt.) M.A. Gust. (1965) = '' Batkoa major'' * ''E. megasperma'' {{Au, (Cohn) Sacc. (1888) = '' Tarichium megaspermum'' * ''E. montana'' {{Au, (Thaxt.) Sacc. & Traverso (1891) = '' Furia montana'' * ''E. muscivora'' {{Au, J. Schröt. (1886) = '' Pandora muscivora'' * ''E. nebriae'' {{Au, Raunk. (1893) = '' Erynia nebriae'' * ''E. neri'' {{Au, M.A. Gust. (1969) = '' Neozygites fresenii'', Neozygitaceae * ''E. obscura'' {{Au, I.M. Hall & P.H. Dunn (1957) = '' Conidiobolus obscurus'', Ancylistaceae * ''E. occidentalis'' {{Au, (Thaxt.) Sacc. & Traverso (1891) = '' Zoophthora occidentalis'' * ''E. ovispora'' {{Au, Nowak. (1877) = '' Erynia ovispora'' * ''E. papillata'' {{Au, (Thaxt.) Sacc. & Traverso (1910) = '' Batkoa papillata'' * ''E. parvispora'' {{Au, D.M. MacLeod & K.P. Carl (1976) = '' Neozygites parvisporus'', Neozygitaceae * ''E. phalangicida'' {{Au, Lagerh. (1898) = '' Pandora phalangicida'' * ''E. phytonomi'' {{Au, Arthur (1887) = ''

Zoophthora phytonomi ''Zoophthora'' is a genus of fungi in the family Entomophthoraceae. Like other taxa in this family, ''Zoophthora'' species cause disease in insects and as such are considered entomopathogenic fungi. Like most entomopathogenic fungal taxa, ''Zoo ...

'' * ''E. porteri'' {{Au, R.S. Soper (1974) = '' Zoophthora porteri'' * ''E. radicans'' {{Au, (Bref.) Nowak. (1877) = '' Zoophthora radicans'' * ''E. rhizospora'' {{Au, (Thaxt.) Sacc. & Traverso (1888) = '' Erynia rhizospora'' * ''E. rimosa'' {{Au, Sorokīn ex J. Schröt. (1886) = ''Entomophthora schroeteri'' * ''E. saccharina'' {{Au, Giard (1888) = '' Entomophaga saccharina'' * ''E. sepulchralis'' {{Au, (Thaxt.) Sacc. & Traverso (1910) = '' Erynia sepulchralis'' * ''E. tabanivora'' {{Au, J.F. Anderson & Magnar. (1979) = '' Entomophaga tabanivora'' * ''E. tenthredinis'' {{Au, Fresen. (1858) = '' Entomophaga tenthredinis'' * ''E. terrestris'' {{Au, Gres & Koval (1982) = '' Pandora terrestris'' * ''E. tetranychi'' {{Au, (J. Weiser) D.M. MacLeod & Müll.-Kög. (1973) = '' Neozygites tetranychi, Neozygitaceae * ''E. thaxteriana'' {{Au, I.M. Hall & J. Bell (1963) = '' Conidiobolus obscurus'', Ancylistaceae * ''E. tipulae'' {{Au, Fresen. (1858) = '' Entomophaga tipulae'' * ''E. turbinata'' {{Au, R.G. Kenneth (1977) = '' Neozygites turbinatus'', Neozygitaceae * ''E. variabilis'' {{Au, (Thaxt.) Sacc. & Traverso (1891) = '' Erynia variabilis'' * ''E. vermicola'' {{Au, J.S. McCulloch (1977) = '' Neoconidiobolus vermicola'', Ancylistaceae * ''E. virescens'' {{Au, (Thaxt.) Sacc. & Traverso (1910) = '' Furia virescens'' * ''E. virulenta'' {{Au, I.M. Hall & P.H. Dunn (1957) = '' Neoconidiobolus thromboides'',

{{div col end

References

{{Reflist, refs= {{cite web , title=Synonymy: ''Entomophthora'' Fresen. , url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=20219 , publisher=Species Fungorum. CAB International , access-date=2015-01-19 {{Taxonbar, from=Q4532108 Zygomycota genera Entomophthorales Parasitic fungi