Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist)
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The Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist) ( abbr. CPC(M-L)) is a Canadian federal
political party A political party is an organization that coordinates candidates to compete in a particular country's elections. It is common for the members of a party to hold similar ideas about politics, and parties may promote specific political ideology ...
founded by
Hardial Bains Hardial Bains ( pa, ਹਰਦਿਆਲ ਬੈਂਸ; 15 August 1939 – 24 August 1997) was an Indo-Canadian microbiology lecturer, but was primarily known as the founder of a series of left-wing movements and parties foremost of which was th ...
in 1970. The CPC(M-L) has been registered with
Elections Canada Elections Canada (french: Élections Canada)The agency operates and brands itself as Elections Canada, its legal title is Office of the Chief Electoral Officer (). is the non-partisan agency responsible for administering Canadian federal electio ...
as the Marxist–Leninist Party of Canada (MLPC) since 1974 as the party is prohibited from using the Communist Party name in
Canadian elections Canada holds elections for legislatures or governments in several jurisdictions: for the federal (national) government, provincial and territorial governments, and municipal governments. Elections are also held for self-governing First Nati ...
to avoid confusion among voters. The party developed separately and independently from the
Communist Party of Canada The Communist Party of Canada (french: Parti communiste du Canada) is a federal political party in Canada, founded in 1921 under conditions of illegality. Although it does not currently have any parliamentary representation, the party's can ...
(CPC), originating among students and intellectuals in Canada during the 1960s. After a period of alignment with
Maoism Maoism, officially called Mao Zedong Thought by the Chinese Communist Party, is a variety of Marxism–Leninism that Mao Zedong developed to realise a socialist revolution in the agricultural, pre-industrial society of the Republic of Chi ...
and
China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
, the CPC(M-L) pursued a
Hoxhaist Hoxhaism () is a variant of Anti-revisionism, anti-revisionist Marxism–Leninism that developed in the late 1970s due to a split in the anti-revisionist movement, appearing after the Sino-Albanian split, ideological dispute between the Chinese ...
, pro-
Albania Albania ( ; sq, Shqipëri or ), or , also or . officially the Republic of Albania ( sq, Republika e Shqipërisë), is a country in Southeastern Europe. It is located on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea and shares ...
n line until the early 1990s. At present, the party directs most of its public support to
Cuba Cuba ( , ), officially the Republic of Cuba ( es, República de Cuba, links=no ), is an island country comprising the island of Cuba, as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located where the northern Caribbea ...
and
North Korea North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), is a country in East Asia. It constitutes the northern half of the Korea, Korean Peninsula and shares borders with China and Russia to the north, at the Yalu River, Y ...
. For most of its history, the CPC(M-L) was led by its founder
Hardial Bains Hardial Bains ( pa, ਹਰਦਿਆਲ ਬੈਂਸ; 15 August 1939 – 24 August 1997) was an Indo-Canadian microbiology lecturer, but was primarily known as the founder of a series of left-wing movements and parties foremost of which was th ...
. After his death, his widow Sandra L. Smith became First Secretary. Elections Canada lists Anna Di Carlo as head of the electorally registered organization. None of the party's candidates has been elected. Since the 1970s, it has had a larger electoral campaign presence than the CPC. It ran its largest number of candidates in
1980 Events January * January 4 – U.S. President Jimmy Carter proclaims a grain embargo against the USSR with the support of the European Commission. * January 6 – Global Positioning System time epoch begins at 00:00 UTC. * January 9 – ...
when it nominated 177 candidates, contesting 63 percent of the country's electoral districts. It publishes an
online newspaper An online newspaper (or electronic news or electronic news publication) is the online version of a newspaper, either as a stand-alone publication or as the online version of a printed periodical. Going online created more opportunities for newspa ...
named ''The Marxist–Leninist Monthly''.


Origins

The CPC(M-L) developed from a progression of student-based organizations during the 1960s. It was created primarily as a result of the efforts of Indo-Canadian Marxist student activist
Hardial Bains Hardial Bains ( pa, ਹਰਦਿਆਲ ਬੈਂਸ; 15 August 1939 – 24 August 1997) was an Indo-Canadian microbiology lecturer, but was primarily known as the founder of a series of left-wing movements and parties foremost of which was th ...
, who was the founder and national leader of the CPC(M-L) until his death in 1997. The CPC(M-L) was not created from a split from the
Communist Party of Canada The Communist Party of Canada (french: Parti communiste du Canada) is a federal political party in Canada, founded in 1921 under conditions of illegality. Although it does not currently have any parliamentary representation, the party's can ...
(CPC). The party emerged during a period of growing student and youth activism. At this time the CPC was still struggling to break out of isolation it faced during the
Cold War The Cold War is a term commonly used to refer to a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc. The term '' cold war'' is used because the ...
, and from a major rupture in the international communist movement between the
People's Republic of China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
and the
Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...
, the latter of which the CPC had traditionally supported.


