The city of Athens
Athens (Ancient Greek: Ἀθῆναι, Athênai, modern pronunciation Athínai) during the classical period of Ancient Greece (508–322 BC)[1] was the major urban center of the notable polis (city-state) of the same name, located in Attica, Greece, leading the Delian League
Delian League in the Peloponnesian War
Peloponnesian War against Sparta
Sparta and the Peloponnesian League. Athenian democracy
Athenian democracy was established in 508 BC under Cleisthenes
Cleisthenes following the tyranny of Isagoras. This system remained remarkably stable, and with a few brief interruptions remained in place for 180 years, until 322 BC (aftermath of Lamian War). The peak of Athenian
Athenian hegemony was achieved in the 440s to 430s BC, known as the Age of Pericles. In the classical period, Athens
Athens was a center for the arts, learning and philosophy, home of Plato's Akademia and Aristotle's Lyceum,[2][3] Athens
Athens was also the birthplace of Socrates, Plato, Pericles, Aristophanes, Sophocles, and many other prominent philosophers, writers and politicians of the ancient world. It is widely referred to as the cradle of Western Civilization, and the birthplace of democracy,[4] largely due to the impact of its cultural and political achievements during the 5th and 4th centuries BC on the rest of the then-known European continent.[5]

Contents

1 Rise to power (508–448 BC) 2 Athenian
Athenian hegemony (448–430 BC) 3 Peloponnesian War
Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC) 4 Corinthian War
Corinthian War and the Second Athenian
Athenian League (395–355 BC) 5 Athens
Athens under Macedon
Macedon (355–322 BC) 6 Geography

6.1 Overview 6.2 The Long Walls 6.3 The Acropolis (upper city) 6.4 The Agora
Agora (lower city) 6.5 Gates 6.6 Districts 6.7 Hills 6.8 Streets 6.9 Public buildings 6.10 Suburbs

7 Culture 8 See also 9 References

Rise to power (508–448 BC)[edit] Main articles: Ionian Revolt, Persian Wars, and First Peloponnesian War Hippias, son of Peisistratus, had ruled Athens
Athens jointly with his brother, Hipparchus, from the death of Peisistratus c527. Following the assassination of Hipparchus
Hipparchus c514, Hippias took on sole rule, and in response to the loss of his brother, became a worse leader and increasingly disliked. Hippias exiled 700 of the Athenian
Athenian noble families, amongst them Cleisthenes' family, the Alchmaeonids. Upon their exile, they went to Delphi, and Herodotus[6] says they bribed the Pithia to always tell visiting Spartans that they should invade Attica
Attica and overthrow Hippias. This, supposedly, worked after a number of times, and Cleomenes led a Spartan force to overthrow Hippias, which succeeded, and instated an oligarchy. Cleisthenes
Cleisthenes disliked the Spartan rule, along with many other Athenians, and so made his own bid for power. The result of this was democracy in Athens, but it is important to consider Cleisthenes' motivation for using the people to gain power, as without their support, he would have been defeated, and so Athenian democracy
Athenian democracy may be tinted by the fact its creation served greatly the man who created it. The reforms of Cleisthenes
Cleisthenes replaced the traditional four Ionic "tribes" (phyle) with ten new ones, named after legendary heroes of Greece and having no class basis, which acted as electorates. Each tribe was in turn divided into three trittyes (one from the coast; one from the city and one from the inland divisions), while each trittys had one or more demes (see deme) – depending on their population – which became the basis of local government. The tribes each selected fifty members by lot for the Boule, the council which governed Athens
Athens on a day-to-day basis. The public opinion of voters could be influenced by the political satires written by the comic poets and performed in the city theaters.[7] The Assembly or Ecclesia was open to all full citizens and was both a legislature and a supreme court, except in murder cases and religious matters, which became the only remaining functions of the Areopagus. Most offices were filled by lot, although the ten strategoi (generals) were elected.

Early Athenian
Athenian coin, 5th century BC. British Museum.

