Greek colonization was an organised

colonial expansion Colonial or The Colonial may refer to: * Colonial, of, relating to, or characteristic of a colony or colony (biology) Architecture * American colonial architecture * French Colonial * Spanish Colonial architecture Automobiles * Colonial (1920 au ...

by the Archaic Greeks into the

Mediterranean Sea The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the ...

and

Black Sea The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea of the Atlantic Ocean lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bounded by Bulgaria, Georgia, Rom ...

in the period of the 8th–6th centuries BC. This colonization differed from the migrations of the Greek Dark Ages in that it consisted of organised direction (see

Oikistes The ''oikistes'' ( gr, οἰκιστής), often anglicized as oekist or oecist, was the individual chosen by an ancient Greek polis ''Polis'' (, ; grc-gre, πόλις, ), plural ''poleis'' (, , ), literally means "city" in Greek. In Ancien ...

) by the originating

metropolis A metropolis () is a large city or conurbation which is a significant economic, political, and cultural center for a country or region, and an important hub for regional or international connections, commerce, and communications. A big ci ...

instead of the simple movement of tribes which characterized the earlier migrations. Many colonies () that were founded in this period evolved into strong

city-states A city-state is an independent sovereign city which serves as the center of political, economic, and cultural life over its contiguous territory. They have existed in many parts of the world since the dawn of history, including cities such as ...

and became independent of their metropolis.

Reasons for colonization

Reasons for colonization had to do with the demographic explosion of this period, the development of the emporium, the need for a secure supply of raw materials, but also with the emerging politics of the period that drove sections of the population into exile. Population growth created a scarcity of farmland and a restriction of the ability of smallholders to farm it, which was similar in every city-state. In places with surplus population, this led to a demand for additional living space. The location of each colonial establishment was dictated by the supply of unexploited resources that would provide the metropolis, as well as the finished goods it would produce. The development of the emporium was among the more important motivations for the founding of a colony. The colonies created new markets, supplied the metropolis with significant raw materials and constituted important way stations on the long-distance trade journeys of the era. Finally, the troubled political situation in many cities, along with the establishment of tyrannical government, drove the political opposition into exile and into a search for new places of residence.

Characteristics of the colonization

The founding of the colonies was consistently an organised enterprise. The launch was organized by the metropolis, although in many cases they collaborated with other cities. The place to be colonized was selected in advance with the goal of offering business advantages, but also security from raiders. In order to create a feeling of security and confidence in relation to the new colony, the choice of place was decided according to its usefulness. The mission always included a leader nominated by the colonists. In the new cities, the colonists parceled out the land, including farms. The system of governance usually took a form reminiscent of that which prevailed in the metropolis.

Timing

The first founders of colonies were the Euboeans, who founded colonies at the beginning of the 8th century B.C. in Southern Italy and Chalcidice. The two most powerful states on Euboea, Chalcis and

Eretria Eretria (; el, Ερέτρια, , grc, Ἐρέτρια, , literally 'city of the rowers') is a town in Euboea, Greece, facing the coast of Attica across the narrow South Euboean Gulf. It was an important Greek polis in the 6th and 5th centur ...

founded numerous colonies in Chalcidice, the most important of which was

Olynthus Olynthus ( grc, Ὄλυνθος ''Olynthos'', named for the ὄλυνθος ''olunthos'', "the fruit of the wild fig tree") was an ancient city of Chalcidice, built mostly on two flat-topped hills 30–40m in height, in a fertile plain at the he ...

, and they were the first to found colonies in Southern Italy. The first colony that they founded there was

Pithecusae Ischia ( , , ) is a volcanic island in the Tyrrhenian Sea. It lies at the northern end of the Gulf of Naples, about from Naples. It is the largest of the Phlegrean Islands. Roughly trapezoidal in shape, it measures approximately east to west ...

on the Isle of Ischia. Subsequently, they founded the colonies of

Cumae Cumae ( grc, Κύμη, (Kumē) or or ; it, Cuma) was the first ancient Greek colony on the mainland of Italy, founded by settlers from Euboea in the 8th century BC and soon becoming one of the strongest colonies. It later became a rich Ro ...

Zancle Messina (, also , ) is a harbour city and the capital of the Italian Metropolitan City of Messina. It is the third largest city on the island of Sicily, and the 13th largest city in Italy, with a population of more than 219,000 inhabitants in t ...

Rhegium Reggio di Calabria ( scn, label= Southern Calabrian, Riggiu; el, label= Calabrian Greek, Ρήγι, Rìji), usually referred to as Reggio Calabria, or simply Reggio by its inhabitants, is the largest city in Calabria. It has an estimated pop ...

and

Naxos Naxos (; el, Νάξος, ) is a Greek island and the largest of the Cyclades. It was the centre of archaic Cycladic culture. The island is famous as a source of emery, a rock rich in corundum, which until modern times was one of the best ab ...

. At the end of the 8th century, Euboea fell into decline with the outbreak of the

Lelantine War The Lelantine War was a military conflict between the two ancient Greek city states Chalcis and Eretria in Euboea which took place in the early Archaic period, between c. 710 and 650 BC. The reason for war was, according to tradition, the struggl ...

and the baton of colonial foundation was passed to other Greek cities. In the 7th century, many colonies were founded in Ionia, Southern Italy,

Thrace Thrace (; el, Θράκη, Thráki; bg, Тракия, Trakiya; tr, Trakya) or Thrake is a geographical and historical region in Southeast Europe, now split among Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey, which is bounded by the Balkan Mountains to ...

and on the

. Other Greek colonies were founded on the coast of

Gaul Gaul ( la, Gallia) was a region of Western Europe first described by the Romans. It was inhabited by Celtic and Aquitani tribes, encompassing present-day France, Belgium, Luxembourg, most of Switzerland, parts of Northern Italy (only during ...

, on the

Cyrenaica Cyrenaica ( ) or Kyrenaika ( ar, برقة, Barqah, grc-koi, Κυρηναϊκή ��παρχίαKurēnaïkḗ parkhíā}, after the city of Cyrene), is the eastern region of Libya. Cyrenaica includes all of the eastern part of Libya between ...

peninsula in Africa and also in Egypt. In this burst of colonial expansion cities such as

Corinth Corinth ( ; el, Κόρινθος, Kórinthos, ) is the successor to an ancient city, and is a former municipality in Corinthia, Peloponnese (region), Peloponnese, which is located in south-central Greece. Since the 2011 local government refor ...

, Miletus, Megara and

Phocaea Phocaea or Phokaia (Ancient Greek: Φώκαια, ''Phókaia''; modern-day Foça in Turkey) was an ancient Ionian Greek city on the western coast of Anatolia. Greek colonists from Phocaea founded the colony of Massalia (modern-day Marseille, in ...

took the lead.

Locations

Colonies in Macedonia and Thrace

Numerous colonies were founded in

Northern Greece Northern Greece ( el, Βόρεια Ελλάδα, Voreia Ellada) is used to refer to the northern parts of Greece, and can have various definitions. Administrative regions of Greece Administrative term The term "Northern Greece" is widely used ...

, chiefly in the region of Chalcidice but also in the region of

. Chalcidice was settled by Euboeans, chiefly from Chalcis, who lent their name to these colonies. The most important settlements of the Euboeans in Chalcidice were

Olynthos Olynthus ( grc, Ὄλυνθος ''Olynthos'', named for the ὄλυνθος ''olunthos'', "the fruit of the wild fig tree") was an ancient city of Chalcidice, built mostly on two flat-topped hills 30–40m in height, in a fertile plain at the h ...

(which colony was settled in collaboration with the Athenians),

Torone Toroni ( grc, Τορώνη, ''Toróne'', modern pronunciation ''Toróni'') is an ancient Greek city and a former municipality in the southwest edge of Sithonia peninsula in Chalkidiki, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of ...

, Mende,

Sermyle Sermylia ( grc, Σερμυλία), or Sermyle (Σερμύλη), was a town of Chalcidice, between Galepsus and Mecyberna, which gave its name to the Toronaic Gulf, which was also called Sermylicus Sinus (κόλπος Σερμυλικός - ''kol ...

Aphytis Aphytis ( grc, Ἄφυτις), also Aphyte (Ἀφύτη) and Aphytus or Aphytos (Ἄφυτος), was an ancient Greek city in Pallene, the westernmost headland of Chalcidice. Around the middle of the 8th century BC colonists from Euboea arrived. ...

and Cleonae in the peninsula of

Athos Athos may refer to: Fictional or mythical characters * Athos (character), one of the title characters in the novel ''The Three Musketeers'' (1844) by Alexandre Dumas père * Athos (mythology), one of the Gigantes in Greek mythology * Athos Fadiga ...

. Other important colonies in Chalcidice were Acanthus, a colony which was founded by colonists from

Andros Andros ( el, Άνδρος, ) is the northernmost island of the Greek Cyclades archipelago, about southeast of Euboea, and about north of Tinos. It is nearly long, and its greatest breadth is . It is for the most part mountainous, with many ...

and

Potidaea __NOTOC__ Potidaea (; grc, Ποτίδαια, ''Potidaia'', also Ποτείδαια, ''Poteidaia'') was a colony founded by the Corinthians around 600 BC in the narrowest point of the peninsula of Pallene, the westernmost of three peninsulas at ...

, a colony of

. Thasians with the help of the Athenian

Callistratus of Aphidnae Kallistratos of Aphidnae ( grc, Καλλίστρατος, Latinized: Callistratus; bef. 415–aft. 355 BCE) was an Athenian orator and general in the 4th century BCE. Family We know little of his background, though he appears to have been of the ...

founded the city of

Datus ''Datu'' is a title which denotes the rulers (variously described in historical accounts as chiefs, sovereign princes, and monarchs) of numerous indigenous peoples throughout the Philippine archipelago. The title is still used today, especial ...

. During the Peloponnesian War, the Athenians with the

Hagnon, son of Nikias Hagnon, son of Nikias ( grc-gre, ῞Αγνων ὁ Νικίου) was an Athenian general and statesman. In 437/6 BC, he led the settlers who founded the city of Amphipolis in Thrace; in the Peloponnesian War, he served as an Athenian general on se ...

founded the city of Ennea Hodoi (Ἐννέα ὁδοὶ), meaning nine roads, at the place were now is the 'Hill 133' north of

Amphipolis Amphipolis ( ell, Αμφίπολη, translit=Amfipoli; grc, Ἀμφίπολις, translit=Amphipolis) is a municipality in the Serres regional unit, Macedonia, Greece. The seat of the municipality is Rodolivos. It was an important ancient Gr ...

Serres Sérres ( el, Σέρρες ) is a city in Macedonia, Greece, capital of the Serres regional unit and second largest city in the region of Central Macedonia, after Thessaloniki. Serres is one of the administrative and economic centers of Northe ...