Hardial Bains and the Sino-Soviet split

Bains came from
Mahilpur Mahilpur is a city and a Nagar Panchayat in Hoshiarpur district in the Indian state Punjab. It is situated on Hoshiarpur to Garhshankar stretch of State Highway 24. It is famous for the game of football in the region. Mahilpur is connected by ...
in
Hoshiarpur District Hoshiarpur district is a district of Punjab, India, Punjab state in northern India. Hoshiarpur, one of the oldest districts of Punjab, is located in the North-east part of the Punjab state and shares common boundaries with Gurdaspur district in ...
of
Punjab Punjab (; Punjabi: پنجاب ; ਪੰਜਾਬ ; ; also romanised as ''Panjāb'' or ''Panj-Āb'') is a geopolitical, cultural, and historical region in South Asia, specifically in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, comprising ...
,
India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
. His family were members or supporters of the
Communist Party of India Communist Party of India (CPI) is the oldest Marxist–Leninist communist party in India and one of the nine national parties in the country. The CPI was founded in modern-day Kanpur (formerly known as Cawnpore) on 26 December 1925. H ...
(CPI)http://www.leninism.org/stream/98/hardial-1st-anniv.htm; Ben Seattle, "On the 1st anniversary of the death of a charlatan" and he joined its youth wing. The CPI that Bains knew as a teenager was a mass and militant party. Operating underground for part of the 1950s, the CPI won back its legality in time for the general elections of 1957, where it emerged as the largest opposition party in the country and held state government in
Kerala Kerala ( ; ) is a state on the Malabar Coast of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act, by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile regions of Cochin, Malabar, South ...
. By this time, however, a young Bains had apparently quit the CPI in protest of its acceptance of
Nikita Khrushchev Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (– 11 September 1971) was the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964 and chairman of the country's Council of Ministers from 1958 to 1964. During his rule, Khrushchev s ...
's criticisms of
Joseph Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; – 5 March 1953) was a Georgian revolutionary and Soviet political leader who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. He held power as General Secreta ...
.http://www.irishleftreview.org/2010/05/18/internationalists-communist-party-ireland-marxistleninist-part-19651970/; Connor McCabe, "Short history of the Irish Internationalists," Irish Left Review, May 2010. Bains, according to the CPC(M-L)'s official biography, immigrated to Canada from India two years later in 1959 at age nineteen. In Vancouver, he pursued post-graduate studies at the
University of British Columbia The University of British Columbia (UBC) is a public university, public research university with campuses near Vancouver and in Kelowna, British Columbia. Established in 1908, it is British Columbia's oldest university. The university ranks a ...
from 1960 to 1965,; Hardial Bains, Party founder and leader in
bacteriology Bacteriology is the branch and specialty of biology that studies the morphology, ecology, genetics and biochemistry of bacteria as well as many other aspects related to them. This subdivision of microbiology involves the identification, classificat ...
. During this time the international communist movement went through a major internal crisis and upheaval with the
Sino-Soviet split The Sino-Soviet split was the breaking of political relations between the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union caused by doctrinal divergences that arose from their different interpretations and practical applications of Marxism–Len ...
. Developing from 1960 on, sharp polemics over revolutionary strategy were exchanged between the two countries. Then, in 1962 the
Sino-Indian War The Sino-Indian War took place between China and India from October to November 1962, as a major flare-up of the Sino-Indian border dispute. There had been a series of violent border skirmishes between the two countries after the 1959 Tib ...
broke out and the CPI was again repressed by the Indian government. Over differences in attitude to the war, the CPI fractured and Bains' parents joined the pro-China
Communist Party of India (Marxist) The Communist Party of India (Marxist) (abbreviated as CPI(M)/CPIM/CPM) is a Marxism–Leninism, Marxist–Leninist communist List of political parties in India, political party in India. It is the largest communist party of India in term ...
. In Canada, the Sino-Soviet split was less sharply divisive than demoralizing for the communists. In the ensuing fifteen years, the CPC had lost all of its limited gains in parliament under the pressure of the
Cold War The Cold War is a term commonly used to refer to a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc. The term '' cold war'' is used because the ...
, and communist MP Fred Rose was jailed for sedition. Anti-communism in the labour movement resulted in the expulsion of all communist-led unions from the house of labour, and communists in general were treated as traitors. Following the 1956 revelations by Soviet premier
Nikita Khrushchev Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (– 11 September 1971) was the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964 and chairman of the country's Council of Ministers from 1958 to 1964. During his rule, Khrushchev s ...
("
On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences "On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences" (russian: «О культе личности и его последствиях», «''O kul'te lichnosti i yego posledstviyakh''»), popularly known as the "Secret Speech" (russian: секре ...
") about the crimes of
Joseph Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; – 5 March 1953) was a Georgian revolutionary and Soviet political leader who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. He held power as General Secreta ...
, the CPC suffered many resignations, and its youth organization, the National Federation of Labour Youth, fell apart briefly. By the time it was reorganized as the Socialist Youth League in the late 1950s, the CPC had lost much of its prior visibility on university campuses—including the
University of British Columbia The University of British Columbia (UBC) is a public university, public research university with campuses near Vancouver and in Kelowna, British Columbia. Established in 1908, it is British Columbia's oldest university. The university ranks a ...
(UBC).