Prior to the rise of Athens, Sparta, a city-state with a militaristic culture, considered itself the leader of the Greeks, and enforced a hegemony. In 499 BC Athens
Athens sent troops to aid the Ionian Greeks of Asia Minor, who were rebelling against the Persian Empire (see Ionian Revolt). This provoked two Persian invasions of Greece, both of which were repelled under the leadership of the soldier-statesmen Miltiades and Themistocles
Themistocles (see Persian Wars). In 490 the Athenians, led by Miltiades, prevented the first invasion of the Persians, guided by king Darius I, at the Battle of Marathon. In 480 the Persians returned under a new ruler, Xerxes I. The Hellenic League led by the Spartan King Leonidas
Leonidas led 7,000 men to hold the narrow passageway of Thermopylae against the 100,000–250,000 army of Xerxes, during which time Leonidas
Leonidas and 300 other Spartan elites were killed. Simultaneously the Athenians led an indecisive naval battle off Artemisium. However, this delaying action was not enough to discourage the Persian advance which soon marched through Boeotia, setting up Thebes as their base of operations, and entered southern Greece. This forced the Athenians to evacuate Athens, which was taken by the Persians, and seek the protection of their fleet. Subsequently, the Athenians and their allies, led by Themistocles, defeated the Persian navy at sea in the Battle of Salamis. It is interesting to note that Xerxes had built himself a throne on the coast in order to see the Greeks defeated. Instead, the Persians were routed. Sparta's hegemony was passing to Athens, and it was Athens
Athens that took the war to Asia Minor. These victories enabled it to bring most of the Aegean and many other parts of Greece together in the Delian League, an Athenian-dominated alliance. Athenian
Athenian hegemony (448–430 BC)[edit] Main article: Age of Pericles Pericles
Pericles – an Athenian
Athenian general, politician and orator – distinguished himself above the other personalities of the era, men who excelled in politics, philosophy, architecture, sculpture, history and literature. He fostered arts and literature and gave to Athens
Athens a splendor which would never return throughout its history. He executed a large number of public works projects and improved the life of the citizens. Hence, he gave his name to the Athenian
Athenian Golden Age. Silver mined in Laurium
Laurium in southeastern Attica
Attica contributed greatly to the prosperity of this "Golden" Age of Athens. During the time of the ascendancy of Ephialtes as leader of the democratic faction, Pericles
Pericles was his deputy. When Ephialtes was assassinated by personal enemies, Pericles
Pericles stepped in and was elected general, or strategos, in 445 BC; a post he held continuously until his death in 429 BC, always by election of the Athenian
Athenian Assembly. The Parthenon, a lavishly decorated temple to the goddess Athena, was constructed under the administration of Pericles.[8] Peloponnesian War
Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC)[edit] Main article: Peloponnesian War Further information: Athenian
Athenian coup of 411 BC

The modern National Academy in Athens, with Apollo
Apollo and Athena
Athena on their columns, and Socrates
Socrates and Plato
Plato seated in front.

