Edward G. Robinson

Edward G. Robinson (born Emanuel Goldenberg; December 12, 1893January 26, 1973) was a Romanian-American actor of stage and screen, who was popular during the Hollywood's Golden Age. He appeared in 30 Broadway plays and more than 100 films during a 50-year career and is best remembered for his tough-guy roles as gangsters in such films as '' Little Caesar'' and ''Key Largo''. During his career, Robinson received the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor for his performance in '' House of Strangers''.

During the 1930s and 1940s, he was an outspoken public critic of fascism and Nazism, which were growing in strength in Europe in the years which led up to World War II. His activism included contributing over $250,000 to more than 850 organizations which were involved in war relief, along with contributions to cultural, educational and religious groups. During the 1950s, he was called to testify in front of the House Un-American Activities Committee during the Red Scare, but he was cleared of any deliberate Communist involvement when he claimed that he was "duped" by several people whom he named (including screenwriter Dalton Trumbo, according to the official Congressional record, "Communist infiltration of the Hollywood motion-picture industry"). As a result of being investigated, he found himself on Hollywood's graylist, people who were on the Hollywood blacklist maintained by the major studios, but could find work at minor film studios on what was called Poverty Row.

Robinson's roles included an insurance investigator in the film noir '' Double Indemnity'', Dathan (the adversary of Moses) in ''The Ten Commandments'', and his final performance in the science-fiction story '' Soylent Green''.Obituary ''Variety'', January 31, 1973, p. 71. Robinson received an Academy Honorary Award for his work in the film industry, which was awarded two months after he died in 1973. He is ranked number 24 in the American Film Institute's list of the 25 greatest male stars of Classic American cinema. Multiple film critics and media outlets have cited him as one of the best actors never to have received an Academy Award nomination.

Early years and education

Robinson's original name was Menashe Goldenberg. He was born into a Yiddish-speaking Romanian Jewish family in Bucharest, the son of Sarah (née Guttman) and Yeshaya Moyshe Goldenberg (later called Morris in the US), a builder.

According to the ''New York Times'', one of his brothers was attacked by an anti-semitic gang during a "schoolboy pogrom." In the wake of that violence, the family decided to emigrate to the United States. Robinson arrived in New York City on February 21, 1904. "At Ellis Island I was born again," he wrote. "Life for me began when I was 10 years old." In America, he assumed the name of Emanuel. He grew up on the Lower East Side, and had his Bar Mitzvah at First Roumanian-American Congregation. Epstein (2007), p. 249 He attended Townsend Harris High School and then the City College of New York, planning to become a criminal attorney.Pendergast, Tom. Ed. ''St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture'', Vol. 4, pp. 229–230 An interest in acting and performing in front of people led to him winning an American Academy of Dramatic Arts scholarship, after which he changed his name to ''Edward G. Robinson'' (the G. standing for his original surname).

He served in the United States Navy during World War I, but was never sent overseas.

Career

Theatre

He began his acting career in the Yiddish Theatre District in 1913, he made his Broadway debut in 1915. He made his film debut in '' Arms and the Woman'' (1916).

In 1923, he made his named debut as ''E.G. Robinson'' in the silent film, '' The Bright Shawl''.

''The Racket''

He played a snarling gangster in the 1927 Broadway police/crime drama '' The Racket'', which led to his being cast in similar film roles, beginning with '' The Hole in the Wall'' (1929) with Claudette Colbert for Paramount.

One of many actors who saw their careers flourish rather than falter in the new sound film era, he made only three films prior to 1930, but left his stage career that year and made 14 films between 1930 and 1932.

Robinson went to Universal for '' Night Ride'' (1930) and MGM for ''A Lady to Love'' (1930) directed by Victor Sjöström. At Universal he was in '' Outside the Law'' and '' East Is West'' (both 1930), then he did ''The Widow from Chicago'' (1931) at First National.

''Little Caesar''

At this point, Robinson was becoming an established film actor. What began his rise to stardom was an acclaimed performance as the gangster Caesar Enrico "Rico" Bandello in '' Little Caesar'' (1931) at Warner Bros.

Robinson signed a long-term contract with Warners Bros., casting him in another gangster film, '' Smart Money'' (1931), his only movie with James Cagney. He was reunited with Mervyn LeRoy, director of ''Little Caesar'', in ''Five Star Final'' (1931), playing a journalist, and played a Tong gangster in '' The Hatchet Man'' (1932).

Robinson made a third film with LeRoy, ''Two Seconds'' (1932) then did a melodrama directed by Howard Hawks, ''Tiger Shark'' (1932).

Warners tried him in a biopic, '' Silver Dollar'' (1932), where Robinson played Horace Tabor, a comedy, '' The Little Giant'' (1933) and a romance, '' I Loved a Woman'' (1933).

Robinson was then in ''Dark Hazard'' (1934), and '' The Man with Two Faces'' (1934).

He went to Columbia for ''The Whole Town's Talking'' (1935), a comedy directed by John Ford. Sam Goldwyn borrowed him for '' Barbary Coast'' (1935), again directed by Hawks.

Back at Warners he did ''Bullets or Ballots'' (1936) then he went to Britain for ''Thunder in the City'' (1937). He made ''Kid Galahad'' (1937) with Bette Davis and Humphrey Bogart. MGM borrowed him for ''The Last Gangster'' (1937) then he did a comedy ''A Slight Case of Murder'' (1938). Again with Bogart in a supporting role, he was in '' The Amazing Dr. Clitterhouse'' (1938) then he was borrowed by Columbia for '' I Am the Law'' (1938).

World War II

At the time World War II broke out in Europe, he played an FBI agent in ''Confessions of a Nazi Spy'' (1939), the first American film which portrayed Nazism as a threat to the United States.

He volunteered for military service in June 1942 but was disqualified due to his age which was 48,Wise, James: ''Stars in Khaki: Movie Actors in the Army and Air Services''. Naval Institute Press, 2000. . p. 228. although he became an active and vocal critic of fascism and Nazism during that period.

MGM borrowed him for '' Blackmail'', (1939). Then to avoid being typecast he played the biomedical scientist and Nobel laureate Paul Ehrlich in '' Dr. Ehrlich's Magic Bullet'' (1940) and played Paul Julius Reuter

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