Dashiell Hammett

Samuel Dashiell Hammett (; May 27, 1894 – January 10, 1961) was an American writer of hard-boiled detective novels and short stories. He was also a screenwriter and political activist. Among the enduring characters he created are Sam Spade ('' The Maltese Falcon''), Nick and Nora Charles (''The Thin Man''), the Continental Op (''Red Harvest'' and '' The Dain Curse'') and the comic strip character Secret Agent X-9.

Hammett "is now widely regarded as one of the finest mystery writers of all time". In his obituary in ''The New York Times'', he was described as "the dean of the... 'hard-boiled' school of detective fiction." ''Time'' included Hammett's 1929 novel ''Red Harvest'' on its list of the 100 best English-language novels published between 1923 and 2005. In 1990, the Crime Writers' Association picked three of his five novels for their list of '' The Top 100 Crime Novels of All Time''. Five years later, four out of five of his novels made '' The Top 100 Mystery Novels of All Time'' as selected by the Mystery Writers of America. His novels and stories also had a significant influence on films, including the genres of private eye/ detective fiction, mystery thrillers, and film noir.

Early life

Hammett was born near Great Mills on the "Hopewell and Aim" farm in Saint Mary's County, Maryland, to Richard Thomas Hammett and his wife Anne Bond Dashiell. His mother belonged to an old Maryland family, whose name in French was De Chiel. He had an elder sister, Aronia, and a younger brother, Richard Jr. Known as Sam, Hammett was baptized a Catholic and grew up in Philadelphia and Baltimore. Hammett's family moved to Baltimore when he was four years old in 1898, and for the most part, it was the city where he lived until he left permanently in 1920 when was 26 years old. As a teen, Hammett attended the Baltimore Polytechnic Institute, but his formal education ended during his first year of high school; he dropped out in 1908 due to his father's declining health and the need for him to earn money to support the family.

He left school when he was 13 years old and held several jobs before working for the Pinkerton National Detective Agency. He served as an operative for Pinkerton from 1915 to February 1922, with time off to serve in World War I. While working for the Pinkerton Detective Agency in Baltimore, he learned the trade and worked in the Continental Trust Building (now known as One Calvert Plaza). He said that while with the Pinkertons he was sent to Butte, Montana, during the union strikes, though some researchers doubt this really happened. The agency's role in strike-breaking eventually left him disillusioned.

Hammett enlisted in the United States Army in 1918 and served in the Motor Ambulance Corps. He was afflicted during that time with the Spanish flu and later contracted tuberculosis. He spent most of his time in the Army as a patient at Cushman Hospital in Tacoma, Washington, where he met a nurse, Josephine Dolan, whom he married on July 7, 1921, in San Francisco.

Marriage and family

Hammett and Dolan had two daughters, Mary Jane (born 1921) and Josephine (born 1926).Layman, Richard with Rivett, Julie M. (2001)
"Review" of ''Selected Letters of Dashiell Hammett 1921–1960''; retrieved June 2, 2009. Shortly after the birth of their second child, health services nurses informed Dolan that, owing to Hammett's tuberculosis, she and the children should not live with him full time. Dolan rented a home in San Francisco, where Hammett would visit on weekends. The marriage soon fell apart; however, he continued to financially support his wife and daughters with the income he made from his writing.

Career and personal life

Hammett was first published in 1922 in the magazine ''The Smart Set''. Known for the authenticity and realism of his writing, he drew on his experiences as a Pinkerton operative.Gores in Emery, ed., pp. 18–24. Hammett wrote most of his detective fiction while he was living in San Francisco in the 1920s; streets and other locations in San Francisco are frequently mentioned in his stories. He said, "I do take most of my characters from real life." His novels were some of the first to use dialogue that sounded authentic to the era. "I distrust a man that says when. If he's got to be careful not to drink too much, it's because he's not to be trusted when he does."

The bulk of his early work, featuring a nameless private investigator, The Continental Op, appeared in leading crime-fiction pulp magazine '' Black Mask''. Both Hammett and the magazine struggled in the period when Hammett became established.