Resentment by other cities at the hegemony of Athens
Athens led to the Peloponnesian War
Peloponnesian War in 431, which pitted Athens
Athens and her increasingly rebellious sea empire against a coalition of land-based states led by Sparta. The conflict marked the end of Athenian
Athenian command of the sea. The war between Athens
Athens and the city-state Sparta
Sparta ended with an Athenian
Athenian defeat after Sparta
Sparta started its own navy. Athenian democracy
Athenian democracy was briefly overthrown by the coup of 411, brought about because of its poor handling of the war, but it was quickly restored. The war ended with the complete defeat of Athens
Athens in 404. Since the defeat was largely blamed on democratic politicians such as Cleon and Cleophon, there was a brief reaction against democracy, aided by the Spartan army
Spartan army (the rule of the Thirty Tyrants). In 403, democracy was restored by Thrasybulus
Thrasybulus and an amnesty declared. Corinthian War
Corinthian War and the Second Athenian
Athenian League (395–355 BC)[edit] Sparta's former allies soon turned against her due to her imperialist policies, and Athens's former enemies, Thebes and Corinth, became her allies. Argos, Thebes and Corinth, allied with Athens, fought against Sparta
Sparta in the decisive Corinthian War
Corinthian War of 395–387 BC. Opposition to Sparta
Sparta enabled Athens
Athens to establish a Second Athenian
Athenian League. Finally Thebes defeated Sparta
Sparta in 371 in the Battle of Leuctra. However, other Greek cities, including Athens, turned against Thebes, and its dominance was brought to an end at the Battle of Mantinea (362 BC) with the death of its leader, the military genius Epaminondas. Athens
Athens under Macedon
Macedon (355–322 BC)[edit] Further information: Alexander the Great, Antipatrid dynasty, and Antigonid dynasty By mid century, however, the northern kingdom of Macedon
Macedon was becoming dominant in Athenian
Athenian affairs, despite the warnings of the last great statesman of independent Athens, Demosthenes. In 338 BC the armies of Philip II defeated Athens
Athens at the Battle of Chaeronea, effectively limiting Athenian
Athenian independence. Athens
Athens and other states became part of the League of Corinth. Further, the conquests of his son, Alexander the Great, widened Greek horizons and made the traditional Greek city state obsolete. Antipater dissolved the Athenian
Athenian government and established a plutocratic system in 322 BC (see Lamian War
Lamian War and Demetrius Phalereus). Athens
Athens remained a wealthy city with a brilliant cultural life, but ceased to be an independent power. In the 2nd century BC, following the Battle of Corinth
Corinth (146 BC), Greece was absorbed into the Roman Republic
Roman Republic as part of the Achaea Province, concluding 200 years of Macedonian supremacy. Geography[edit] Overview[edit]

Map of ancient Athens
Athens showing the Acropolis in middle, the Agora
Agora to the northwest, and the city walls.

Athens
Athens was in Attica, about 30 stadia from the sea, on the southwest slope of Mount Lycabettus, between the small rivers Cephissus to the west, Ilissos
Ilissos to the south, and the Eridanos to the north, the latter of which flowed through the town. The walled city measured about 1.5 km (0.93 mi) in diameter, although at its peak the city had suburbs extending well beyond these walls. The Acropolis was just south of the centre of this walled area. The city was burnt by Xerxes in 480 BC, but was soon rebuilt under the administration of Themistocles, and was adorned with public buildings by Cimon
Cimon and especially by Pericles, in whose time (461–429 BC) it reached its greatest splendour. Its beauty was chiefly due to its public buildings, for the private houses were mostly insignificant, and its streets badly laid out. Towards the end of the Peloponnesian War, it contained more than 10,000 houses,[9] which at a rate of 12 inhabitants to a house would give a population of 120,000, though some writers make the inhabitants as many as 180,000. Athens
Athens consisted of two distinct parts:

The City, properly so called, divided into The Upper City or Acropolis, and The Lower City, surrounded with walls by Themistocles. The port city of Piraeus, also surrounded with walls by Themistocles and connected to the city with the Long Walls, built under Conon
Conon and Pericles.

The Long Walls[edit]

Map of the environs of Athens
Athens showing Piraeus, Phalerum, and the Long Walls