The Internationalists

Bains arrived at UBC in this vacuum of visible, public revolutionary politics on campus and just as a new generation of student activism was radicalizing. Mass student protests reacted to the
Cuban Missile Crisis The Cuban Missile Crisis, also known as the October Crisis (of 1962) ( es, Crisis de Octubre) in Cuba, the Caribbean Crisis () in Russia, or the Missile Scare, was a 35-day (16 October – 20 November 1962) confrontation between the United S ...
in October 1962. Bains became actively involved in the political movement of the time and was elected President of the BC Students' Federation in 1964. While he apparently applied to join the CPC during his time as a student activist, Bains never held membership in that party, a claim which is not contradicted by the CPC(M-L). Bains was, afterall, drawing different conclusions than the CPC and taking inspiration from
Mao Zedong Mao Zedong pronounced ; also romanised traditionally as Mao Tse-tung. (26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976), also known as Chairman Mao, was a Chinese communist revolutionary who was the founder of the People's Republic of China (PRC) ...
and Chinese communism, not the
Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...
. Bains played a key role in founding the predecessor to the CPC(M-L) on March 13, 1963, as the "Internationalists", a student group at the UBC championing what they described as
anti-revisionism Anti-revisionism is a position within Marxism–Leninism which emerged in the 1950s in opposition to the Khrushchev Thaw, reforms of Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev. Where Khrushchev pursued an interpretation that differed from his predecessor ...
. "If you like to talk, join the Internationalists", opined the UBC student newspaper under the headline "Hot air types form own group." But while co-organizer Mayling Weaver spoke of welcoming "students of any race, religion, or political beliefs", and both asserted that "the university is a coffee-shop", Bains was setting for itself much more adventurous goals than just "an extension to the extra-curricular programme" with "free-wheeling, year-round academic symposiums". Bains desired in The Internationalists to form a future communist movement, founded on what he considered orthodox Marxist revolutionary theory, including opposition to
de-Stalinization De-Stalinization (russian: десталинизация, translit=destalinizatsiya) comprised a series of political reforms in the Soviet Union after the death of long-time leader Joseph Stalin in 1953, and the thaw brought about by ascension ...
. He fused his writings and lectures on Marxism with certain ideas that were
existentialist Existentialism ( ) is a form of philosophical inquiry that explores the problem of human existence and centers on human thinking, feeling, and acting. Existentialist thinkers frequently explore issues related to the meaning, purpose, and value ...
and current with radical youth in the 1960s. Bains wrote what would become one of the main ideological texts of the CPC(M-L) at this time, ''The Necessity For Change'', which developed from a speech and study guide into what the CPC(M-L) would term "NFC analysis".http://cpcml.ca/Tmlw2012/W42033.HTM#4; Hardial Bains, Author's Preface to the 1998 Edition of Necessity for Change, 1998. Summarizing the text, Irish author Connor McCabe notes that: :"The main thrust of Necessity for Change appears to be towards students and academics, in that its criticisms are of intellectual production, and the intellectual industry, in the Western world. The control of ideas, of history, of 'common sense' by the ruling class needs to be challenged, first by a cadre who have un-taught themselves the prevailing ideas and have begun to see the world based on reality rather than the dominant, right-wing, intellectual discourse; then by the working class who will benefit from the intellectual and individual gains made by the cadre once these new ideas, and this new way of thinking, make their way into the working class through the actions of the cadre itself." These ideas became a foundation as the group developed into a party or, as Bains himself would later say, "the analysis that lays down ideological remoulding as the key to the uninterrupted advance and victory of revolution." The CPC(M-L) was not therefore born from a fracture within the CPC by supposed "breakaway hardliners"http://www.jjmccullough.com/New%20Canada%20Guide/index.php?page=fringeparties; JJ's Complete Guide to Canada, "Fringe Parties", No date. but from the growing radical student movement in Canada of the mid-1960s. Within a few years Bain's group had succeeded in recruiting several hundred members across Canada, including Quebec, without the help of prominent former CPC leaders who had left the CPC and sided with China, such as former MP
Dorise Nielsen Dorise Winifred Nielsen (30 July 1902 – 9 December 1980) was a Canadians, Canadian communist politician, feminist and teacher. Biography Before politics Born in London, England, Doris Webber arrived in Canada and settled in Saskatchewan in 1 ...
or labour activist Jack Scott."The Second Wave of Anti-Revisionism, 1971-1981," Encyclopedia of Revisionism On Line Meanwhile, and throughout the 1960s, the CPC was struggling to make its presence felt and grasp what its General Secretary
Leslie Morris Leslie Tom Morris (October 10, 1904 – November 13, 1964) was a Welsh-Canadian politician, journalist and longtime member of the Communist Party of Canada and, its front group, the Labor-Progressive Party. He was leader of the Ontario Labor-P ...
called "the Challenge of the 60s". The CPC's youth organization experimented with a more decentralized model until the late 1960s when it reorganized (one of the few instances of CPC members quitting for the CPC(M-L) was that of a CPC youth activist from UBC who was accused of stealing a magazine subscription list and funds, and then joining the CPC(M-L)). In many places, in size and particularly youthfulness, the CPC(M-L) was beginning to rival the CPC.


Maoism

In 1968 the Internationalists renamed themselves the "Canadian Student Movement" and then the "Canadian Communist Movement (Marxist–Leninist)". On March 31, 1970, they declared themselves a formal political party, adopting the name "Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist)". After a legal challenge from the CPC because of confusion at the ballot, Elections Canada ruled that the party's preferred name was too close to that of the CPC, and since that time the party has been known electorally as the Marxist–Leninist Party. The party ran candidates for the
House of Commons of Canada The House of Commons of Canada (french: Chambre des communes du Canada) is the lower house of the Parliament of Canada. Together with the Crown and the Senate of Canada, they comprise the bicameral legislature of Canada. The House of Common ...
during the 1974 federal election under the name of the "Marxist–Leninist Party of Canada". Because of the upsurge of left nationalism in Quebec, two separate parties were maintained until 1974 when the PCQ (ML) was folded into the CPC(M-L). The Quebec party defined a twin struggle against "Anglo-Canadian colonialism" and U.S. imperialism. Historians of
anti-revisionism Anti-revisionism is a position within Marxism–Leninism which emerged in the 1950s in opposition to the Khrushchev Thaw, reforms of Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev. Where Khrushchev pursued an interpretation that differed from his predecessor ...
in Canada have described the CPC(M-L) as standing out among the Canadian left because of its dedication to China and Mao Zedong – with slogans such as "China's path is our path" and "China's chairman is our chairman." The CPC(M-L) made a point of presenting its leader almost as a brand. Chairman Bains was the public face and spokesperson of their party, and consistently described with accolades of praise in the party press. The CPC(M-L)'s publications were seen by many to copy of the writing style of ''Peking Review''. At this time, China diplomatically supported the junta of
Augusto Pinochet Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (, , , ; 25 November 1915 – 10 December 2006) was a Chilean general who ruled Chile from 1973 to 1990, first as the leader of the Military Junta of Chile from 1973 to 1981, being declared President of ...
due to the latter's continued endorsement of the One China Policy and so the CPC(M-L) was silent on the overthrow of Pinochet. Later, the CPC(M-L) supported
UNITA The National Union for the Total Independence of Angola ( pt, União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola, abbr. UNITA) is the second-largest political party in Angola. Founded in 1966, UNITA fought alongside the Popular Movement for ...
forces in Angola, which were also supported by the United States and white minority-ruled South Africa. Bains and the CPC(M-L) strongly criticized the Soviet Union and Cuba as "social imperialist". Projecting themselves as more militant, marxist, revolutionary and youthful than the older CPC, the CPC(M-L) embraced a strident, "vigorous" or even righteous rhetoric, projecting a two-stage struggle for liberation from US imperialist domination and "self-determination for the Canadian people".