Because of a disagreement with editor Philip C. Cody about money owed from previous stories, Hammett briefly stopped writing for ''Black Mask'' in 1926. He then took a full-time job as an advertisement copywriter for the Albert S. Samuels Co., a San Francisco jeweller. He was wooed back to writing for the ''Black Mask'' by Joseph Thompson Shaw, who became the new editor in the summer of 1926. Hammett dedicated his first novel, ''Red Harvest'', to Shaw and his second novel, '' The Dain Curse'', to Samuels. Both these novels and his third, '' The Maltese Falcon'', and fourth, ''The Glass Key'', were first serialized in ''Black Mask'' before being revised and edited for publication by Alfred A. Knopf. ''The Maltese Falcon'', considered to be his best work, is dedicated to his wife Josephine.

For much of 1929 and 1930, he was romantically involved with Nell Martin, a writer of short stories and several novels. He dedicated ''The Glass Key'' to her, and in turn she dedicated her novel ''Lovers Should Marry'' to him. In 1931, Hammett embarked on a 30-year romantic relationship with the playwright Lillian Hellman. Though he sporadically continued to work on material, he wrote his final novel in 1934, more than 25 years before his death. ''The Thin Man'' is dedicated to Hellman. Why he moved away from fiction is not certain; Hellman speculated in a posthumous collection of Hammett's novels, "I think, but I only think, I know a few of the reasons: he wanted to do new kind of work; he was sick for many of those years and getting sicker." In the 1940s, Hellman and he lived at her home, Hardscrabble Farm, in Pleasantville, New York.

Raymond Chandler, often considered Hammett's successor, summarized his accomplishments in '' The Simple Art of Murder'':

Hammett was the ace performer, but there is nothing in his work that is not implicit in the early novels and short stories of Hemingway. Yet for all I know, Hemingway may have learned something from Hammett, as well as from writers like Dreiser, Ring Lardner, Carl Sandburg, Sherwood Anderson and himself....

Hammett gave murder back to the kind of people that commit it for reasons, not just to provide a corpse; and with the means at hand, not with hand-wrought dueling pistols, curare, and tropical fish... He is said to have lacked heart, yet the story he thought most of himself [''The Glass Key''] is the record of a man's devotion to a friend. He was spare, frugal, hard-boiled, but he did over and over again what only the best writers can ever do at all. He wrote scenes that seemed never to have been written before.

The French novelist André Gide thought highly of Hammett, stating: "I regard his ''Red Harvest'' as a remarkable achievement, the last word in atrocity, cynicism and horror. Dashiell Hammett's dialogues, in which every character is trying to deceive all the others and in which the truth slowly becomes visible through a fog of deception, can be compared only with the best in Hemingway."

Politics and service in World War II

Hammett devoted much of his life to left-wing activism. He was a strong antifascist throughout the 1930s, and in 1937 joined the Communist Party. On May 1, 1935, Hammett joined the League of American Writers (1935–1943), whose members included Lillian Hellman, Alexander Trachtenberg of International Publishers, Frank Folsom, Louis Untermeyer, I. F. Stone, Myra Page, Millen Brand, Clifford Odets, and Arthur Miller. (Members were largely either Communist Party members or fellow travelers.)
He suspended his anti-fascist activities when, as a member (and in 1941 president) of the League of American Writers, he served on its Keep America Out of War Committee in January 1940 during the period of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact.Folsom, Franklin (1994). ''Days of Anger, Days of Hope''. University Press of Colorado. .

Especially in ''Red Harvest'', literary scholars have seen a Marxist critique of the social system. One Hammett biographer, Richard Layman, calls such interpretations "imaginative", but he nonetheless objects to them, since, among other reasons, no "masses of politically dispossessed people" are in this novel. Herbert Ruhm found that contemporary left-wing media already viewed Hammett's writing with skepticism, "perhaps because his work suggests no solution: no mass-action... no individual salvation... no Emersonian reconciliation and transcendence". In a letter of November 25, 1937, to his daughter Mary, Hammett referred to himself and others as "we reds". He confirmed, "in a democracy all men are supposed to have an equal say in their government", but added that "their equality need not go beyond that." He also found, "under socialism there is not necessarily... any leveling of incomes."

Hellman wrote that Hammett was "most certainly" a Marxist, though a "very critical Marxist" who was "often contemptuous of the Soviet Union" and "bitingly sharp about the American Communist Party", to which he was nevertheless loyal.