. Numerous other colonies were founded in the region of Thrace by the Ionians from the coast of

Asia Minor Anatolia, tr, Anadolu Yarımadası), and the Anatolian plateau, also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula in Western Asia and the westernmost protrusion of the Asian continent. It constitutes the major part of modern-day Turkey. The re ...

. Important colonies were

Maroneia Maroneia ( el, Μαρώνεια) is a village and a former municipality in Rhodope regional unit, East Macedonia and Thrace, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Maroneia-Sapes, of which it is a muni ...

, and Abdera. The Milesians also founded Abydos and Cardia on the Hellespont and

Rhaedestus Bisanthe ( grc, Βισάνθη) was a great city in ancient Thrace, on the coast of the Propontis, which had been founded by the Samians. About 400 BCE, Bisanthe belonged to the kingdom of the Thracian prince Seuthes II. At a later period its ...

Propontis The Sea of Marmara,; grc, Προποντίς, Προποντίδα, Propontís, Propontída also known as the Marmara Sea, is an inland sea located entirely within the borders of Turkey. It connects the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea via the ...

. The

Samians Samos (, also ; el, Σάμος ) is a Greek island in the eastern Aegean Sea, south of Chios, north of Patmos and the Dodecanese, and off the coast of western Turkey, from which it is separated by the -wide Mycale Strait. It is also a separate ...

colonised the island of

Samothrace Samothrace (also known as Samothraki, el, Σαμοθράκη, ) is a Greek island in the northern Aegean Sea. It is a municipality within the Evros regional unit of Thrace. The island is long and is in size and has a population of 2,859 (2011 ...

, becoming the source of its name. Finally, the Parians colonized

Thasos Thasos or Thassos ( el, Θάσος, ''Thásos'') is a Greek island in the North Aegean Sea. It is the northernmost major Greek island, and 12th largest by area. The island has an area of and a population of about 13,000. It forms a separate r ...

under the leadership of the oecist and father of the poet Archilochus, Telesicles. In 340 BCE, while

Alexander the Great Alexander III of Macedon ( grc, Ἀλέξανδρος, Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon. He succeeded his father Philip II to ...

was regent of Macedon, he founded the city of Alexandropolis Maedica after defeating a local Thracian tribe.

Colonies in the Ionian Sea, Adriatic Sea and Illyria

The region of the Ionian Sea and that of Illyria were colonized strictly by

. The Corinthians founded important overseas colonies on the sea lanes to Southern Italy and the west which succeeded in making them the foremost emporia of the western side of the Mediterranean. Important colonies of Corinth included Leucada,

Astacus ''Astacus'' (from the Greek , ', meaning "lobster" or "crayfish") is a genus of crayfish found in Europe and western Asia, comprising three extant (living) species and three extinct fossil species. Due to the crayfish plague, crayfish of thi ...

, Anactoreum,

Actium Actium or Aktion ( grc, Ἄκτιον) was a town on a promontory in ancient Acarnania at the entrance of the Ambraciot Gulf, off which Octavian gained his celebrated victory, the Battle of Actium, over Antony and Cleopatra, on September 2, 31 ...

Ambracia Ambracia (; grc-gre, Ἀμβρακία, occasionally , ''Ampracia'') was a city of ancient Greece on the site of modern Arta. It was captured by the Corinthians in 625 BC and was situated about from the Ambracian Gulf, on a bend of the navigabl ...

, and

Corcyra Corfu (, ) or Kerkyra ( el, Κέρκυρα, Kérkyra, , ; ; la, Corcyra.) is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea, of the Ionian Islands, and, including its small satellite islands, forms the margin of the northwestern frontier of Greece. The isl ...

. The Corinthians also founded important colonies in Illyria, which evolved into important cities, Apollonia and

Epidamnus The ancient Greek city of Epidamnos or Epidamnus ( grc-gre, Ἐπίδαμνος), ( sq, Epidamni) later the Roman Dyrrachium (Δυρράχιον) ( sq, Dyrrahu) (modern Durrës, Albania), was founded in 627 BC in Illyria by a group of colonists ...

. The fact that about the 6th century BC the citizens of Epidamnus constructed a Doric-style treasury at Olympia confirms that the city was among the richest of the Ancient Greek world. An ancient account describes Epidamnos as ‘a great power and very populated’ city. Nymphaeum was another Greek colony in Illyria. The

Abantes The Abantes or Abantians ( el, Ἄβαντες, ''Ábantes'') were an ancient Greek tribe. Their home was Euboea. Origins The Abantes were a Proto-Greek tribe,Chios: a conference at the Homereion in Chios, 1984, page 180 by John Boardman, C. E. V ...

Euboea Evia (, ; el, Εύβοια ; grc, Εὔβοια ) or Euboia (, ) is the second-largest Greek island in area and population, after Crete. It is separated from Boeotia in mainland Greece by the narrow Euripus Strait (only at its narrowest poin ...

founded the city of Thronion at the Illyria. In 1877, archaeologists discovered in

Lumbarda Lumbarda ( it, Lombarda) is a village and a municipality located on the eastern tip of Korčula in Croatia, seven kilometers away from the town of Korčula. A road passing through a picturesque area of pine woods and olive groves connects these t ...

on the island of

Korčula Korčula (, it, Curzola) is a Croatian island in the Adriatic Sea. It has an area of , is long and on average wide, and lies just off the Dalmatian coast. Its 15,522 inhabitants (2011) make it the second most populous Adriatic island after ...

, in modern-day

Croatia , image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg , anthem = "Lijepa naša domovino"("Our Beautiful Homeland") , image_map = , map_caption = , capit ...

, a Greek inscription which writes about the founding of an

Ancient Greek Ancient Greek includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Dark Ages (), the Archaic p ...

settlement on the island. The artifact is known as

Lumbarda Psephisma Lumbarda Psephisma ''(also referred to as Lumbardian Decree-Psefizam)'' is a stone inscription telling about the founding of an Ancient Greek settlement on the island of Korčula, in modern-day Croatia. The Psephisma is from Lumbarda, a small villa ...

Magna Graecia: colonies in Southern Italy and Sicily

The first to colonize Southern Italy were the Euboeans, who with the move to

(on the isle of

Ischia Ischia ( , , ) is a volcanic island in the Tyrrhenian Sea. It lies at the northern end of the Gulf of Naples, about from Naples. It is the largest of the Phlegrean Islands. Roughly trapezoidal in shape, it measures approximately east to west ...

), founded a series of cities in that region. The second city that they founded was

, nearly opposite Ischia. The colonists from Cumae founded

in on Sicily, and nearby on the opposite coast,

. Further, the Euboeans founded

, which became the base for the founding of the cities of Leontini, Tauromenion and Catania. In this effort they were accompanied by small numbers of Dorians and Ionians; the Athenians had notably refused to take part in the colonization. The strongest of the Sicilian colonies was Syracuse, an 8th-century B.C. colony of the Corinthians. Colonists of that same period from Achaea founded the cities of

Sybaris Sybaris ( grc, Σύβαρις; it, Sibari) was an important city of Magna Graecia. It was situated in modern Calabria, in southern Italy, between two rivers, the Crathis (Crati) and the Sybaris (Coscile). The city was founded in 720 BC ...

and Croton in the Gulf of Taranto but also in the Metapontum in the same district. In the same area, refugees from

Sparta Sparta ( Doric Greek: Σπάρτα, ''Spártā''; Attic Greek: Σπάρτη, ''Spártē'') was a prominent city-state in Laconia, in ancient Greece. In antiquity, the city-state was known as Lacedaemon (, ), while the name Sparta referre ...

founded

Taranto Taranto (, also ; ; nap, label= Tarantino, Tarde; Latin: Tarentum; Old Italian: ''Tarento''; Ancient Greek: Τάρᾱς) is a coastal city in Apulia, Southern Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Taranto, serving as an important com ...

which evolved into one of the most powerful cities in the area. Other Greek states that founded cities in Southern Italy were Megara, which founded

Megara Hyblaea Megara Hyblaea ( grc, Μέγαρα Ὑβλαία) – perhaps identical with Hybla Major – is an ancient Greek colony in Sicily, situated near Augusta on the east coast, north-northwest of Syracuse, Italy, on the deep bay formed by the Xip ...

, and Selinous;

, which founded Elea;

Rhodes Rhodes (; el, Ρόδος , translit=Ródos ) is the largest and the historical capital of the Dodecanese islands of Greece. Administratively, the island forms a separate municipality within the Rhodes regional unit, which is part of the S ...

, which founded

Gela Gela (Sicilian and ; grc, Γέλα) is a city and (municipality) in the Autonomous Region of Sicily, Italy; in terms of area and population, it is the largest municipality on the southern coast of Sicily. Gela is part of the Province of Ca ...

together with the

Cretans Crete ( el, Κρήτη, translit=, Modern: , Ancient: ) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the 88th largest island in the world and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, Sardinia, Cyprus, and ...

and

Lipari Lipari (; scn, Lìpari) is the largest of the Aeolian Islands in the Tyrrhenian Sea off the northern coast of Sicily, southern Italy; it is also the name of the island's main town and ''comune'', which is administratively part of the Metropo ...

together with

Cnidus Knidos or Cnidus (; grc-gre, Κνίδος, , , Knídos) was a Greek city in ancient Caria and part of the Dorian Hexapolis, in south-western Asia Minor, modern-day Turkey. It was situated on the Datça peninsula, which forms the southern side o ...

, even as the

Locrians The Locrians ( el, Λοκροί, ''Locri'') were an ancient Greek tribe that inhabited the region of Locris in Central Greece, around Parnassus. They spoke the Locrian dialect, a Doric-Northwest dialect, and were closely related to their neighbour ...

founded Epizephyrean Locris. According to legend, Lagaria which was between

Thurii Thurii (; grc-gre, Θούριοι, Thoúrioi), called also by some Latin writers Thurium (compare grc-gre, Θούριον in Ptolemy), for a time also Copia and Copiae, was a city of Magna Graecia, situated on the Tarentine gulf, within a sho ...

and the river Sinni River was founded by Phocians. Many cities in the region became in turn metropolis for new colonies such as the Syracusans, who founded the city of

Camarina Kamarina ( grc, Καμάρινα, Latin, Italian, & scn, Camarina) was an ancient city on the southern coast of Sicily in southern Italy. The ruins of the site and an archaeological museum are located south of the modern town of Scoglitti, a ...

in the south of Sicily; or the Zancleans, who led the founding of the colony of

Himera Himera (Greek: ), was a large and important ancient Greek city, situated on the north coast of Sicily at the mouth of the river of the same name (the modern Imera Settentrionale), between Panormus (modern Palermo) and Cephaloedium (modern Cef ...