The Long Walls
Long Walls consisted of two walls leading to Piraeus, 40 stadia long (4.5 miles, 7 km), running parallel to each other, with a narrow passage between them. In addition, there was a wall to Phalerum on the east, 35 stadia long (4 miles, 6.5 km). There were therefore three long walls in all; but the name Long Walls
Long Walls seems to have been confined to the two leading to the Piraeus, while the one leading to Phalerum
Phalerum was called the Phalerian Wall. The entire circuit of the walls was 174.5 stadia (nearly 22 miles, 35 km), of which 43 stadia (5.5 miles, 9 km) belonged to the city, 75 stadia (9.5 miles, 15 km) to the long walls, and 56.5 stadia (7 miles, 11 km) to Piraeus, Munichia, and Phalerum. The Acropolis (upper city)[edit] The Acropolis, also called Cecropia from its reputed founder, Cecrops, was a steep rock in the middle of the city, about 50 meters high, 350 meters long, and 150 meters wide; its sides were naturally scarped on all sides except the west end. It was originally surrounded by an ancient Cyclopean wall said to have been built by the Pelasgians. At the time of the Peloponnesian war
Peloponnesian war only the north part of this wall remained, and this portion was still called the Pelasgic Wall; while the south part which had been rebuilt by Cimon, was called the Cimonian Wall. On the west end of the Acropolis, where access is alone practicable, were the magnificent Propylaea, "the Entrances," built by Pericles, before the right wing of which was the small Temple of Athena
Athena Nike. The summit of the Acropolis was covered with temples, statues of bronze and marble, and various other works of art. Of the temples, the grandest was the Parthenon, sacred to the "Virgin" goddess Athena; and north of the Parthenon
Parthenon was the magnificent Erechtheion, containing three separate temples, one to Athena
Athena Polias, or the "Protectress of the State," the Erechtheion
Erechtheion proper, or sanctuary of Erechtheus, and the Pandroseion, or sanctuary of Pandrosos, the daughter of Cecrops. Between the Parthenon
Parthenon and Erechtheion
Erechtheion was the colossal Statue of Athena
Athena Promachos, or the "Fighter in the Front," whose helmet and spear was the first object on the Acropolis visible from the sea.

The Acropolis imagined in an 1846 painting by Leo von Klenze

The Agora
Agora (lower city)[edit] The lower city was built in the plain around the Acropolis, but this plain also contained several hills, especially in the southwest part. On the west side the walls embraced the Hill of the Nymphs and the Pnyx, and to the southeast they ran along beside the Ilissos. Gates[edit] There were many gates, among the more important there were:

On the West side: Dipylon, the most frequented gate of the city, leading from the inner Kerameikos
Kerameikos to the outer Kerameikos, and to the Academy. The Sacred Gate, where the sacred road to Eleusis
Eleusis began. The Knight's Gate, probably between the Hill of the Nymphs and the Pnyx. The Piraean Gate, between the Pnyx
Pnyx and the Mouseion, leading to the carriage road between the Long Walls
Long Walls to the Piraeus. The Melitian Gate, so called because it led to the deme Melite, within the city. On the South side: The Gate of the Dead in the neighbourhood of the Mouseion. The Itonian Gate, near the Ilissos, where the road to Phalerum
Phalerum began. On the East side: The Gate of Diochares, leading to the Lyceum. The Diomean Gate, leading to Cynosarges and the deme Diomea. On the North side: The Acharnian Gate, leading to the deme Acharnai.

Districts[edit]

The Inner Kerameikos, or "Potter's Quarter," in the west of the city, extending north as far as the Dipylon gate, by which it was separated from the outer Kerameikos; the Kerameikos
Kerameikos contained the Agora, or "market-place," the only one in the city, lying northwest of the Acropolis, and north of the Areopagus. The deme Melite, in the west of the city, south of the inner Kerameikos. The deme Skambonidai, in the northern part of the city, east of the inner Kerameikos. The Kollytos, in the southern part of the city, south and southwest of the Acropolis. Koele, a district in the southwest of the city. Limnai, a district east of Milete and Kollytos, between the Acropolis and the Ilissos. Diomea, a district in the east of the city, near the gate of the same name and the Cynosarges. Agrai, a district south of Diomea.

Hills[edit]

The Areopagus, the "Hill of Ares," west of the Acropolis, which gave its name to the celebrated council that held its sittings there, was accessible on the south side by a flight of steps cut out of the rock. The Hill of the Nymphs, northwest of the Areopagus. The Pnyx, a semicircular hill, southwest of the Areopagus, where the ekklesia (assemblies) of the people were held in earlier times, for afterwards the people usually met in the Theatre of Dionysus. The Mouseion, "the Hill of the Muses," south of the Pnyx
Pnyx and the Areopagus.