At the beginning of 1942, he wrote the screenplay of '' Watch on the Rhine'', based on Hellman's successful play, which received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Writing (Adapted Screenplay). But that year the Oscar went to '' Casablanca''. In early 1942, following the attack on Pearl Harbor, Hammett again enlisted in the United States Army. Because he was 48 years old, had tuberculosis, and was a Communist, Hammett later stated he had "a hell of a time" being inducted into the Army.G. Michael Doogan, Dash-ing Through the Snow, ''The Armchair Detective'', Winter, 1989, pages 82–91 However, biographer Diane Johnson suggests that confusion over Hammett's forenames was the reason he was able to re-enlist. He served as an enlisted man in the Aleutian Islands and initially worked on cryptanalysis on the island of Umnak. For fear of his radical tendencies, he was transferred to the Headquarters Company where he edited an Army newspaper entitled ''The Adakian''. In 1943, while still a member of the military, he co-authored ''The Battle of the Aleutians'' with Cpl. Robert Colodny, under the direction of an infantry intelligence officer, Major Henry W. Hall. While in the Aleutians, he developed emphysema.

After the war, Hammett returned to political activism, "but he played that role with less fervour than before". He was elected president of the Civil Rights Congress (CRC) on June 5, 1946, at a meeting held at the Hotel Diplomat in New York City, and "devoted the largest portion of his working time to CRC activities", such as .

In 1946, a bail fund was created by the CRC "to be used at the discretion of three trustees to gain the release of defendants arrested for political reasons."''Shadow Man: The Life of Dashiell Hammett'', pp. 219–223. The trustees were Hammett, who was chairman, Robert W. Dunn, and Frederick Vanderbilt Field.

The CRC was designated a Communist front group by the US Attorney General. Hammett endorsed Henry A. Wallace in the 1948 United States presidential election.

Imprisonment and the blacklist

The CRC's bail fund gained national attention on November 4, 1949, when bail in the amount of "$260,000 in negotiable government bonds" was posted "to free eleven men appealing their convictions under the Smith Act for criminal conspiracy to teach and advocate the overthrow of the United States government by force and violence." On July 2, 1951, their appeals exhausted, four of the convicted men fled rather than surrender themselves to federal agents and begin serving their sentences. The United States District Court for the Southern District of New York issued subpoenas to the trustees of the CRC bail fund in an attempt to learn the whereabouts of the fugitives.

Hammett testified on July 9, 1951, in front of United States District Court Judge Sylvester Ryan, facing questioning by Irving Saypol, the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, described by ''Time'' as "the nation's number-one legal hunter of top Communists". During the hearing, Hammett refused to provide the information the government wanted, specifically the list of contributors to the bail fund, "people who might be sympathetic enough to harbor the fugitives." Instead, on every question regarding the CRC or the bail fund, Hammett declined to answer, citing the Fifth Amendment, refusing to even identify his signature or initials on CRC documents the government had subpoenaed. As soon as his testimony concluded, Hammett was found guilty of contempt of court.

Hammett served time in a West Virginia federal penitentiary, where, according to Lillian Hellman, he was assigned to clean toilets. Hellman noted in her eulogy of Hammett that he submitted to prison rather than reveal the names of the contributors to the fund because "he had come to the conclusion that a man should keep his word."

By 1952, Hammett's popularity had declined as result of the hearings. He found himself impoverished due to a combination of the cancellation of radio programs '' The Adventures of Sam Spade'' and '' The Adventures of the Thin Man'', and a lien on his income by the Internal Revenue Service for back taxes owed since 1943. Furthermore, his books were no longer in print.

Later years and death

During the 1950s Hammett was investigated by Congress. He testified on March 26, 1953, before the House Un-American Activities Committee about his own activities, but refused to cooperate with the committee. No official action was taken, but his stand caused him to be blacklisted, along with others who were blacklisted as a result of McCarthyism.

Hammett became an alcoholic before working in advertising, and alcoholism continued to trouble him until 1948, when he quit under doctor's orders. However, years of heavy drinking and smoking worsened the tuberculosis he contracted in World War I, and then, according to Hellman, "jail had made a thin man thinner, a sick man sicker ... I knew he would now always be sick."

Hellman wrote that during the 1950s, Hammett became "a hermit", his decline evident in the clutter of his rented "ugly little country cottage", where "signs of sickness were all around: now the phonograph was unplayed, the typewriter untouched, the beloved foolish gadgets unopened in their packages." He may have meant to start a new literary life with the novel ''Tulip'', but left it unfinished, perhaps because he was "just too ill to care, too worn out to listen to plans or read contracts. The fact of breathing, just breathing, took up all the days and nights." Hammett could no longer live alone, and they both knew it, so he spent the last four years of his life with Hellman. "Not all of that time was easy, and some of it very bad", she wrote, but, "guessing death was not too far away, I would try for something to have afterwards."