International relations

Despite the self-proclaimed allegiance of the CPC(M-L) to the People's Republic of
China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
, the
Communist Party of China The Chinese Communist Party (CCP), officially the Communist Party of China (CPC), is the founding and sole ruling party of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Under the leadership of Mao Zedong, the CCP emerged victorious in the Chinese Civil ...
never recognized the CPC(M-L) as its official representative in Canada. By the mid-1970s there were at least five anti-revisionist, pro-China parties in Canada which debated forcefully with each other and—in particular—strongly condemned the CPC. This included Quebec-based En lutte! and the
Workers' Communist Party of Canada The Workers' Communist Party (french: Parti communiste ouvrier) was a Canadian Marxist–Leninist political party, founded in 1975 under the name Communist (Marxist–Leninist) League of Canada (''Ligue communiste (marxiste-léniniste) du Canad ...
which also drew primarily from students (and not always from working-class backgrounds, such as
Pierre Karl Péladeau Pierre Karl Péladeau (born 16 October 1961), also known by his initials PKP, is a Canadian businessman, billionaire and former politician. He was also the MNA for Saint-Jérôme. Péladeau is the president and CEO of Quebecor Inc. He used to ...
). For a few years until this pro-Maoist wave of youthful political action fell apart in the early 1980s, the combined membership of pro-China communist parties also outnumbered the CPC. While the CPC(M-L) was unsuccessful uniting these tendencies together, Bains was very active forming similar anti-revisionist ML groupings around the world which were influenced by his writings and theory. Pro-Chinese ML groups came together in Ireland, Britain, Trinidad and Tobago, India and the USA. In 1967, Bains' "Necessity for Change" conference in London saw most of the Irish delegation reportedly walk out. Those who stayed went on to form the
Communist Party of Ireland (Marxist–Leninist) The Communist Party of Ireland (Marxist–Leninist) was an anti-revisionist political party based in Ireland. It had strong links to the Party of Labour of Albania, Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist) and Revolutionary Communist Party ...
and the
Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist) The Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist) (RCPB-ML) is a small British communist political party, previously named the Communist Party of England (Marxist-Leninist) (CPE (ML)) on formation in 1972 until being reorg ...
. Bains was a friend of well-known ''avant garde'' British composer
Cornelius Cardew Cornelius Cardew (7 May 193613 December 1981) was an English experimental music composer, and founder (with Howard Skempton and Michael Parsons) of the Scratch Orchestra, an experimental performing ensemble. He later rejected experimental music, ...
, who was linked to the British party, and the CPC(M-L) hosted Cardew on tour in Canada with a youth concert and variety show. (Bains also contributed the lyrics to Cardew's signature song from his later period, "We Sing for the Future".) In the United States the CPC(M-L) likewise sought out fraternal allies. Bains helped found and work with a succession of variously named groups which evolved into the Marxist–Leninist Party, USA. Reflecting the divided political landscape characterizing many of the
New Left The New Left was a broad political movement mainly in the 1960s and 1970s consisting of activists in the Western world who campaigned for a broad range of social issues such as civil and political rights, environmentalism, feminism, gay rights, g ...
groups, Bain's group did not work with similarly named
Communist Party USA (Marxist–Leninist) The Communist Party USA (Marxist–Leninist) was a small American Maoist group founded in 1965 by Los Angeles members of the Provisional Organizing Committee to Reconstitute a Marxist–Leninist Party (POC) around Michael Laski. Laski stated in a ...
of
Michael Laski Michael may refer to: People * Michael (given name), a given name * Michael (surname), including a list of people with the surname Michael Given name "Michael" * Michael (archangel), ''first'' of God's archangels in the Jewish, Christian an ...
or
Michael Klonsky Michael Klonsky (born 1943) is an American educator, author, and political activist. He is known for his work with the Students for a Democratic Society, the New Communist Movement, and, later, the small schools movement. Political activism ...
's
Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist) (United States) The Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist) was a Maoist political party in the United States. History The October League The Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist)'s predecessor organization, the October League (Marxist–Leninist), was founded ...
. But the CPC(M-L)'s efforts were perhaps most successful in India. Bains and the CPC(M-L) maintained close links with Indian politics through the growing Indian immigrant community in Canada. In 1970, the party helped found the Hindustani Ghadar Party – Organisation of Indian Marxist–Leninists Abroad group. Initially pro- Naxalite, the group later developed into an Indian-based political party over the course of the decade. Bains also founded a business enterprise in New Delhi.