Streets[edit] Among the more important streets, there were:

The Piraean Street, which led from the Piraean gate to the Agora. The Panathenaic Way, which led from the Dipylon gate to the Acropolis via the Agora, along which a solemn procession was made during the Panathenaic Festival. The Street of the Tripods, on the east side of the Acropolis.

Public buildings[edit]

The Temple of Hephaestus
Temple of Hephaestus in modern-day Athens

Temples. Of these the most important was the Olympieion, or Temple of Olympian Zeus, southeast of the Acropolis, near the Ilissos
Ilissos and the fountain Callirrhoë, which was long unfinished, and was first completed by Hadrian. The Temple of Hephaestus, located to the west of the Agora. The Temple of Ares, to the north of the Agora. Metroon, or temple of the mother of the gods, on the west side of the Agora. Besides these, there was a vast number of other temples in all parts of the city. The Bouleuterion
Bouleuterion (Senate House), at the west side of the Agora. The Tholos, a round building close to the Bouleuterion, built c. 470 BC by Cimon, which served as the Prytaneion, in which the Prytaneis took their meals and offered their sacrifices.

Plan Roman Agora
Agora at Athens

Stoae, or Colonnades, supported by pillars, and used as places of resort in the heat of the day, of which there were several in Athens. In the Agora
Agora there were: the Stoa
Stoa Basileios, the court of the King-Archon, on the west side of the Agora; the Stoa
Stoa Eleutherios, or Colonnade of Zeus Eleutherios, on the west side of the Agora; the Stoa Poikile, so called because it was adorned with fresco painting of the Battle of Marathon
Battle of Marathon by Polygnotus, on the north side of the Agora.

Artist's impression of the Theatre of Dionysus

Theatres. The Theatre of Dionysus, on the southeast slope of the Acropolis, was the great theatre of the state. Besides this there were Odeons, for contests in vocal and instrumental music, an ancient one near the fountain Callirrhoë, and a second built by Pericles, close to the theatre of Dionysius, on the southeast slope of the Acropolis. The large odeon surviving today, the Odeon of Herodes Atticus
Odeon of Herodes Atticus was built in Roman times. Panathenaic Stadium, south of the Ilissos, in the district Agrai, where the athletic portion of the Panathenaic Games
Panathenaic Games were held. The Argyrocopeum (mint) appears to have been in or adjoining the chapel (heroon) of a hero named Stephanephorus.

Suburbs[edit]

The Outer Kerameikos, northwest of the city, was the finest suburb of Athens; here were buried the Athenians who had fallen in war, and at the further end of it was the Academy, 6 stadia from the city. Cynosarges, east of the city, across the Ilissos, reached from the Diomea gate, a gymnasium sacred to Heracles, where the Cynic Antisthenes
Antisthenes taught. Lyceum, east of the city, a gymnasium sacred to Apollo
Apollo Lyceus, where Aristotle
Aristotle taught.

Culture[edit] Main articles: Age of Pericles, Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek philosophy, Athenian festivals, and Greek theatre

The Karyatides statues of the Erechtheion
Erechtheion on its Acropolis.

The period from the end of the Persian Wars
Persian Wars to the Macedonian conquest marked the zenith of Athens
Athens as a center of literature, philosophy (see Greek philosophy) and the arts (see Greek theatre). Some of the most important figures of Western cultural and intellectual history lived in Athens
Athens during this period: the dramatists Aeschylus, Aristophanes, Euripides
Euripides and Sophocles, the philosophers Aristotle, Plato, and Socrates, the historians Herodotus, Thucydides
Thucydides and Xenophon, the poet Simonides and the sculptor Phidias. The leading statesman of this period was Pericles, who used the tribute paid by the members of the Delian League
Delian League to build the Parthenon
Parthenon and other great monuments of classical Athens. The city became, in Pericles's words, an education for Hellas (usually quoted as "the school of Hellas [Greece].")[10] See also[edit]