Hammett died in Lenox Hill Hospital in Manhattan on January 10, 1961, of lung cancer, diagnosed just two months before.

A veteran of both world wars, Hammett is buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

Archive

Many of Hammett's papers are held by the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin. This archive includes manuscripts and personal correspondence, along with a small group of miscellaneous notes.

The Irvin Department of Rare Books and Special Collections at the University of South Carolina holds the Dashiell Hammett family papers.

Legacy

Hammett's relationship with Lillian Hellman was portrayed in the 1977 film ''Julia''. Jason Robards won an Oscar for his depiction of Hammett, and Jane Fonda was nominated for her portrayal of Lillian Hellman.

Hammett was the subject of a 1982 prime time PBS biography, ''The Case of Dashiell Hammett'', that won a Peabody Award and a special Edgar Allan Poe Award from the Mystery Writers of America.

Frederic Forrest portrayed Hammett semifictionally as the protagonist in the 1982 film '' Hammett'', based on the novel of the same name by Joe Gores.

Sam Shepard played Hammett in the 1999 Emmy-nominated biographical television film '' Dash and Lilly'' along with Judy Davis as Hellman.

Hammett's influence on popular culture has continued well after his death. For example, in 1975, the film ''The Black Bird'' starred George Segal in the role of Sam Spade, Jr.; the film was a sequel and parody of the ''Maltese Falcon''. The 1976 comedic film ''Murder by Death'' spoofed a number of famous literary sleuths, including several of Hammett's. The film's characters included Sam Diamond and Dick and Dora Charleston, which were parodies of Hammett's Sam Spade and Nick and Nora Charles. In 2006, Rachel Cohn published the YA novel, ''Nick & Norah's Infinite Playlist'', whose main characters were named for the sleuths in Hammett's ''Thin Man'' series. The book was made into a film of the same name and released in 2008. Later, Rachel Cohn and David Levithan authored several books whose main characters are named for Hammett and his partner. In 2011, they published the YA suspenseful romance, ''Dash & Lily's Book of Dares''. That was followed by the sequels ''The Twelve Days of Dash and Lily'' in 2016 and ''Mind the Gap, Dash & Lily'' in 2020. The book series was made into a Netflix television series.

Bibliography

There is an almost complete bibliography by Richard Layman. This list is an updated listing of the works described in ''Dashiell Hammett: A Descriptive Bibliography''. Hammett's entry in ''American Hard Boiled Crime Writers'' also contains a bibliography.

Novels

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Short stories with serialized characters

The Continental Op

Sam Spade
# '' The Maltese Falcon'' (initially a 5 part serial from September 1929 to January 1930 in ''Black Mask'')
# "A Man Called Spade" (July, 1932, ''The American Magazine''; also collected in ''A Man Called Spade and Other Stories'')
# "Too Many Have Lived" (October, 1932, ''The American Magazine''; also collected in ''A Man Called Spade and Other Stories'')
# "They Can Only Hang You Once" (November 19, 1932, '' Collier's''; also in ''A Man Called Spade and Other Stories'')
# "A Knife Will Cut for Anybody" (Unpublished fragment – posthumously published in ''The Hunter and Other Stories'')

Nick and Nora Charles
# ''The First Thin Man'' (November 4, 1975, ''City Magazine'')
# ''After the Thin Man'' (Screen story submitted to MGM September 17, 1935; first published in ''Return of the Thin Man'')
# ''Another Thin Man'' (Screen story submitted to MGM May 13, 1938; first published in ''Return of the Thin Man'')
# ''Sequel to the Thin Man'' (Screen story submitted to MGM December 7, 1938; first published in ''Return of the Thin Man'')