. Likewise Naxos, which we see taking further part in the founding of many colonies while the city of

founded the colony of

Poseidonia Poseidonia ( el, Ποσειδωνία, Posidonía, named after Poseidon) is a village and a former municipality on the island of Syros, in the Cyclades, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Syros-Ermoupoli ...

to its north. The city of

which was a colony of Rhodes and Crete founded its own colony, Acragas. The areas of settlement in Southern Italy became so thoroughly

Hellenised Hellenization (other British spelling Hellenisation) or Hellenism is the adoption of Greek culture, religion, language and identity by non-Greeks. In the ancient period, colonization often led to the Hellenization of indigenous peoples; in the H ...

that Roman writers such as

Ovid Pūblius Ovidius Nāsō (; 20 March 43 BC – 17/18 AD), known in English as Ovid ( ), was a Roman poet who lived during the reign of Augustus. He was a contemporary of the older Virgil and Horace, with whom he is often ranked as one of the th ...

and Polybius referred to the region as '' Magna Graecia'' ("Great Greece"). To this day, some of the

Griko Griko, sometimes spelled Grico, is the dialect of Italiot Greek spoken by Griko people in Salento (province of Lecce) and (also called Grecanic) in Calabria. Some Greek linguists consider it to be a Modern Greek dialect and often call it ( el, ...

people in Southern Italy still speak

and Calabrian Greek, Doric Greek-influenced dialects with a substantial

Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...

adstrate In linguistics, a stratum (Latin for "layer") or strate is a language that influences or is influenced by another through contact. A substratum or substrate is a language that has lower power or prestige than another, while a superstratum or sup ...

, and worship in the

Greek Byzantine Catholic Church The Greek Byzantine Catholic Church ( el, Ελληνική Βυζαντινή Καθολική Εκκλησία, ''Ellinikí Vizantiní Katholikí Ekklisía;'') or the Greek Catholic Church is a ''sui iuris'' Eastern Catholic particular church of ...

instead of the

Latin rite Latin liturgical rites, or Western liturgical rites, are Catholic rites of public worship employed by the Latin Church, the largest particular church '' sui iuris'' of the Catholic Church, that originated in Europe where the Latin language once ...

more usual among other Italians. In

Modern Greek Modern Greek (, , or , ''Kiní Neoellinikí Glóssa''), generally referred to by speakers simply as Greek (, ), refers collectively to the dialects of the Greek language spoken in the modern era, including the official standardized form of the ...

, Southern Italy is referred to as ''Kato Italia'' (lit. "Lower Italy") and the relict Greek dialects there as ''Katoitalika''.

Colonies on the Black Sea and Propontis

The Greeks had at one point called the Black Sea shore "inhospitable". According to ancient sources, they eventually created 70 to 90 colonies. The colonization of the Black Sea was led by the Megarans and some of the Ionian cities such as Miletus,

and

Teos Teos ( grc, Τέως) or Teo was an ancient Greek city on the coast of Ionia, on a peninsula between Chytrium and Myonnesus. It was founded by Minyans from Orchomenus, Ionians and Boeotians, but the date of its foundation is unknown. Teos was ...

. The majority of colonies in the region of the Black Sea and

were founded in the 7th century B.C. In the area of Propontis, the Megarans founded the cities of

Astacus in Bithynia Astacus ( Greek ) is an ancient city in Bithynia; it was also called Olbia . Stephanus of Byzantium records an aetiological myth that it was founded by Astacus, son of Poseidon and the nymph Olbia. Strabo wrote that the city was founded by t ...

Chalcedonia Chalcedon ( or ; , sometimes transliterated as ''Chalkedon'') was an ancient maritime town of Bithynia, in Asia Minor. It was located almost directly opposite Byzantium, south of Scutari (modern Üsküdar) and it is now a district of the ci ...

and Byzantium in which they occupied a privileged position. Miletus founded

Cyzicus Cyzicus (; grc, Κύζικος ''Kúzikos''; ota, آیدینجق, ''Aydıncıḳ'') was an ancient Greek town in Mysia in Anatolia in the current Balıkesir Province of Turkey. It was located on the shoreward side of the present Kapıdağ Peni ...

and the Phocaeans

Lampsacus Lampsacus (; grc, Λάμψακος, translit=Lampsakos) was an ancient Greek city strategically located on the eastern side of the Hellespont in the northern Troad. An inhabitant of Lampsacus was called a Lampsacene. The name has been transmitte ...

.* On the western shore of the Black Sea region the Megarans founded the cities of

Selymbria Selymbria ( gr, Σηλυμβρία),Demosthenes, '' de Rhod. lib.'', p. 198, ed. Reiske. or Selybria (Σηλυβρία), or Selybrie (Σηλυβρίη), was a town of ancient Thrace on the Propontis, 22 Roman miles east from Perinthus, and 44 Rom ...

and a little later,

Nesebar Nesebar (often transcribed as Nessebar and sometimes as Nesebur, bg, Несебър, pronounced ) is an ancient city and one of the major seaside resorts on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast, located in Burgas Province. It is the administrative cen ...

. A little farther north in the region of today's

Romania Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Moldova to the east, and ...

the Milesians founded the cities of Istria and Orgame. And Miletus also founded a city on the western shore of the Black Sea, Apollonia. In the south of the Black Sea the most important colony was Sinope which according to prevailing opinion was founded by Miletus. The precise chronology of its foundation is not known at present but it appears that it was founded some time around the middle of the 7th century B.C. Sinope was founded with a series of other colonies in the Pontic region: Trebizond, Cerasus,

Cytorus Cytorus (Greek Κύτωρος, Kytoros; also Cytorum, Κύτωρον, Kytoron and Κύτωρις) was an ancient Greek city on the northern coast of Asia Minor. Mentioned by Homer, Cytorus survives in the name of Gideros, which is both * a ba ...

Cotyora Ordu () or Altınordu is a port city on the Black Sea coast of Turkey, historically also known as Cotyora or Kotyora ( pnt, Κοτύωρα), and the capital of Ordu Province with a population of 229,214 in the city center. Name Kotyora, the ori ...

, Cromne, Pteria,

Tium Tium ( el, Τῖον) was an ancient settlement, also known as Filyos ( el, Φίλειος), on the south coast of the Black Sea at the mouth of the river Billaeus in present-day Turkey. Ancient writers variously assigned it to ancient Paphlagonia ...

, et al. The most important colony founded on the southern shore of the Black Sea was likewise a Megaran foundation:

Heraclea Pontica __NOTOC__ Heraclea Pontica (; gr, Ἡράκλεια Ποντική, Hērakleia Pontikē), known in Byzantine and later times as Pontoheraclea ( gr, Ποντοηράκλεια, Pontohērakleia), was an ancient city on the coast of Bithynia in Asi ...

, which was founded in the 6th century B.C. On the north shore of the Black Sea Miletus was the first to start. The colonies of Miletus in this region of the Black Sea were

Pontic Olbia Pontic Olbia ( grc, Ὀλβία Ποντική, uk, Ольвія) or simply Olbia is an archaeological site of an ancient Greek city on the shore of the Southern Bug estuary (''Hypanis'' or Ὕπανις,) in Ukraine, near the village of Paruty ...

and

Panticapaeum Panticapaeum ( grc-gre, Παντικάπαιον , from Scythian , "fish-path") was an ancient Greek city on the eastern shore of Crimea, which the Greeks called Taurica. The city lay on the western side of the Cimmerian Bosporus, and was found ...

(modern

Kerch Kerch ( uk, Керч; russian: Керчь, ; Old East Slavic: Кърчевъ; Ancient Greek: , ''Pantikápaion''; Medieval Greek: ''Bosporos''; crh, , ; tr, Kerç) is a city of regional significance on the Kerch Peninsula in the east of t ...

.) Later in the 6th century B.C. the Milesians founded Odessa in the region of modern

Ukraine Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inv ...

. Further north from the Danube delta the Greeks colonized an islet, modern Berezan (probably then a peninsula). That location is found at the confluence of the Bug estuary (the River Hypanis to the Ancient Greeks) and the

Dnieper } The Dnieper () or Dnipro (); , ; . is one of the major transboundary rivers of Europe, rising in the Valdai Hills near Smolensk, Russia, before flowing through Belarus and Ukraine to the Black Sea. It is the longest river of Ukraine and ...

(the Barysthenes to the Ancient Greeks) The islet or peninsula itself was called by the ancients ''Barythmenis''; across from this, they found the site that would be settled later as Olbia. Next to Olbia was another Greek colony which had Istria as its mother city. On the

Crimea Crimea, crh, Къырым, Qırım, grc, Κιμμερία / Ταυρική, translit=Kimmería / Taurikḗ ( ) is a peninsula in Ukraine, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, that has been occupied by Russia since 2014. It has a pop ...

n peninsula (the Greeks then called it Tauric Chersonese or "Peninsula of the Bulls") they founded likewise the cities of Sympheropolis, and Nymphaeum and

Hermonassa Tmutarakan ( rus, Тмутарака́нь, p=tmʊtərɐˈkanʲ, ; uk, Тмуторокань, Tmutorokan) was a medieval Kievan Rus' principality and trading town that controlled the Cimmerian Bosporus, the passage from the Black Sea to the Se ...

. On the Sea of Azov (Lake Maiotis to the ancients) they founded

Tanais Tanais ( el, Τάναϊς ''Tánaïs''; russian: Танаис) was an ancient Greek city in the Don river delta, called the Maeotian marshes in classical antiquity. It was a bishopric as Tana and remains a Latin Catholic titular see as Tana ...

(in Rostov), Tyritace, Myrmeceum, Cecrine and

Phanagoria Phanagoria ( grc, Φαναγόρεια, Phanagóreia; russian: Фанагория, translit=Fanagoriya) was the largest ancient Greek city on the Taman peninsula, spread over two plateaus along the eastern shore of the Cimmerian Bosporus. The ...

—the last being a colony of the Teians. In 2018, archaeologists discovered a previously unknown ancient Greek settlement of the 4th- 3rd centuries BC near the town of Baherove in Crimea. According to the researchers, the settlement was called Manitra. On the eastern shore, which was known in ancient times as

Colchis In Greco-Roman geography, Colchis (; ) was an exonym for the Georgian polity of Egrisi ( ka, ეგრისი) located on the coast of the Black Sea, centered in present-day western Georgia. Its population, the Colchians are generally though ...

and in which today for the greater part is in

Georgia Georgia most commonly refers to: * Georgia (country), a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia * Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the Southeast United States Georgia may also refer to: Places Historical states and entities * Related to the ...

and the autonomous region of Abkhazia, the Greeks founded the cities of Phasis and Dioscouris. The latter was called ''Sebastopolis'' by the

Romans Roman or Romans most often refers to: *Rome, the capital city of Italy * Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD *Roman people, the people of ancient Rome *''Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a lette ...

and Byzantines and is known today as

Sukhumi Sukhumi (russian: Суху́м(и), ) or Sokhumi ( ka, სოხუმი, ), also known by its Abkhaz name Aqwa ( ab, Аҟәа, ''Aqwa''), is a city in a wide bay on the Black Sea's eastern coast. It is both the capital and largest city of ...