Turn to Albania

By 1976, CPC(M-L) began to support the criticisms of Chinese foreign policy and the "Theory of Three Worlds" made by the
Party of Labour of Albania The Party of Labour of Albania ( sq, Partia e Punës e Shqipërisë, PPSh), sometimes referred to as the Albanian Workers' Party (AWP), was the ruling and sole legal party of Albania during the communist period (1945–1991). It was founded o ...
(PLA). By 1977, one year after the death of Mao Zedong, the CPC(M-L) declared that China had degenerated into revisionism, and later that Mao was not a Marxist–Leninist.https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ca.firstwave/6th-2.pdf;People's Daily News, "Sixth Consultative Conference of the CPC(ML)," April 2, 1979 Unlike the Chinese government, the government of Albania publicly recognized CPC(M-L) as the
vanguard party Vanguardism in the context of Leninist revolutionary struggle, relates to a strategy whereby the most class-conscious and politically "advanced" sections of the proletariat or working class, described as the revolutionary vanguard, form organi ...
in Canada, and delegations made many visits to Albania prior to the collapse of the PLA and the overturn of socialism in Albania. In 1978, the CPC(M-L) held a large international rally – a tactic popular with pro-Albania parties at the time – in Montreal that included a delegation from the PLA. The following year the CPC(M-L) organized an international conference with a number of anti-revisionist forces, with the PLA holding a prominent position. Also in attendance were parties from Italy, France, Iran, India, Great Britain, Portugal, the United States, Chile, and Venezuela. These conferences firmly cemented the CPC(M-L)'s position as the official pro-Albania party in Canada and its bookshops all carried regular literature from the Albanian government. Unlike the strategy of the CPC, which engaged itself with existing labour and people's movements including those were more inclined to support the
New Democratic Party The New Democratic Party (NDP; french: Nouveau Parti démocratique, NPD) is a federal political party in Canada. Widely described as social democratic,The party is widely described as social democratic: * * * * * * * * * * * * t ...
, the CPC(M-L) favoured forming front organizations which it fully controlled. This approach, and contrarian attitude to the position of most anti-war forces at the time, left the CPC(M-L) disconnected from the peace and labour movements as the party set up various rival committees. At times, other leftist groups accused the CPC(M-L) of attacking them in protests and rallies with sticks and bats.https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ca.firstwave/isoncpc/chapter4.htm; In Struggle!, The CPC(ML): A Revisionist Organization of Agent-Provocateurs. The new party continued to fare much better among students, winning influence over the editorial boards of a number of student newspapers and organizing several campus groups which were subject to police surveillance, harassment and repression. '' The Ontarion'' at the
University of Guelph , mottoeng = "to learn the reasons of realities" , established = May 8, 1964 ()As constituents: OAC: (1874) Macdonald Institute: (1903) OVC: (1922) , type = Public university , chancellor ...
and ''
The Chevron ''The Chevron'' was the official newspaper published by the Federation of Students at the University of Waterloo (in the city of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories ...
'' at the
University of Waterloo The University of Waterloo (UWaterloo, UW, or Waterloo) is a public research university with a main campus in Waterloo, Ontario Waterloo is a city in the Canadian province of Ontario. It is one of three cities in the Regional Municipality ...
carried a pro-CPC(M-L) editorial line for a time during the 1970s. Over time, the CPC(M-L) was ousted from all of these student newspapers, as flamboyant leftist politics began to disappear from the Canadian campus landscape in the 1980s. The party also made gains in the Indo-Canadian community especially through the East Indian Defense Committee (EIDC). Also in 1980, the Canadian-based Hindustani Ghadar Party became the
Communist Ghadar Party of India The Communist Ghadar Party of India is a far-left political party that is committed to a communist revolution in India based on Marxism–Leninism. History The party was founded on 25 December 1980, as a continuation of the Hindustani Ghadar P ...
. The CPC(M-L) continued to participate in most federal elections, following their entrance on the federal scene with 104 candidates in 1974. In the 31st general election held in May 1979, the party fielded 144 candidates. In the 32nd general election held in February 1980, there were 170 Marxist–Leninist candidates. In the 33rd general election held in September 1984, the Marxist–Leninist Party of Canada did not field any candidates.


Crisis of the anti-revisionist parties

By the early 1980s many of the anti-revisionist parties of the 1960s and 1970s in Canada and internationally began to fade. Partly, the rigorous discipline demanded of members of these groups including
tithes A tithe (; from Old English: ''teogoþa'' "tenth") is a one-tenth part of something, paid as a contribution to a religious organization or compulsory tax to government. Today, tithes are normally voluntary and paid in cash or cheques or more r ...
for membership dues, frequent long meetings, confrontation with the police and harassment, all took its toll and as young students became the parents of young families. As neo-conservatism rose, the revolutionary optimism which seemed justified a few years ago started to appear less realistic. Many of the smaller anti-revisionist groups simply folded. In 1983, Roger Rashi's Workers' Communist Party imploded over the question of
Cambodia Cambodia (; also Kampuchea ; km, កម្ពុជា, UNGEGN: ), officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochinese Peninsula in Southeast Asia, spanning an area of , bordered by Thailand t ...
and
Pol Pot Pol Pot; (born Saloth Sâr;; 19 May 1925 – 15 April 1998) was a Cambodian revolutionary, dictator, and politician who ruled Cambodia as Prime Minister of Democratic Kampuchea between 1976 and 1979. Ideologically a Marxist–Leninist a ...
as well as alleged internal party sexism within the leadership. In Struggle! () had already suffered a similar fate in 1982. The CPC(M-L), however, generally lasted through these ideological, political and organization crises. One guiding light was the party's relationship with the
Party of Labour of Albania The Party of Labour of Albania ( sq, Partia e Punës e Shqipërisë, PPSh), sometimes referred to as the Albanian Workers' Party (AWP), was the ruling and sole legal party of Albania during the communist period (1945–1991). It was founded o ...
(PLA), the only party in North America to have an official relationship with the PLA as the Albanian government somewhat distanced itself from U.S. pro-Albanian groups fearing of "CIA infiltration". Another base was the parties work in the Indo-Canadian community and its anti-racist work.


East Indian Defence Committee

In addition to the East Indian Defence Committee (EIDC), founded to oppose "state-organized racist attacks", the CPC(M-L) also launched a West Indian Peoples' Organization (WIPO), Canadian Peoples' Defence Committee, and Peoples Front (PF) against racist and fascist violence. These organizations worked implement the slogans "an injury to one is an injury to all" and "an attack on one is an attack on all" and "all for one and one for all" and "self-defence is the only way". Active, popular and with a large following, these front groups were well known for their opposition to racism by the end of the 1970s. By the 1980s community centres for the EIDC had been established in Winnipeg, Toronto and Vancouver under the name "Desh Bhagat Temple" (DBT). Housed in relatively large buildings which were purchased with money contributed by ordinary people, mainly from the East Indian community, they were managed by the EIDC and owned by a trust set up by the EIDC. The centres were regularly used for CPC(M-L) meetings, and rented at cost for other social occasions.