Other short stories

* "The Parthian Shot", ''The Smart Set'', October 1922
* "Immortality", ''10 Story Book'', November 1922
* "The Barber and His Wife", ''Brief Stories'', December 1922
* "The Road Home", '' Black Mask'' December 1922
* "The Master Mind", ''The Smart Set'', January 1923
* "The Sardonic Star of Tom Doody", ''Brief Stories'', February 1923
* "The Vicious Circle", ''Black Mask'' June 1923
* "The Joke on Eoloise Morey", ''Brief Stories'', June 1923
* "Holiday", ''New Pearsons'', July 1923
* "The Crusader", ''The Smart Set'', August 1923
* "The Green Elephant", ''The Smart Set'', October 1923
* "The Dimple", ''Saucy Stories'', October 1923
* "The Second-Story Angel", ''Black Mask'', November 1923
* "Laughing Masks", '' Action Stories'', November 1923
* "The Man Who Killed Dan Odams", ''Black Mask'', January 1924
* "Itchy", ''Brief Stories'', January 1924
* "Night Shots", ''Black Mask'', February 1924
* "The New Racket", ''Black Mask'', February 1924
* "Esther Entertains", ''Brief Stories'', February 1924
* "Afraid of a Gun", ''Black Mask'', March 1924
* "Who Killed Bob Teal?", ''True Detective Mysteries'', November 1924
* "Nightmare Town", '' Argosy All-Story Weekly'', December 1924
* "Another Perfect Crime", ''Experience'', January 1925
* "Ber-Bulu", '' Sunset'', March 1925
* "Ruffian's Wife", ''Sunset'', October 1925
* "The Glass That Laughed", ''True Police Stories'', November 1925
* "The Assistant Murderer", ''Black Mask'', February 1926
* "The Advertising Man Writes a Love Letter", '' Judge'', February 1927
* "The Diamond Wager", ''Detective Fiction Weekly'', October 1929
* "On the Way", '' Harper's Bazaar'', March 1932
* "Woman in the Dark", ''Liberty'' April, 8, 15 and 22, 1933
* "Night Shade", ''Mystery League Magazine'', October 1933
* "Albert Pastor at Home", '' Esquire'', Autumn 1933
* "Two Sharp Knives", '' Collier's'', January 1934
* "His Brother's Keeper", ''Collier's'', February 1934
* "This Little Pig", ''Collier's'', March 1934
* "A Man Named Thin", ''Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine'', March 1961
* "An Inch and a Half of Glory", posthumously published in ''The New Yorker'', June 2013

Film

Screenplay

* '' Watch on the Rhine'', 1943 (based on Hellman's play)

Original story

* '' City Streets'', 1931
* ''Mister Dynamite'', 1935
* ''After the Thin Man'', 1936
* ''Another Thin Man'', 1939

Articles

* "The Great Lovers", ''The Smart Set'', November 1922
* "From the Memoirs of a Private Detective", ''The Smart Set'', March 1923
* "In Defence of the Sex Story", ''The Writer's Digest'', June 1924
* "Three Favorites", ''Black Mask'', November 1924, Short autobiographies of Francis James, Dashiell Hammett and C. J. Daly.
* "Vamping Sampson", ''The Editor'', May 1925

On advertising

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Examples of Hammett's advertising copy for the Albert S. Samuels Company, a San Francisco jewelers, are given in:
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Letters

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Daily comic strips

* ''Secret Agent X-9''. 1934. King Features Syndicate (appeared in most of William Randolph Hearst's newspapers)

Other publications

* ''Creeps by Night; Chills and Thrills''. John Day, 1931. Anthology edited by Hammett.
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The Battle of the Aleutians
'. Field Force Headquarters, Adak, Alaska, 1944. Text by Hammett and Robert Colodny. Illustrations by Harry Fletcher.
* ''Return of the Thin Man''. Mysterious Press, 2012. . Screen treatments of ''After the Thin Man'' and ''Another Thin Man'', edited by Richard Layman and Julie M. Rivett.

Unpublished stories

In 2011, magazine editor Andrew Gulli found fifteen previously unknown short stories by Dashiell Hammett in the archives of the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas in Austin.

Collections

Novels

* Includes ''Red Harvest'', '' The Dain Curse'' and '' The Maltese Falcon''.
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* Includes '' The Maltese Falcon'' and ''The Glass Key''.
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Short fiction

Because of their popularity, Hammett's short stories were collected in many anthologies by different publishers. After their initial publication in pulp magazines, they were first collected in ten digest-sized paperbacks by Mercury Publications under an imprint, either Bestsellers Mystery, A Jonathan Press Mystery or Mercury Mystery. The stories were edited by Ellery Queen (Frederic Dannay) and were abridged versions of the original publications. Some of these digests were reprinted as hardcovers by World Publishing