Academy of Plato Athenian
Athenian Army Ephebic Oath Women in Classical Athens

References[edit]

^ Democracy
Democracy and knowledge: innovation and learning in classical Athens by Josiah Ober p. 40 ISBN 0-691-13347-6 (2008) ^ "Plato's Academy". Hellenic Ministry of Culture. www.culture.gr. Archived from the original on 2007-03-21. Retrieved 2007-03-28.  ^ CNN & Associated Press (1997-01-16). "Greece uncovers 'holy grail' of Greek archeology". CNN.com. Archived from the original on April 4, 2005. Retrieved 2007-03-28.  ^ "Ancient History
History in depth The Democratic Experiment". BBC. Retrieved 2007-12-26.  ^ Encarta: Ancient Greece. Retrieved on 26 January 2007. Archived 2009-10-31. ^ Translated Robin Waterfield, Herodotus
Herodotus (1998). The Histories. Oxford University Press.  ^ Henderson, J. (1993) Comic Hero versus Political Elite pp.307–19 in Sommerstein, A.H; S. Halliwell; J. Henderson; B. Zimmerman, eds. (1993). Tragedy, Comedy and the Polis. Bari: Levante Editori.  ^ Camp, John. The Archaeology of Athens. Yale University Press.  ^ Xenophon, Mem. iii. 6.14 ^ Thucydides, 2.41.1

v t e

Ancient Greece

Outline Timeline

History Geography

Periods

Cycladic civilization Minoan civilization Mycenaean civilization Greek Dark Ages Archaic period Classical Greece Hellenistic Greece Roman Greece

Geography

Aegean Sea Aeolis Alexandria Antioch Cappadocia Crete Cyprus Doris Ephesus Epirus Hellespont Ionia Ionian Sea Macedonia Magna Graecia Miletus Peloponnesus Pergamon Pontus Taurica Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek colonies

City states Politics Military

City states

Argos Athens Byzantion Chalcis Corinth Eretria Kerkyra Larissa Megalopolis Megara Rhodes Samos Sparta Syracuse Thebes

Politics

Boeotarch Boule Koinon Proxeny Strategos Tagus Tyrant Amphictyonic League

Athenian

Agora Areopagus Ecclesia Graphē paranómōn Heliaia Ostracism

Spartan

Apella Ephor Gerousia Harmost

Macedon

Synedrion Koinon

Military

Wars Athenian
Athenian military Antigonid Macedonian army Army of Macedon Ballista Cretan archers Hellenistic armies Hippeis Hoplite Hetairoi Macedonian phalanx Phalanx Peltast Pezhetairos Sarissa Sacred Band of Thebes Sciritae Seleucid army Spartan army Toxotai Xiphos Xyston

People

List of ancient Greeks

Rulers

Kings of Argos Archons of Athens Kings of Athens Kings of Commagene Diadochi Kings of Lydia Kings of Macedonia Kings of Paionia Attalid kings of Pergamon Kings of Pontus Kings of Sparta Tyrants of Syracuse

Philosophers

Anaxagoras Anaximander Anaximenes Antisthenes Aristotle Democritus Diogenes of Sinope Empedocles Epicurus Gorgias Heraclitus Hypatia Leucippus Parmenides Plato Protagoras Pythagoras Socrates Thales Zeno

Authors

Aeschylus Aesop Alcaeus Archilochus Aristophanes Bacchylides Euripides Herodotus Hesiod Hipponax Homer Ibycus Lucian Menander Mimnermus Panyassis Philocles Pindar Plutarch Polybius Sappho Simonides Sophocles Stesichorus Theognis Thucydides Timocreon Tyrtaeus Xenophon