—the ruins of the ancient and Byzantine foundations are now found principally below the waterline.

Colonies in the rest of the Mediterranean

The Greek colonies expanded as far as the

Iberian Peninsula The Iberian Peninsula (), ** * Aragonese and Occitan: ''Peninsula Iberica'' ** ** * french: Péninsule Ibérique * mwl, Península Eibérica * eu, Iberiar penintsula also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in southwestern Europe, def ...

and

North Africa North Africa, or Northern Africa is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of Mauritania in ...

. In North Africa, on the peninsula of Kyrenaika, colonists from Thera founded Kyrene, which evolved into a very powerful city in the region. Other colonies in Kyrenaika later included Barca,

Euesperides Libya's second largest city, Benghazi, has a history which extends from when the city was first inhabited in the 6th century BCE to the present day. Throughout its history, the city has been continuously conquered by different ancient and colonial f ...

(modern Benghazi), Taucheira, and Apollonia. On the north side of the Mediterranean the Phokaians founded Massalia on the coast of

. Massalia became the base for a series of further foundations farther away in the region of Spain. Phokaia also founded

Alalia Speech delay, also known as alalia, refers to a delay in the development or use of the mechanisms that produce speech. Speech – as distinct from language – is the actual process of making sounds, using such organs and structures as the lungs, ...

in Corsica and

Olbia Olbia (, ; sc, Terranoa; sdn, Tarranoa) is a city and commune of 60,346 inhabitants (May 2018) in the Italian insular province of Sassari in northeastern Sardinia, Italy, in the historical region of Gallura. Called ''Olbia'' in the Roman age ...

Sardinia Sardinia ( ; it, Sardegna, label=Italian, Corsican and Tabarchino ; sc, Sardigna , sdc, Sardhigna; french: Sardaigne; sdn, Saldigna; ca, Sardenya, label=Algherese and Catalan) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after ...

. The Phokaians arrived next on the coast of the Iberian peninsula. As related by Herodotos, a local king summoned the Phokaians to found a colony in the region and rendered meaningful aid in the fortification of the city. The Phokaians founded Empuries in this region and later the even more distant Hemeroskopeion. By the middle of the 7th century the lone Greek colony in

Egypt Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Medit ...

had been founded,

Naukratis Naucratis or Naukratis (Ancient Greek: , "Naval Command"; Egyptian: , , , Coptic: ) was a city and trading-post in ancient Egypt, located on the Canopic (western-most) branch of the Nile river, south-east of the Mediterranean sea and the city ...

. The

pharaoh Pharaoh (, ; Egyptian: '' pr ꜥꜣ''; cop, , Pǝrro; Biblical Hebrew: ''Parʿō'') is the vernacular term often used by modern authors for the kings of ancient Egypt who ruled as monarchs from the First Dynasty (c. 3150 BC) until the ...

Psammitecus I gave a trade concession to Milesian merchants for one establishment on the banks of the

Nile The Nile, , Bohairic , lg, Kiira , Nobiin: Áman Dawū is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa. It flows into the Mediterranean Sea. The Nile is the longest river in Africa and has historically been considered the longest ...

, founding a trading post which evolved into a prosperous city by the time of the Persian expedition to Egypt in 525 B.C. Similar to the emporion established in the Nile Delta it is possible there was a Greek trading colony established by the Euboians along the Syrian coast on the mouth of the Orontes river at the site

Al-Mina :'' Al Mina, Tyre is a spectacular and more familiar Roman site near Tyre.'' Al-Mina (Arabic: "the port") is the modern name given by Leonard Woolley to an ancient trading post on the Mediterranean coast of northern Syria, in the estuary of the ...

in the early 8th century BC. The Greek colony of Posideion on the promontory Ras al-Bassit was colonised just to the south of the Orontes estuary later in the 7th century BC.

Maps with some of the ancient Greek colonies before the death of
Philip II of Macedon Philip II of Macedon ( grc-gre, Φίλιππος ; 382 – 21 October 336 BC) was the king ('' basileus'') of the ancient kingdom of Macedonia from 359 BC until his death in 336 BC. He was a member of the Argead dynasty, founders of the ...
(336 BC)

Modern

E1.

Naucratis Naucratis or Naukratis (Ancient Greek: , "Naval Command"; Egyptian: , , , Coptic: ) was a city and trading-post in ancient Egypt, located on the Canopic (western-most) branch of the Nile river, south-east of the Mediterranean sea and the city ...

Modern

Libya Libya (; ar, ليبيا, Lībiyā), officially the State of Libya ( ar, دولة ليبيا, Dawlat Lībiyā), is a country in the Maghreb region in North Africa. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Suda ...

L1. Barce L2. Cyrene L3. Balagrae L4. Taucheira L5. Ptolemais L6.

L7. Antipyrgus L8. Apollonia Modern

Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , i ...

S1. Portus Illicitanus S2. Akra Leuke S3. Alonis S4. Hemeroscopeum S5.

Zakynthos Zakynthos (also spelled Zakinthos; el, Ζάκυνθος, Zákynthos ; it, Zacinto ) or Zante (, , ; el, Τζάντε, Tzánte ; from the Venetian form) is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea. It is the third largest of the Ionian Islands. Z ...

S6. Salauris S7. Rhode S8. Emporion S9. Kalathousa S10. Mainake S11. Menestheus's Limin S12. Kypsela S13.

Helike Helike (; el, , pronounced , modern ) was an ancient Greek polis (city-state) that was submerged by a tsunami in the winter of 373 BC. It was located in the regional unit of Achaea, northern Peloponnesos, two kilometres (12 stadia) from the ...

Modern

France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its metropolitan area ...

F1.

Agde Agde (; ) is a commune in the Hérault department in Southern France. It is the Mediterranean port of the Canal du Midi. Location Agde is located on the Hérault river, from the Mediterranean Sea, and from Paris. The Canal du Midi conne ...

F2. Massalia F3. Tauroention F4.

F5.

Nicaea Nicaea, also known as Nicea or Nikaia (; ; grc-gre, Νίκαια, ) was an ancient Greek city in Bithynia, where located in northwestern Anatolia and is primarily known as the site of the First and Second Councils of Nicaea (the first and s ...

F6. Monoikos F7. Antipolis F8.

F9. Rhodanousia F10. Athenopolis Modern

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...

* According to ancient writers Scylletium was a Greek colony, but there are no other evidence other than that. I1.

I2.

Adria Adria is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Rovigo in the Veneto region of northern Italy, situated between the mouths of the rivers Adige and Po River, Po. The remains of the Etruria, Etruscan city of Atria or Hatria are to be found below ...

I3.

Ancona Ancona (, also , ) is a city and a seaport in the Marche region in central Italy, with a population of around 101,997 . Ancona is the capital of the province of Ancona and of the region. The city is located northeast of Rome, on the Adriatic ...

I4. Parthenope I5.

I6.

Procida Procida (; nap, Proceta ) is one of the Flegrean Islands off the coast of Naples in southern Italy. The island is between Cape Miseno and the island of Ischia. With its tiny satellite island of Vivara, it is a ''comune'' of the Metropolitan Ci ...

I7. Dicaearchia I8. Neapolis I9.

I10. Metapontum I11.

I12.

I13. Taras I14.

Siris Siris may refer to: Geography *Siris (Magna Graecia), an ancient city in southern Italy *Serres, a city in Macedonia called Siris by the Ancient Greek historian Herodotus * Siris, Sardinia, an Italian commune *Sinni (river) (Siris in Latin), Italy ...

I15.

Crotona Crotone (, ; nap, label= Crotonese, Cutrone or ) is a city and '' comune'' in Calabria, Italy. Founded as the Achaean colony of Kroton ( grc, Κρότων or ; la, Crotona) in Magna Graecia, it was known as Cotrone from the Middle Ages u ...

I16. Gallipoli I17. Elea I18. Messina I19. Kale Akte I21. Syracuse I22.

Didyme Salina () is one of the Aeolian Islands north of Sicily, southern Italy. It is the second largest island in the archipelago. Salina is divided between three ''comuni'': Santa Marina on the eastern coast, Malfa to the north, and Leni to the so ...

I23. Hycesia I24. Phoenicusa I26. Therassía I27. Lipara/Meligounis I28. Epizepherean Locris I29.

I30.

Lentini Lentini ( scn, Lintini, historically Liuntini; la, Leontīnī; grc, Λεοντῖνοι) is a town and in the Province of Syracuse, South East of Sicily (Southern Italy). History The city was founded by colonists from Naxos as Leontini in 72 ...

I31. Selinountas I32.

I33.

I34. Tauromenion I35. Acragas I36.

I37.

I38. Catania I39. Leontini I40. Ereikousa I41.

Euonymos Euonymeia ( el, Ευωνύμεια, ''Evonímia''), also known by its medieval name Trachones ( el, Τράχωνες), and by its modern colloquial Ano Kalamaki ( el, Άνω Καλαμάκι, Upper Kalamaki), is a historic settlement in Athens a ...

I42. Kamarina I43.

Medma Medma or Mesma (Greek: , Steph. B.; , Strabo, Scymn. Ch.; but on coins, and so Apollodorus of Damascus, cited by Steph. B.; Scylax has , evidently a corruption for ), was an ancient Greek city of Southern Italy ( Magna Graecia), on the west co ...

I44.

Hipponion Vibo Valentia (; Monteleone before 1861; Monteleone di Calabria from 1861 to 1928; scn, label= Calabrian, Vibbu Valenzia or ) is a city and ''comune'' (municipality) in the Calabria region of southern Italy, near the Tyrrhenian Sea. It is the ...

I45.

Heraclea Minoa Heraclea Minoa ( grc-gre, Ἡράκλεια Μινῴα, ''Hērákleia Minṓia''; it, Eraclea Minoa) was an ancient Greek city situated on the southern coast of Sicily near the mouth of the river Halycus (modern Platani), 25 km west of A ...

I46. Caulonia I47. Trotilon I48. Pyxous I49.

Mylae Milazzo ( Sicilian: ''Milazzu''; la, Mylae; ) is a town (''comune'') in the Metropolitan City of Messina, Sicily, southern Italy; it is the largest commune in the Metropolitan City after Messina and Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto. The town has a p ...

I50. Laüs I51. Terina I52.