Shift to "democratic renewal" and support of Cuba

Serious problems in the socialist movement, however, developed in the late 1980s with the crisis in and the
dissolution of the Soviet Union The dissolution of the Soviet Union, also negatively connoted as rus, Разва́л Сове́тского Сою́за, r=Razvál Sovétskogo Soyúza, ''Ruining of the Soviet Union''. was the process of internal disintegration within the Sov ...
. "Many ommunistparties, especially in the West, have gone over from 'because it is socialism it can have no problems' position to 'because so many problems emerged, it is socialism which does not work'!" Bains wrote. But soon it became clear that these developments were not only threatening the future of the
Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...
. Almost immediately following
Enver Hoxha Enver Halil Hoxha ( , ; 16 October 190811 April 1985) was an Albanian communist politician who was the authoritarian ruler of Albania from 1944 until his death in 1985. He was First Secretary of the Party of Labour of Albania from 1941 unt ...
's death in 1985, reform movements sprung up in Albania which was the last
Eastern Bloc The Eastern Bloc, also known as the Communist Bloc and the Soviet Bloc, was the group of socialist states of Central and Eastern Europe, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Africa, and Latin America under the influence of the Soviet Union that existed du ...
country to overturn socialism in 1992. The overturn of socialism in Albania and the Soviet Union had negative impacts for the CPC(M-L). In the 34th General Election November 1988, it fielded 58 candidates whose names appeared on the ballot as non-affiliated due to the party's failure to meet the time-line registration provisions of the Canada Elections Act at the time. During this time the party began to liquidate the EIDC centres generating about $2 million in profit from the sales of the properties. There had already been considerable speculation about the CPC(M-L)'s high levels of funding for some time by other left groups. (Like all registered parties the MLPC's finances are available to the public and annually audited in accordance to Elections Canada regulations.) In response, during the late 1980s the CPC(M-L) adopted the slogan "We are our own models", and began to seek a new ideological approach, eventually talking less about socialism and taking a positive view of both
Cuba Cuba ( , ), officially the Republic of Cuba ( es, República de Cuba, links=no ), is an island country comprising the island of Cuba, as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located where the northern Caribbea ...
and
North Korea North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), is a country in East Asia. It constitutes the northern half of the Korea, Korean Peninsula and shares borders with China and Russia to the north, at the Yalu River, Y ...
. Bains visited Cuba several times in the 1990s which led him (and the CPC(M-L)) to reconsider his earlier views of Cuba as revisionist. The CPC(M-L) was closely aligned with the Canadian Party for Renewal in 1993. On January 1, 1995, the party put forward a broad program of work, which it named the ''Historic Initiative''. This was further elaborated during its Seventh Congress. During the 1990s the party called for a popular referendum on the budget cuts initiated by the federal Liberal government of
Jean Chrétien Joseph Jacques Jean Chrétien (; born January 11, 1934) is a Canadian lawyer and politician who served as the 20th prime minister of Canada from 1993 to 2003. Born and raised in Shawinigan Falls, Quebec, Chrétien is a law graduate from Uni ...
. The language of the CPC(M-L) has increasingly centred on its concept of "democratic renewal" oriented on electoral reform and "empowerment of the people", dropping its earlier sharp polemics against labour, social movements, and the Communist Party of Canada.


Bains' death and legacy

Bains died in 1997 and his widow, Sandra L. Smith, replaced him as the leader of the CPC(M-L). Bains' funeral was a significant occasion for the party who have held several memorials in his honour and, although he was cremated, purchased a grave plot in The National Cemetery of Canada in Ottawa, Canada's national cemetery (which is also the national cemetery for the Canadian Forces and RCMP). The party eulogy said: :"Comrade Bains, the twinkle in your eyes, your mischievous smile, your beautiful artistic hands, your fine mind, your tender love for all of us they all combined to work a magic. Who could resist your purity, your sincerity, your drive to bring out the best in everyone you met, in everyone you worked with, no matter what their age, what their standing in life, what their ideas or opinions? Meeting you was like falling in love at first sight, over and over and over again, just as you too fell in love with the best in everyone, bringing out whatever they had to offer to make this world, 'where tears are hung on every tree', a better place ..." According to the CPC(M-L) website, the 8 by 5 foot memorial is made of granite quarried in
Jhansi Jhansi (; Hindi: झांसी, Urdu: ) is a historic city in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It lies in the region of Bundelkhand on the banks of the Pahuj River, in the extreme south of Uttar Pradesh. Jhansi is the administrative hea ...
,
India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
. The monument is emblazoned with a hammer and sickle and star of CPC(M-L) and inscribed with the slogan "Workers of All Countries Unite!" and, on the other side, the party's motto and a prominent plaque to Bains. Also carved on the monument are the lines "Vous êtes le rouge de notre drapeau – Lal Salaam" (You are the red of our flag – Red Salute) and the names of other past veteran members. Following his death, the CPC(M-L) established the Hardial Bains Party School on Journalism. The party continues to reproduce his works on its website and honour his memory, and he is also remembered somewhat in India.