Others

Agesilaus II Agis II Alcibiades Alexander the Great Aratus Archimedes Aspasia Demosthenes Epaminondas Euclid Hipparchus Hippocrates Leonidas Lycurgus Lysander Milo of Croton Miltiades Pausanias Pericles Philip of Macedon Philopoemen Praxiteles Ptolemy Pyrrhus Solon Themistocles

Groups

Philosophers Playwrights Poets Tyrants

By culture

Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek tribes Thracian Greeks Ancient Macedonians

Society Culture

Society

Agriculture Calendar Clothing Coinage Cuisine Economy Education Festivals Funeral and burial practices Homosexuality Law Olympic Games Pederasty Philosophy Prostitution Religion Slavery Warfare Wedding customs Wine

Arts and science

Architecture

Greek Revival architecture

Astronomy Literature Mathematics Medicine Music

Musical system

Pottery Sculpture Technology Theatre

Religion

Funeral and burial practices Mythology

mythological figures

Temple Twelve Olympians Underworld

Sacred places

Eleusis Delphi Delos Dodona Mount Olympus Olympia

Structures

Athenian
Athenian Treasury Lion Gate Long Walls Philippeion Theatre of Dionysus Tunnel of Eupalinos

Temples

Aphaea Artemis Athena
Athena Nike Erechtheion Hephaestus Hera, Olympia Parthenon Samothrace Zeus, Olympia

Language

Proto-Greek Mycenaean Homeric Dialects

Aeolic Arcadocypriot Attic Doric Ionic Locrian Macedonian Pamphylian

Koine

Writing

Linear A Linear B Cypriot syllabary Greek alphabet Greek numerals Attic numerals

Lists

Cities

in Epirus

People Place names Stoae Temples Theatres

Category Portal

v t e

Ancient Athenian
Athenian statesmen

Aeschines Agyrrhius Alcibiades Andocides Archinus Aristides Aristogeiton Aristophon Autocles Callistratus Chremonides Cimon Cleisthenes Cleophon Cleon Critias Demades Demetrius of Phalerum Demochares Democles Demosthenes Draco Ephialtes Eubulus Hyperbolus Hypereides Laches Lycurgus Lysicles Miltiades Moerocles Nicias Peisistratos Pericles Philinus Phocion Solon Themistocles Theramenes Thrasybulus Thucydides Xanthippus

v t e

Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek and Roman wars

Ancient Greece

Trojan War First Messenian War Second Messenian War Lelantine War Greek–Punic Wars
Greek–Punic Wars (Sicilian Wars) Greco-Persian Wars Aeginetan War Wars of the Delian League Samian War Peloponnesian War Corinthian War First / Second / Third Sacred War Social War (357–355 BC) Rise of Macedon Wars of Alexander the Great Wars of the Diadochi Lamian War Chremonidean War Cleomenean War Social War (220–217 BC) Cretan War Aetolian War War against Nabis Maccabean Revolt

Roman Republic

Roman–Latin wars (First Latin War (Battle of Lake Regillus) Second Latin War) Samnite Wars Pyrrhic War Punic Wars (First Second Third) Macedonian Wars (Illyrian First Macedonian Second Macedonian Seleucid Third Macedonian Fourth Macedonian) Jugurthine War Cimbrian War Roman Servile Wars (First Second Third) Social War (90–88 BC) Sulla's civil wars (First Second) Mithridatic Wars (First Second Third) Gallic Wars Julius Caesar's civil war Augustus' rise to power (Battle of Mutina Liberators' civil war Sicilian revolt Perusine War (Fulvia's civil war) Final War of the Roman Republic)

Roman Empire

Germanic Wars (Marcomannic Alemannic Gothic Visigothic) Conquest of Britain Wars of Boudica Armenian War Four Emperors Jewish wars Domitian's Dacian War Trajan's Dacian Wars Parthian Wars Wars against Persia Third-century civil wars Decline and fall of the Western Empire

Military history

Coordinates: 37°58′N 23°43′E / 37.97°N 23.72°E /