Rhegion Reggio di Calabria ( scn, label= Southern Calabrian, Riggiu; el, label=Calabrian Greek, Ρήγι, Rìji), usually referred to as Reggio Calabria, or simply Reggio by its inhabitants, is the largest city in Calabria. It has an estimated popula ...

I53.

Tindari Tindari (; scn, Lu Tìnnaru ), ancient Tyndaris ( grc, Τυνδαρίς, Strab.) or Tyndarion (, Ptol.), is a small town, ''frazione'' (suburb or municipal component) in the ''comune'' of Patti and a Latin Catholic titular see. The monumenta ...

I54.

Macalla ''Macalla'' is a 1985 musical album by Irish folk group Clannad. It is their ninth album and became prominent with a collaboration between Clannad's singer Moya Brennan and U2 vocalist Bono on the duet "In a Lifetime". Furthermore, it feature ...

I55. Temesa I56.

Metauros Gioia Tauro () is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria (Italy), on the Tyrrhenian coast. It has an important port, situated along the route connecting Suez to Gibraltar, one of the busiest maritime corridors in t ...

I57. Krimisa I58. Chone I59. Saturo I60.

Heraclea Lucania Heraclea, also Heracleia or Herakleia ( grc, Ἡράκλεια), was an ancient city of Magna Graecia. It was situated on the Gulf of Taranto between the rivers Aciris (modern Agri) and Siris (modern Sinni). The ruins of the city are located in ...

I61.

Scylletium Scylletium or Scolacium was an ancient seaside city in Calabria, southern Italy. Its ruins can be found at the ''frazione'' of Roccelletta, in the ''comune'' of Borgia, near Catanzaro, facing the Gulf of Squillace. History Scylletium was situat ...

* I62. Agathyrnum I63.

Adranon Adranon ( grc, Ἀδρανόν) or Adranos ( grc, Ἀδρανός, links=no), present day Adrano, was an ancient polis on the southwestern slopes of Mount Etna, near Simeto River. It was known for the "simetite" variety of amber. The ancient c ...

I64.

Akrillai Akrillai ( grc, Ἄκριλλαι) and Akrilla ( grc, Ἄκριλλα), Acrillae (in Latin) was an ancient Greek colony located in the modern province of Ragusa, Sicily, Italy, where the town of Chiaramonte Gulfi stands today. The ruins of the o ...

I65.

Casmenae Casmenae or Kasmenai ( grc, Κασμέναι, Casmene in Italian) was an ancient Greek colony located on the Hyblaean Mountains, founded in 644 BC by the Syracusans at a strategic position for the control of central Sicily. It was also inte ...

I66.

Akrai Akrai ( grc, Ἄκραι; la, Acrenses) was a Greek colony founded in Sicily by the Syracusans in 663 BC. It was located near the modern Palazzolo Acreide. History Akrai was among the first colonies of Syracuse founded by Corinthian colon ...

I67. Engyon I68.

Thapsos Thapsos ( el, Θάψος) was a prehistoric village in Sicily of the middle Bronze Age. It was found by the Italian archaeologist Paolo Orsi on the small peninsula of Magnisi, near Priolo Gargallo. In its vicinity was born the Thapsos culture ...

I69. Pithekoussai I70. Castelmezzano I71.

Licata Licata (, ; grc, Φιντίας, whence la, Phintias or ''Plintis''), formerly also Alicata (), is a city and ''comune'' located on the south coast of Sicily, at the mouth of the Salso River (the ancient ''Himera''), about midway between Ag ...

I72. Avella Modern

Croatia , image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg , anthem = "Lijepa naša domovino"("Our Beautiful Homeland") , image_map = , map_caption = , capit ...

C1.

Salona Salona ( grc, Σάλωνα) was an ancient city and the capital of the Roman province of Dalmatia. Salona is located in the modern town of Solin, next to Split, in Croatia. Salona was founded in the 3rd century BC and was mostly destroyed in ...

C2. Tragyrion C3.

Aspálathos )'' , settlement_type = City , anthem = ''Marjane, Marjane'' , image_skyline = , imagesize = 267px , image_caption = Top: Nighttime view of Split from Mosor; 2nd row: Cathedra ...

C4. Epidaurus C5. Issa C6. Dimos C7.

Pharos The Lighthouse of Alexandria, sometimes called the Pharos of Alexandria (; Ancient Greek: ὁ Φάρος τῆς Ἀλεξανδρείας, contemporary Koine ), was a lighthouse built by the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Ancient Egypt, during the re ...

C8. Kórkyra Mélaina C9.

Epidaurum Epidaurus ( el, Ἐπίδαυρος, la, Epidaurum) or Epidauros was an ancient Greek colony founded sometime in the 6th century BC, renamed to Epidaurum during Roman rule in 228 BC, when it was part of the province of Illyricum, later Dalmatia.W ...

C10.

Narona Narona ( grc, Ναρῶνα) was an Ancient Greek trading post on the Illyrian coast and later Roman city and bishopric, located in the Neretva valley in present-day Croatia, which remains a Latin Catholic titular see. History It was founded a ...

C11.

Modern

Montenegro ) , image_map = Europe-Montenegro.svg , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Podgorica , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , official_languages = M ...

M1. Bouthoe Modern

Albania Albania ( ; sq, Shqipëri or ), or , also or . officially the Republic of Albania ( sq, Republika e Shqipërisë), is a country in Southeastern Europe. It is located on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea and shares ...

AL1. Nymphaeum AL2.

Epidamnos The ancient Greek city of Epidamnos or Epidamnus ( grc-gre, Ἐπίδαμνος), ( sq, Epidamni) later the Roman Dyrrachium (Δυρράχιον) ( sq, Dyrrahu) (modern Durrës, Albania), was founded in 627 BC in Illyria by a group of colonist ...

AL3. Apollonia AL4. Aulon AL5. Chimara AL6. Bouthroton AL7.

Oricum Oricum ( grc, Ὤρικον, Ὤρικος or Ὠρικός; lat, Oricum or ''Oricus''; sq, Oriku or ''Orikum'') was a harbor on the Illyrian coast that developed in a Ancient Greek polis at the south end of the Bay of Vlorë on the southern Adr ...

AL8. Thronion Modern

Serbia Serbia (, ; Serbian: , , ), officially the Republic of Serbia (Serbian: , , ), is a landlocked country in Southeastern and Central Europe, situated at the crossroads of the Pannonian Basin and the Balkans. It shares land borders with Hungar ...

* Some historians believe that it was near the modern Resen (North Macedonia) while others believe that it was near the modern

Vranje Vranje ( sr-Cyrl, Врање, ) is a city in Southern Serbia and the administrative center of the Pčinja District. The municipality of Vranje has a population of 83,524 and its urban area has 60,485 inhabitants. Vranje is the economical, poli ...

(Serbia). SE1.

Damastion Damastion ( grc, Δαμάστιον) was an ancient city in the area of central Balkans, known for its silver coins dating back to the 4th century BC. It is attested only in Strabo who says that the city had silver-mines and locates it in Illyria. T ...

* Modern

North Macedonia North Macedonia, ; sq, Maqedonia e Veriut, (Macedonia before February 2019), officially the Republic of North Macedonia,, is a country in Southeast Europe. It gained independence in 1991 as one of the successor states of Yugoslavia. It ...

* Some historians believe that it was near the modern Resen (North Macedonia) while others believe that it was near the modern

(Serbia). MA1.

* MA2. Heraclea Lyncestis Modern

Greece Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders ...

GR1.

GR2.

Stageira Stagira (), Stagirus (), or Stageira ( el, Στάγειρα or ) was an ancient Greek city located near the eastern coast of the peninsula of Chalkidice, which is now part of the Greek province of Central Macedonia. It is chiefly known for bei ...

GR3. Acanthus GR4. Mende GR5.

GR6.

GR7.

GR8.

Krinides Krinides ( el, Κρηνίδες, before 1926: Ράχτσα - ''Rachtsa'') is a town in the Kavala regional unit in eastern Macedonia, Greece. It was the seat of the former municipality of Filippoi. The ruins of the ancient city Philippi are clo ...

GR9.

GR10. Abdera GR11.

Therma Therma or Thermē ( grc, Θέρμα, ) was a Greek city founded by Eretrians or Corinthians in late 7th century BC in ancient Mygdonia (which was later incorporated into Macedon), situated at the northeastern extremity of a great gulf of the Aege ...

GR12. Arethusa GR13.

Leucas ''Leucas'' is a genus of plants in the family Lamiaceae, first described by Robert Brown in 1810. It contains over 200 species, widespread over much of Africa, and southern and eastern Asia (Iran, India, China, Japan, Indonesia, etc.) with a ...

GR14.

Eion Eion ( grc-gre, Ἠϊών, ''Ēiṓn''), ancient Chrysopolis, was an ancient Greek Eretrian colony in Thracian Macedonia specifically in the region of Edonis. It sat at the mouth of the Strymon River which flows into the Aegean from the interio ...

GR15. Sane GR16.

GR17.

Argilus Argilus or Argilos ( grc, Ἄργιλος) was a city of ancient Macedonia in the district Bisaltia, between Amphipolis and Bromiscus. It was founded by a colony from Andros. It appears from Herodotus to have been a little to the right of the ...

GR18. Sane GR19. Akanthos GR20.

GR21. Galepsus GR22.

Oesyme Oesyme or Oisyme ( grc-x-attic, Οἰσύμη, grc-x-doric, Οἰσύμα) and Aisyme or Aesyme ( grc, Αἰσύμη) was an ancient Greek ''polis'' (city-state) located in ancient Thrace and later in Macedonia. It was within the region of Pier ...

GR23. Phagres GR24.

GR25.

Stryme Stryme ( grc, Στρύμη) was an ancient Greek city on the south coast of ancient Thrace, a little to the west of Mesembria, between which and Stryme flowed the small river Lissus, which the army of Xerxes I is said to have drunk dry. It was foun ...

GR26. Pistyrus GR27. Rhaecelus GR28. Dicaea GR29. Methoni GR30.

Heraclea in Trachis Heraclea (Herakleia) in Trachis ( grc, Ἡράκλεια ἡ ἐν Τραχῖνι), also called Heraclea Trachinia (), was a colony founded by the Spartans in 426 BC, the sixth year of the Peloponnesian War. It was also a polis (city-state). Situ ...

GR31. Heraclea in Acarnania GR32. Anactorium GR33. Sale GR34. Drys GR35.

Toroni Toroni ( grc, Τορώνη, ''Toróne'', modern pronunciation ''Toróni'') is an ancient Greek city and a former municipality in the southwest edge of Sithonia peninsula in Chalkidiki, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of ...

GR36.

Amorgos Amorgos ( el, Αμοργός, ; ) is the easternmost island of the Cyclades island group and the nearest island to the neighboring Dodecanese island group in Greece. Along with 16 neighboring islets, the largest of which (by land area) is Nik ...