Current positions

After Bains's death, the party shrunk considerably. The Manitoba wing of the CPC(M-L) has not run candidates in Manitoba for several years and is no longer a registered provincial party. In 2008, Anna Di Carlo became the leader of the party's electoral arm, the Marxist–Leninist Party of Canada (MLPC) while Smith remains First Secretary of the CPC(M-L) and president of the MLPC. The CPC(M-L) currently sees as its immediate goal the "vesting of sovereignty in the people so that they can exercise control over their lives" and "organizing Canadians to empower themselves". The party's motto is, "The issue is not to wave the red flags, but to show our colours through our deeds." Today, the CPC(M-L) tends to be supportive of North Korea's right to
self-determination The right of a people to self-determination is a cardinal principle in modern international law (commonly regarded as a ''jus cogens'' rule), binding, as such, on the United Nations as authoritative interpretation of the Charter's norms. It stat ...
, although it does not promote
Kim Il Sung Kim Il-sung (; , ; born Kim Song-ju, ; 15 April 1912 – 8 July 1994) was a North Korean politician and the founder of North Korea, which he ruled from the country's establishment in 1948 until his death in 1994. He held the posts of ...
and
Kim Jong-il Kim Jong-il (; ; ; born Yuri Irsenovich Kim;, 16 February 1941 – 17 December 2011) was a North Korean politician who was the second supreme leader of North Korea from 1994 to 2011. He led North Korea from the 1994 death of his father Kim ...
or ''
juche ''Juche'' ( ; ), officially the ''Juche'' idea (), is the state ideology of North Korea and the official ideology of the Workers' Party of Korea. North Korean sources attribute its conceptualization to Kim Il-sung, the country's founder and ...
'' in the manner that it promoted
Enver Hoxha Enver Halil Hoxha ( , ; 16 October 190811 April 1985) was an Albanian communist politician who was the authoritarian ruler of Albania from 1944 until his death in 1985. He was First Secretary of the Party of Labour of Albania from 1941 unt ...
and Mao Zedong in previous years. However, it issued a statement mourning the death of Kim Jong-il. Since the overturn of socialism in the
Soviet bloc The Eastern Bloc, also known as the Communist Bloc and the Soviet Bloc, was the group of socialist states of Central and Eastern Europe, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Africa, and Latin America under the influence of the Soviet Union that existed du ...
, the CPC(M-L) has largely abandoned its previously strident
anti-revisionist Anti-revisionism is a position within Marxism–Leninism which emerged in the 1950s in opposition to the reforms of Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev. Where Khrushchev pursued an interpretation that differed from his predecessor Joseph Stalin, ...
position. The CPC(M-L) has become strongly supportive of Cuba and the
Cuban Revolution The Cuban Revolution ( es, Revolución Cubana) was carried out after the 1952 Cuban coup d'état which placed Fulgencio Batista as head of state and the failed mass strike in opposition that followed. After failing to contest Batista in cou ...
and now has close relations with the Cuban Embassy in
Ottawa Ottawa (, ; Canadian French: ) is the capital city of Canada. It is located at the confluence of the Ottawa River and the Rideau River in the southern portion of the province of Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec, and forms the core ...
. It prints the English language edition of the
Communist Party of Cuba The Communist Party of Cuba ( es, Partido Comunista de Cuba, PCC) is the sole ruling party of Cuba. It was founded on 3 October 1965 as the successor to the United Party of the Cuban Socialist Revolution, which was in turn made up of the 26t ...
's newspaper, '' Granma'', for Canadian distribution. CPC(M-L) members are active in several
trade union A trade union (labor union in American English), often simply referred to as a union, is an organization of workers intent on "maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment", ch. I such as attaining better wages and benefits ( ...
s, particularly the
Canadian Union of Postal Workers The Canadian Union of Postal Workers (CUPW; french: Syndicat des travailleurs et travailleuses des postes TTP}) is a public-sector trade union representing postal workers including letter carriers, rural and suburban mail carriers, postal clerk ...
and the
United Steelworkers of America The United Steel, Paper and Forestry, Rubber, Manufacturing, Energy, Allied Industrial and Service Workers International Union, commonly known as the United Steelworkers (USW), is a general trade union with members across North America. Headquar ...
whose
Stelco Stelco Holdings Inc. (known as U.S. Steel Canada from 2007 to 2016) is a Canadian steel company based in Hamilton, Ontario. Stelco was founded in 1910 from the amalgamation of several smaller firms. It continued on for almost 100 years, until it ...
local (Local 1005) in
Hamilton, Ontario Hamilton is a port city in the Canadian province of Ontario. Hamilton has a population of 569,353, and its census metropolitan area, which includes Burlington and Grimsby, has a population of 785,184. The city is approximately southwest of T ...
was led by party vice-president Rolf Gerstenberger, until he retired on May 5, 2015. Local 1005 is one of several USWA locals at Stelco. CPC(M-L) members have also been active in the movement against the wars in
Iraq Iraq,; ku, عێراق, translit=Êraq officially the Republic of Iraq, '; ku, کۆماری عێراق, translit=Komarî Êraq is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Turkey to Iraq–Turkey border, the north, Iran to Iran–Iraq ...
and
Afghanistan Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan,; prs, امارت اسلامی افغانستان is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia. Referred to as the Heart of Asia, it is bordere ...
. The party has adopted its own "Contemporary Marxist–Leninist Thought". Its Eighth Party Congress was to be held in 2005 with the theme "Laying the Foundations for the Mass Communist Party", but the congress was delayed because of the federal election. The congress was held in September 2008. The CPC(M-L) has a news-sheet, ''The Marxist–Leninist Daily'', and a youth wing, the Communist Youth Union of Canada (Marxist–Leninist). It operates the "Workers Centre" which helps educate and organize trade unionists through discussion groups, and a magazine, ''Worker's Forum''. The party often conducts broader political activity under the name "People's Front" and uses that name for its provincial wing in British Columbia. In
Ontario Ontario ( ; ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada.Ontario is located in the geographic eastern half of Canada, but it has historically and politically been considered to be part of Central Canada. Located in Central Ca ...
, CPC(M-L) supporters ran as Independent Renewal candidates in the 2003 provincial election.