GR37.

GR38. Scabala GR39. Philippi Modern

Bulgaria Bulgaria (; bg, България, Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria,, ) is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Macedo ...

Pseudo-Scymnus Pseudo-Scymnus is the name given by Augustus Meineke to the unknown author of a work on geography written in Classical Greek, the ''Periodos to Nicomedes''. It is an account of the world ('' periegesis'') in 'comic' iambic trimeters which is dedi ...

writes that some say that the city of Bizone belongs to the barbarians, while others to be a Greek colony of

Mesembria Mesembria ( grc, Μεσημβρία; grc-x-doric, Μεσαμβρία, Mesambria) was an important Greek city in ancient Thrace. It was situated on the coast of the Euxine and at the foot of Mount Haemus; consequently upon the confines of Moe ...

. BUL1.

BUL2. Odessos BUL3. Apollonia /

Antheia Antheia ( grc, Ἀνθεία) was one of the Charites, or Graces, of Greek mythology and was the goddess of swamps and flowery wreaths. She is the daughter of Zeus and Eurynome. She was depicted in Athenian vase painting as one of the attendant ...

BUL4.

Callatis Mangalia (, tr, Mankalya), ancient Callatis ( el, Κάλλατις/Καλλατίς; other historical names: Pangalia, Panglicara, Tomisovara), is a city and a port on the coast of the Black Sea in the south-east of Constanța County, Northern ...

BUL5. Agathopolis BUL6.

Kavarna Kavarna ( bg, Каварна ; ro, Cavarna), is a Black Sea coastal town and seaside resort in the Dobruja region of northeastern Bulgaria. It lies northeast of Varna, from Dobrich on the international road E87 and south of the border with R ...

BUL7.

Pomorie Pomorie ( bg, Поморие ), historically known as Anchialos (Greek: Αγχίαλος), is a town and seaside resort in southeastern Bulgaria, located on a narrow rocky peninsula in Burgas Bay on the southern Bulgarian Black Sea Coast. It is ...

BUL8. Naulochos BUL9. Krounoi BUL10.

Pistiros Pistiros (Ancient Greek, ''Πίστιρος'') was an inland Ancient Greek emporion, or trade center, in Ancient Thrace. It is located near the modern city of Vetren, in the westernmost part of the Maritsa River valley. The identification of the ...

BUL11. Anchialos BUL12. Bizone * BUL13.

Develtos Develtos ( el, Δεβελτός, Δηβελτός, Δεουελτòς, Δεούελτος, Διβηλτóς) or Deultum was an ancient city and bishopric in Thrace. It was located at the mouth of the River Sredetska on the west coast of Lake Mand ...

BUL14.

Heraclea Sintica Heraclea Sintica, Heracleia Sintica, Хераклея Синтика in Bulgarian or Herakleia Sintike ( grc, Ἡράκλεια Σιντική), or Heraclea ex Sintiis, also known as Heraclea Strymonus or Herakleia Strymonos (Ἡράκλεια Στ ...

BUL15. Beroe Modern

RO1. Tomis RO2. Histria/Istros RO3. Aegyssus RO4. Stratonis RO5. Axiopolis RO6. Kallatis Modern

Cyprus Cyprus ; tr, Kıbrıs (), officially the Republic of Cyprus,, , lit: Republic of Cyprus is an island country located south of the Anatolian Peninsula in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Its continental position is disputed; while it is ge ...

CY1.

Chytri Chytri (or Khytri, el, Χύτροι) was one of the ten city-kingdoms of Cyprus in antiquity. It was located in the centre of the island, in the territory of Chytraea, west of Mesaoria. Today the modern town of Kythrea (Kyrka) has preserved the ...

CY2.

Kyrenia Kyrenia ( el, Κερύνεια ; tr, Girne ) is a city on the northern coast of Cyprus, noted for its historic harbour and castle. It is under the ''de facto'' control of Northern Cyprus. While there is evidence showing that the wider region ...

Modern

U1.

Borysthenes Borysthenes (; grc, Βορυσθένης) is a geographical name from classical antiquity. The term usually refers to the Dnieper River and its eponymous river god, but also seems to have been an alternative name for Pontic Olbia, a town situate ...

U2.

Tyras Tyras ( grc, Τύρας) was an ancient Greek city on the northern coast of the Black Sea. It was founded by colonists from Miletus, probably about 600 BC. The city was situated some 10 km from the mouth of the Tyras River, which is no ...

U3.

U4.

Nikonion Nikonion ( grc, Νικώνιον; la, Niconium) and Nikonia ( grc, Νικωνία) was an ancient Greek city on the east bank of the Dniester estuary. Its ruins are located 300 meters to the northwest of the modern village Roksolany, in the ...

U5. Odessa Modern

* Russia annexed Crimea in 2014 and unofficially it is no longer part of Ukraine. CR1.

CR2. Nymphaion CR3. Tyritake CR4. Theodosia CR5.

Chersonesus Chersonesus ( grc, Χερσόνησος, Khersónēsos; la, Chersonesus; modern Russian and Ukrainian: Херсоне́с, ''Khersones''; also rendered as ''Chersonese'', ''Chersonesos'', contracted in medieval Greek to Cherson Χερσών; ...

CR6. Charax CR7. Myrmekion CR8. Kerkinitis CR9.

Kimmerikon Kimmerikón (Greek , la, Cimmericum) was an ancient Greek city in Crimea, on the southern shore of the Kerch Peninsula, at the western slope of Mount Opuk, roughly 40 kilometres southwest of modern Kerch. It was situated with its acropolis on the ...

CR10. Kalos Limen CR11. Yalita CR12. Akra Modern

Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eig ...

RU1.

RU2.

Kepoi Kepoi or Cepoi (Ancient Greek: Κῆποι, Russian: Кепы) was an ancient Greek colony situated on the Taman peninsula, three kilometres to the east of Phanagoria, in the present-day Krasnodar Krai of Russia. The colony was established by the ...

RU3.

RU4. Bata RU5.

Gorgippia Anapa (russian: Ана́па, ) is a town in Krasnodar Krai, Russia, located on the northern coast of the Black Sea near the Sea of Azov. Population: History The area around Anapa was settled in antiquity. It was originally a major seaport (Sin ...

RU6.

RU7. Korokondame RU8.

Taganrog Taganrog ( rus, Таганрог, p=təɡɐnˈrok) is a port city in Rostov Oblast, Russia, on the north shore of the Taganrog Bay in the Sea of Azov, several kilometers west of the mouth of the Don River. Population: History of Taganrog Th ...

RU9. Tyramba RU10. Patraeus RU11. Toricos Modern

/ Abkhazia * Abkhazia is recognised only by Russia and a small number of other countries. G1. Bathys G2. Triglite G3.

Pityus Pitsunda ( ab, Пиҵунда, russian: Пицунда) or Bichvinta ( ka, ბიჭვინთა ) is a resort town in the Gagra District of Abkhazia/Georgia. Founded by Greek colonists in the 5th century BC, Pitsunda became an important politi ...

G4. Dioscurias G5. Phasis G6. Gyenos Modern

Turkey Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with a small portion on the Balkan Peninsula in ...

TR1.

TR2.

TR3.

Cius Cius (; grc-gre, Kίος or Κῖος ''Kios''), later renamed Prusias on the Sea (; la, Prusias ad Mare) after king Prusias I of Bithynia, was an ancient Greek city bordering the Propontis (now known as the Sea of Marmara), in Bithynia and i ...

TR4. Ephesus TR5. Dios Hieron TR6.

Iasos Iasos or Iassos (; el, Ἰασός ''Iasós'' or ''Iassós''), also in Latinized form Iasus or Iassus (), was a Greek city in ancient Caria located on the Gulf of Iasos (now called the Gulf of Güllük), opposite the modern town of Güllük, T ...

TR7.

Myndus Myndus () or Myndos ( el, ) was an ancient Dorian colony of Troezen, on the coast of Caria in Asia Minor, (Turkey), sited on the Bodrum Peninsula, a few miles northwest of Halicarnassus. The site is now occupied by the modern village of Gümü� ...

TR8.

Selge Selge ( el, Σέλγη) was an important city in ancient Pisidia and later in Pamphylia, on the southern slope of Mount Taurus, modern Antalya Province, Turkey, at the part where the river Eurymedon River ( tr, Köprüçay) forces its way through ...

TR9.

Priene Priene ( grc, Πριήνη, Priēnē; tr, Prien) was an ancient Greek city of Ionia (and member of the Ionian League) located at the base of an escarpment of Mycale, about north of what was then the course of the Maeander River (now called th ...

TR10.

Halicarnassus Halicarnassus (; grc, Ἁλικαρνᾱσσός ''Halikarnāssós'' or ''Alikarnāssós''; tr, Halikarnas; Carian: 𐊠𐊣𐊫𐊰 𐊴𐊠𐊥𐊵𐊫𐊰 ''alos k̂arnos'') was an ancient Greek city in Caria, in Anatolia. It was located i ...

TR11. Miletus TR12. Tralles TR13.

Phaselis Phaselis ( grc, Φασηλίς) or Faselis ( tr, Faselis) was a Greek and Roman city on the coast of ancient Lycia. Its ruins are located north of the modern town Tekirova in the Kemer district of Antalya Province in Turkey. It lies between ...

TR14.

Aspendos Aspendos or Aspendus ( Pamphylian: ΕΣΤϜΕΔΥΣ; Attic: Ἄσπενδος) was an ancient Greco-Roman city in Antalya province of Turkey. The site is located 40 km east of the modern city of Antalya. It was situated on the Eurymedon ...

TR15.

Side Side or Sides may refer to: Geometry * Edge (geometry) of a polygon (two-dimensional shape) * Face (geometry) of a polyhedron (three-dimensional shape) Places * Side (Ainis), a town of Ainis, ancient Thessaly, Greece * Side (Caria), a town of an ...

TR16.

Sillyon Sillyon ( el, Σίλλυον), also Sylleion (Σύλλειον), in Byzantine times Syllaeum or Syllaion (), was an important fortress and city near Attaleia in Pamphylia, on the southern coast of modern Turkey. The native Greco-Pamphylian form ...

TR17. Zephyrion TR18. Kelenderis TR19. Mallus TR20.

Amos Amos or AMOS may refer to: Arts and entertainment * Amos Records, an independent record label established in Los Angeles, California, in 1968 * Amos (band), an American Christian rock band * ''Amos'' (album), an album by Michael Ray * ''Amos' ...

TR21. Byzantium TR22. Amaseia TR23. Amastris TR24. Ainos TR25. Berge TR26. Perinthos TR27. Cardia TR28.

Chalcedon Chalcedon ( or ; , sometimes transliterated as ''Chalkedon'') was an ancient maritime town of Bithynia, in Asia Minor. It was located almost directly opposite Byzantium, south of Scutari (modern Üsküdar) and it is now a district of the cit ...

TR29.

Nicomedia Nicomedia (; el, Νικομήδεια, ''Nikomedeia''; modern İzmit) was an ancient Greek city located in what is now Turkey. In 286, Nicomedia became the eastern and most senior capital city of the Roman Empire (chosen by the emperor Diocleti ...

TR30. Abydos TR31. Sestos TR32.

TR33.

Panormos Panormos ( el, Πάνορμος, link=no) or Panormus, meaning "sheltered harbor", may refer to: Places Ancient places *Panormus (Achaea), a town of ancient Achaea, Greece *Panormus (Attica), a town of ancient Attica, Greece *Panormus (Caria), a t ...

TR34.

TR35. Ilion TR36. Sigeion TR37. Sinope TR38.

Tirebolu Tirebolu (from the Greek word《Τρίπολις》meaning "three cities", named as such by its ancient Greek founders), is a town and district of Giresun Province, Turkey. Geography Tirebolu is a small town of 14,303 people located on a hill nam ...

TR39. Amisos TR40. Tripolis TR41.

TR42. Polemonion TR43. Pharnakia TR44.

Kerasous Giresun (), formerly Cerasus ( Ancient Greek: Κερασοῦς, Greek: Κερασούντα), is the provincial capital of Giresun Province in the Black Sea Region of northeastern Turkey, about west of the city of Trabzon. Etymology Giresun w ...

TR45.

Trapezous Trabzon (; Ancient Greek: Tραπεζοῦς (''Trapezous''), Ophitic Pontic Greek: Τραπεζούντα (''Trapezounta''); Georgian: ტრაპიზონი (''Trapizoni'')), historically known as Trebizond in English, is a city on the ...

TR46. Themiscyra TR47.

TR48.

Assos Assos (; grc-gre, Ἄσσος, la, Assus) is a beautiful small and historically important town on the Aegean coast in the Ayvacık district of Çanakkale province, Turkey. It is on the southern side of Biga Peninsula (better known by its anc ...

TR49. Pitane TR50.

TR51.

Smyrna Smyrna ( ; grc, Σμύρνη, Smýrnē, or , ) was a Greek city located at a strategic point on the Aegean coast of Anatolia. Due to its advantageous port conditions, its ease of defence, and its good inland connections, Smyrna rose to promi ...

TR52.

Pergamon Pergamon or Pergamum ( or ; grc-gre, Πέργαμον), also referred to by its modern Greek form Pergamos (), was a rich and powerful ancient Greek city in Mysia. It is located from the modern coastline of the Aegean Sea on a promontory on th ...

TR53.

TR55. Colophon TR56. Patara TR57.

Canae Canae ( grc, Κάναι; tr, Kane) was, in classical antiquity, a city in ancient Aeolis, on the island of Argennusa in the Aegean Sea off the modern Dikili Peninsula on the coast of modern-day Turkey, near the modern village of Bademli. T ...

TR58. Bargylia TR59. Madytus TR60.

Elaeus Elaeus ( grc, Ἐλαιοῦς ''Elaious'', later ''Elaeus''), the “Olive City”, was an ancient Greek city located in Thrace, on the Thracian Chersonese. Elaeus was located at the southern end of the Hellespont (now the Dardanelles) near th ...

TR61.

Tieion Tium ( el, Τῖον) was an ancient settlement, also known as Filyos ( el, Φίλειος), on the south coast of the Black Sea at the mouth of the river Billaeus in present-day Turkey. Ancient writers variously assigned it to ancient Paphlagonia ...

TR62. Apamea Myrlea TR63.

Klazomenai Klazomenai ( grc, Κλαζομεναί) or Clazomenae was an ancient Greek city on the coast of Ionia and a member of the Ionian League. It was one of the first cities to issue silver coinage. Its ruins are now located in the modern town Urla n ...

TR64.

Notion Notion or Notions may refer to: Software * Notion (music software), a music composition and performance program * Notion (productivity software), a note-taking and project-management program from Notion Labs Inc. * Notion (window manager), the s ...

TR65.

Parion Parium (or Parion; el, Πάριον) was a Greek city of Adrasteia in Mysia on the Hellespont. Its bishopric was a suffragan of Cyzicus, the metropolitan see of the Roman province of Hellespontus. History Founded in 709 B.C., the ancient city ...

TR66. Heraion Teichos TR67. Bisanthe TR68.

Erythrae Erythrae or Erythrai ( el, Ἐρυθραί) later Litri, was one of the twelve Ionian cities of Asia Minor, situated 22 km north-east of the port of Cyssus (modern name: Çeşme), on a small peninsula stretching into the Bay of Erythrae ...

TR69. Priapus TR70.

Alopeconnesus Alopeconnesus or Alopekonnesos ( grc, Ἀλωπεκόννησος, "fox island") was an ancient Greek city located on the western coast of ancient Thrace, located in the region of the Thracian Chersonesus. It was an Aeolian colony, and was belie ...

TR71. Limnae TR73.

Crithote ''Crithote'' is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae The Noctuidae, commonly known as owlet moths, cutworms or armyworms, are a family of moths. They are considered the most controversial family in the superfamily Noctuoidea because many ...

TR74.

Pactya Pactya or Paktye ( grc, Πακτύη) was an ancient Greek city located in ancient Thrace, on the Thracian Chersonesus. It is cited in the ''Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax'', in its recitation of the towns of the Thracian Chersonesus, along with Aegosp ...

TR75.

Perinthus Perinthus or Perinthos ( grc, ἡ Πέρινθος) was a great and flourishing town of ancient Thrace, situated on the Propontis. According to John Tzetzes, it bore at an early period the name of Mygdonia (Μυγδονία). It lay 22 miles wes ...

TR76.

TR77. Teichiussa TR78. Triopium TR79.

Placia Placia or Plakia or Placie or Plakie ( grc, Πλακίη), also known as Placa or Plaka or Place or Plake (Πλάκη), was a town of ancient Mysia, on the coast of the Propontis, at the foot of the Mysian Olympus east of Cyzicus. It was a Pelasgia ...

TR80. Scylace TR81. Arisba TR82. Apollonia TR83.

Apollonia ad Rhyndacum Apollonia or Apollonia-on-the-Rhyndacus ( grc, Ἀπολλωνία ἐπὶ Ῥυνδακῷ, ''Apollōnía épì Ryndakō''; la, Apollonia ad Rhyndacum) was an ancient town opposite the delta of the Rhyndacus river in northwestern Anatolia and ...

TR84. Myrina TR85. Pythopolis TR86.

TR87. Armene TR88.

Kolonai Kolonai ( grc, αἱ Κολωναί, hai Kolōnai; la, Colonae) was an ancient Greek city in the south-west of the Troad region of Anatolia. It has been located on a hill by the coast known as Beşiktepe ('cradle hill'), about equidistant betw ...

TR89.

Paesus Paesus or Paisos ( Hittite: Apaššawa, Ancient Greek: Παισός), in the Trojan Battle Order in Homer's ''Iliad'' called Apaesus or Apaisos (Ἀπαισός), was a town and ''polis'' (city-state) on the coast of the ancient Troad, at the ent ...

TR90.

Scepsis Scepsis or Skepsis ( grc, Σκῆψις or Σκέψις) was an ancient settlement in the Troad, Asia Minor that is at the present site of the village of Kurşunlutepe, near the town of Bayramiç in Turkey. The settlement is notable for being t ...

TR91.

Myus Myus ( grc, Μυοῦς), sometimes Myous or Myos, was an ancient Greek city in Caria. It was one of twelve major settlements of the Ionian League. The city was said to have been founded by Cyaretus ( grc, Κυάρητος) (sometimes called Cyd ...

TR92. Mallus TR93.

Mopsus Mopsus (; Ancient Greek: Μόψος, ''Mopsos'') was the name of one of two famous seers in Greek mythology; his rival being Calchas. A historical or legendary ''Mopsos'' or ''Mukšuš'' may have been the founder of a house in power at widespread ...

TR94.

Caryanda Caryanda or Karyanda ( grc, Καρυάνδα) was a city on the coast of ancient Caria in southwestern Anatolia. Stephanus of Byzantium describes it as a city and harbour (λίμην) near Myndus and Cos. But λιμήν, in the text of Stephanu ...

TR95. Athenae TR96. Syrna TR97. Cyme TR98. Marathesium TR99. Chrysopolis TR100. Neonteikhos TR101. Artace TR102. Semystra TR103. Cobrys TR104. Cypasis TR105. Kydonies TR106. Coryphas TR107.

Heraclea (Aeolis) Heraclea or Herakleia ( grc, Ἡράκλεια), also transliterated as Heracleia, was a town of ancient Aeolis. It was opposite to Hecatonnesi. This town and the neighbouring Coryphantis are called villages of the Mytilenaeans. The town may als ...

TR108.

Gargara Gargara ( grc, Γάργαρα) was an ancient Greek city on the southern coast of the Troad region of Anatolia. It was initially located beneath Mount Gargaron, one of the three peaks of Mount Ida, today known as Koca Kaya (). At some point in t ...

TR109. Lamponeia TR110. Elaea TR111. Mariandyn TR112.

Claros Claros (; el, Κλάρος, ''Klaros''; la, Clarus) was an ancient Greek sanctuary on the coast of Ionia. It contained a temple and oracle of Apollo, honored here as Apollo Clarius. It was located in the territory of Colophon, which lay twelv ...

TR113.

Knidos Knidos or Cnidus (; grc-gre, Κνίδος, , , Knídos) was a Greek city in ancient Caria and part of the Dorian Hexapolis, in south-western Asia Minor, modern-day Turkey. It was situated on the Datça peninsula, which forms the southern side ...

TR114.

Prusias ad Hypium Prusias ad Hypium ( grc, Προῦσα πρὸς τῷ Ὑππίῳ ποταμῷ) was a city in ancient Bithynia, and afterwards in the late Roman province of Honorias. In the 4th century it became a bishopric that was a suffragan of Claudiopol ...

TR115. Dardanus TR116.

Pygela Pygela ( grc, Πύγελα) or Phygela (Φύγελα) was a small town of ancient Ionia, on the coast of the Caystrian Bay, a little to the south of Ephesus. According to Greek mythology, it was said to have been founded by Agamemnon, and to ha ...

TR117. Temnos TR118.

Gryneium Gryneium or Gryneion ( grc, Γρύνειον), also Grynium or Grynion (Γρύνιον), Grynia or Gryneia (Γρύνεια) and Grynoi (Γρῦνοι), was a city of ancient Aeolis. It was located 40 stadia from Myrina and 70 from Elaea. In ea ...