Current relationship with the CPC

For much of the CPC(M-L)'s history, it has strongly condemned the CPC, an attitude which was more or less reciprocated. The CPC and CPC(M-L) remain apart. They appear to continue to have significant differences in their evaluation of international, Canadian and Quebec politics; approach, style of work; historic interpretations of the role of the parties in the past; and conclusions about immediate action and the road to socialism in Canada. Some of these differences include: * Different strategies. The CPC(M-L) has a short concise programme entitled "Stop Paying the Rich, Expand Social Programmes" emphasizing "democratic renewal" and "renewal of international relations", creating "a new, modern, truly democratic society in which people are sovereign" as its goal, while the CPC presents a detailed and lengthy programme entitled "Canada's Future is Socialism" and putting forward "the road to socialism" including a phase of struggle involving a democratic, anti-imperialist and anti-monopoly coalition as the route to socialism; * These different levels of detail and emphasis were also reflected in the respective parties 2015 electoral platforms; * The CPC(M-L) in Quebec advocates a pro-independence position, while the CPC supports a new constitution including the right to separate for Quebec but is against independence under current conditions; * The CPC(M-L) does not have an official position on either the Soviet Union or contemporary China while the CPC made a short analysis of both countries around 2001; * The CPC(M-L) maintains an independent position and does not participate in any regular grouping or international while the CPC is a member of the
International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties The International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties (IMCWP) is an annual conference attended by communist and workers' parties from several countries. It originated in 1998 when the Communist Party of Greece (KKE) invited communist a ...
; * The CPC(M-L) does not have active campus groups, while the CPC has a handful of YCL clubs on campuses, mainly in Ontario and Quebec; As a result, the CPC and CPC(M-L) are not moving towards forming a united party. The CPC has also cited lack of self-critical historical evaluation of the CPC(M-L)'s past (i.e., admitting to mistakes) and what it calls the political inconsistency of CPC(M-L) activists, as barriers to prioritizing any discussion about unity. Nevertheless, the two parties work together on a variety of issues including Cuba and Latin American solidarity and, for example, supported the CPC(M-L) leadership in Local 1005 of the Hamilton Steelworkers. As of 2017, the MLPC and CPC(M-L) continue to strongly back their
anti-revisionist Anti-revisionism is a position within Marxism–Leninism which emerged in the 1950s in opposition to the reforms of Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev. Where Khrushchev pursued an interpretation that differed from his predecessor Joseph Stalin, ...
ideology.


Party leaders

*
Hardial Bains Hardial Bains ( pa, ਹਰਦਿਆਲ ਬੈਂਸ; 15 August 1939 – 24 August 1997) was an Indo-Canadian microbiology lecturer, but was primarily known as the founder of a series of left-wing movements and parties foremost of which was th ...
(1970–1997) * Sandra L. Smith (1998–2008), widow of Bains * Anna Di Carlo (2008–present)


Election results

In the 2015 federal election, the CPC(M-L) ran 70 candidates—44 more than the CPC. Its twelve-plank party platform called for rewriting the Canadian constitution, increasing social spending, repealing anti-terrorism legislation such as Bill C-51, withdrawal from free trade deals and military involvement abroad, establishing "nation-to-nation" relations with Aboriginal peoples, and government action on climate change. At public forums, some CPC(M-L) candidates have advocated voting Liberal or New Democratic Party to defeat the Conservative Party. The party has run candidates in Canadian federal elections since 1972. The number of candidates in any election has ranged from as few as 51 and as many as 177. Most of its candidates have run in the provinces of Ontario and
Quebec Quebec ( ; )According to the Canadian government, ''Québec'' (with the acute accent) is the official name in Canadian French and ''Quebec'' (without the accent) is the province's official name in Canadian English is one of the thirtee ...
. It was most prominent in the 1979 Canadian federal election, 1979 federal election and 1980 Canadian federal election, 1980 federal election, running under the slogan "Make the rich pay." Its slogan in the 2004 Canadian federal election, 2004 federal election was "Annexation no! Sovereignty yes!" ;By-elections * September 8, 1980: 0 elected ** Hamilton West: 30,960 total votes, 120 votes received (0.39%) * February 13, 1995: 0 elected ** Ottawa—Vanier: 19,843 total votes, 61 votes received (0.30%) ** Saint-Henri—Westmount: 16,697 total votes, 47 votes received (0.28%) * September 14, 1998: 0 elected ** Sherbrooke (electoral district), Sherbrooke: 36,446 total votes, 72 votes received (0.19%) ;Average number of votes per candidate


2015 election platform

The party announced its 2015 election platform on its website, which addressed four themes: Economy & Trade, Constitutional Reform, Foreign Policy, and Climate Change. The one-page document does not provide any financial information on how the program might be financed. Economy & trade * State control of industry * Economic growth powered by the manufacturing and natural resource sectors * An end to subsidies and tax cuts for wealthy Canadians and private corporations * Increased social spending on childcare, recreation, education, health care, seniors care, and pensions * Cancellation of all free trade deals that allow foreign businesses and corporations to exploit Canada's national resources National constitutional reform * Rewrite the Canadian constitution to eliminate colonial, imperialist, and racist elements * Guarantee the rights of non-citizens and refugees * Guarantee freedom of conscience rights in the Constitution * Repeal Anti-terrorism Act, 2015, Bill C-51 and other surveillance and counter-terrorism legislation to guarantee civil rights * Guarantee Quebec's right to self-determination, including the right to separate * Establish nation-to-nation relations with Canada's Aboriginal peoples Foreign policy * Immediate withdrawal from NATO, NORAD and any other military interventions abroad, such as those in Operation Impact, Syria and Canada and the Iraq War, Iraq * Using diplomacy to end the displacement of people from their home countries * Strict respect for national sovereignty * Provide humanitarian aid to refugees and those affected by natural disasters Climate change * Devolve responsibility for reducing harmful emissions such as greenhouse gases and pollution, as well as environmental destruction to the workers' organizations (unions, associations, cooperatives) in these industries


See also

* Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist) *
Communist Party of Ireland (Marxist–Leninist) The Communist Party of Ireland (Marxist–Leninist) was an anti-revisionist political party based in Ireland. It had strong links to the Party of Labour of Albania, Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist) and Revolutionary Communist Party ...


References


External links

*
Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist) — Canadian Political Parties and Political Interest Groups
— web archive created by The University of Toronto Libraries {{DEFAULTSORT:Communist Party Of Canada (Marxist-Leninist) Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist), Communist parties in Canada Far-left politics in Canada Federal political parties in Canada Organizations based in Montreal 1970 establishments in Canada Political parties established in 1970