TR119. Aigai {{Location map+ , Mediterranean , width=800 , alt=Some of the Greek colonies map , float=center , relief=yes , places= {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=30.54 , lon_deg=30.35 , label= E1, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=31.89 , lon_deg=22.37 , label= L1, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=32.49 , lon_deg=21.51 , label= L2, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=32.45 , lon_deg=21.44 , label= L3, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=32.31 , lon_deg=20.34 , label= L4, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=32.42 , lon_deg=20.57 , label= L5, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=31.39 , lon_deg=21.46 , label= L6, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=32.04 , lon_deg=23.57 , label= L7, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=32.54 , lon_deg=21.58 , label= L8, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.11 , lon_deg=0.33 , label= S1, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.20 , lon_deg=0.28 , label= S2, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.30 , lon_deg=0.13 , label= S3, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.50 , lon_deg=0.20 , label= S4, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.40 , lon_deg=0.00 , label= S5, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.077 , lon_deg=1.144 , label= S6, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.15 , lon_deg=3.10 , label= S7, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42 , lon_deg=3.07 , label= S8, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.16 , lon_deg=-7.01 , label= S9, position=outside=1 {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.47 , lon_deg=-4.6 , label= S10, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.36 , lon_deg=-6.13 , label= S11, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.08 , lon_deg=3.07 , label= S12, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.16 , lon_deg=-0.41 , label= S13, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.18 , lon_deg=3.28 , label= F1, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.17 , lon_deg=5.22 , label= F2, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.04 , lon_deg=5.48 , label= F3, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.07 , lon_deg=6.07 , label= F4, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.42 , lon_deg=7.16 , label= F5, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.44 , lon_deg=7.25 , label= F6, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.44 , lon_deg=7.07 , label= F7, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.06 , lon_deg=9.30 , label= F8, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.40 , lon_deg=4.37 , label= F9, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.16 , lon_deg=6.38 , label= F10, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.55 , lon_deg=9.30 , label= I1, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.03 , lon_deg=12.03 , label= I2, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.37 , lon_deg=13.31 , label= I3, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.82 , lon_deg=14.24 , label= I4, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.50 , lon_deg=14.3 , label= I5, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.45 , lon_deg=14.01 , label= I6, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.50 , lon_deg=14.05 , label= I7, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.50 , lon_deg=14.15 , label= I8, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.25 , lon_deg=15.0 , label= I9, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.23 , lon_deg=16.49 , label= I10, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.43 , lon_deg=16.29 , label= I11, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.43 , lon_deg=16.29 , label= I12, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.28 , lon_deg=17.14 , label= I13, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.15 , lon_deg=16.69 , label= I14, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.05 , lon_deg=17.07 , label= I15, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.03 , lon_deg=17.59 , label= I16, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.09 , lon_deg=15.09 , label= I17, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.11 , lon_deg=15.33 , label= I18, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.01 , lon_deg=14.26 , label= I19, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.05 , lon_deg=15.17 , label= I21, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.33 , lon_deg=14.50 , label= I22, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.39 , lon_deg=15.06 , label= I23, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.34 , lon_deg=14.34 , label= I24, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.24 , lon_deg=14.57 , label= I26, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.28 , lon_deg=14.57 , label= I27, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.14 , lon_deg=16.16 , label= I28, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.06 , lon_deg=15.39 , label= I29, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.17 , lon_deg=15.0 , label= I30, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.39 , lon_deg=12.49 , label= I31, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.12 , lon_deg=15.10 , label= I32, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.49 , lon_deg=15.16 , label= I33, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.51 , lon_deg=15.17 , label= I34, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.13 , lon_deg=13.35 , label= I35, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.58 , lon_deg=13.49 , label= I36, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.04 , lon_deg=14.15 , label= I37, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.30 , lon_deg=15.05 , label= I38, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.17 , lon_deg=15.0 , label= I39, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.32 , lon_deg=14.21 , label= I40, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.38 , lon_deg=15.04 , label= I41, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.52 , lon_deg=14.26 , label= I42, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.29 , lon_deg=15.59 , label= I43, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.40 , lon_deg=16.05 , label= I44, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.23 , lon_deg=13.16 , label= I45, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.26 , lon_deg=16.34 , label= I46, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.17 , lon_deg=15.11 , label= I47, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.04 , lon_deg=15.31 , label= I48, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.13 , lon_deg=15.14 , label= I49, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.46 , lon_deg=15.49 , label= I50, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.56 , lon_deg=16.14 , label= I51, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.06 , lon_deg=15.39 , label= I52, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.08 , lon_deg=15.02 , label= I53, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.26 , lon_deg=15.54 , label= I56, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.39 , lon_deg=17.14 , label= I57, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.15 , lon_deg=16.57 , label= I58, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.22 , lon_deg=17.18 , label= I59, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.13 , lon_deg=16.40 , label= I60, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.48 , lon_deg=16.35 , label= I61, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.09 , lon_deg=14.44 , label= I62, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.40 , lon_deg=14.50 , label= I63, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.02 , lon_deg=14.41 , label= I64, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.04 , lon_deg=14.49 , label= I65, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.03 , lon_deg=14.53 , label= I66, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.47 , lon_deg=14.36 , label= I67, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.09 , lon_deg=15.13 , label= I68, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.43 , lon_deg=13.53 , label= I69, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.31 , lon_deg=16.20 , label= I70, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.06 , lon_deg=13.56 , label= I71, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.57 , lon_deg=14.36 , label= I72, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.53 , lon_deg=16.47 , label= C1, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.31 , lon_deg=16.15 , label= C2, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.30 , lon_deg=16.27 , label= C3, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.29 , lon_deg=16.31 , label= C4, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.02 , lon_deg=16.09 , label= C5, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.11 , lon_deg=16.35 , label= C6, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.11 , lon_deg=16.35 , label= C7, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.57 , lon_deg=17.07 , label= C8, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.34 , lon_deg=18.13 , label= C9, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.02 , lon_deg=17.35 , label= C10, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.92 , lon_deg=17.17 , label=

C11 C11, C.XI, C-11 or C.11 may refer to: Transport * C-11 Fleetster, a 1920s American light transport aircraft for use of the United States Assistant Secretary of War * Fokker C.XI, a 1935 Dutch reconnaissance seaplane * LET C-11, a license-build var ...

, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.17 , lon_deg=18.50 , label= M1, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.48 , lon_deg=19.35 , label= AL1, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.31 , lon_deg=19.45 , label= AL2, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.43 , lon_deg=19.28 , label= AL3, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.27 , lon_deg=19.29 , label= AL4, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.7 , lon_deg=19.44 , label= AL5, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.44 , lon_deg=20.01 , label= AL6, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.27 , lon_deg=19.29 , label= AL7, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.34 , lon_deg=19.34 , label= AL8, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.33 , lon_deg=21.54 , label=

SE1 The SE (South Eastern) postcode area covers a broad radial swathe of the south-east of the London post town from the Albert Embankment to West Heath, London, West Heath and the nearest edges of Sidcup and Selhurst. It loosely corresponds to the ...

, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.26 , lon_deg=21.51 , label= MA1, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.00 , lon_deg=21.20 , label= MA2, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.19 , lon_deg=23.33 , label= GR1, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.35 , lon_deg=23.47 , label= GR2, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.23 , lon_deg=23.52 , label= GR3, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.96 , lon_deg=23.42 , label= GR4, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.90 , lon_deg=20.59 , label= GR5, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.35 , lon_deg=19.52 , label= GR6, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.54 , lon_deg=23.31 , label= GR7, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.1 , lon_deg=24.18 , label= GR8, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.29 , lon_deg=23.35 , label= GR9, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.56 , lon_deg=24.58 , label=

GR10 GR 10 is a French GR footpath, or hiking trail, that runs the length of the Pyrenees Mountains. It roughly parallels the French–Spanish border on the French side. Those attempting the entire trail often choose to walk it from west to east, from ...

, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.34 , lon_deg=22.56 , label= GR11, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.39 , lon_deg=23.37 , label= GR12, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.43 , lon_deg=20.39 , label= GR13, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.47 , lon_deg=23.53 , label= GR14, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.21 , lon_deg=23.56 , label= GR15, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.49 , lon_deg=23.50 , label= GR16, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.46 , lon_deg=23.48 , label= GR17, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.21 , lon_deg=23.56 , label= GR18, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.23 , lon_deg=23.53 , label= GR19, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.33 , lon_deg=21.05 , label=

GR20 The GR 20 (or ''fra li monti'') is a GR footpath that crosses the Mediterranean island of Corsica running approximately north–south, described by the outdoor writer Paddy Dillon as "one of the top trails in the world". The whole trail is abou ...

, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.45 , lon_deg=23.59 , label= GR21, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.49 , lon_deg=24.19 , label= GR22, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.46 , lon_deg=23.57 , label= GR23, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.49 , lon_deg=24.10 , label= GR24, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.56 , lon_deg=25.16 , label= GR25, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.58 , lon_deg=24.35 , label= GR26, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.28 , lon_deg=22.51 , label= GR27, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.27 , lon_deg=22.56 , label= GR28, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.26 , lon_deg=22.35 , label= GR29, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.47 , lon_deg=22.26 , label= GR30, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.54 , lon_deg=20.56 , label= GR31, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.55 , lon_deg=20.50 , label= GR32, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.50 , lon_deg=25.52 , label= GR33, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.51 , lon_deg=25.40 , label= GR34, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.59 , lon_deg=23.54 , label= GR35, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.50 , lon_deg=25.54 , label= GR36, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.95 , lon_deg=20.76 , label= GR37, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.19 , lon_deg=23.35 , label= GR38, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.00 , lon_deg=24.17 , label= GR39, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.10 , lon_deg=28.38 , label= RO1, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.32 , lon_deg=28.46 , label= RO2, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.11 , lon_deg=28.48 , label= RO3, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.00 , lon_deg=28.38 , label= RO4, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.20 , lon_deg=28.02 , label= RO5, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.49 , lon_deg=28.34 , label= RO6, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=35.25 , lon_deg=33.49 , label= CY1, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=35.20 , lon_deg=33.19 , label= CY2, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.39 , lon_deg=27.44 , label= BUL1, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.13 , lon_deg=27.55 , label= BUL2, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.25 , lon_deg=27.42 , label= BUL3, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.49 , lon_deg=28.34 , label= BUL4, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.60 , lon_deg=27.57 , label= BUL5, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.26 , lon_deg=28.20 , label= BUL6, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.34 , lon_deg=27.37 , label= BUL7, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.49 , lon_deg=27.53 , label= BUL8, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.25 , lon_deg=28.10 , label= BUL9, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.28 , lon_deg=24.04 , label= BUL10, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.34 , lon_deg=27.37 , label= BUL11, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.26 , lon_deg=28.20 , label= BUL12, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.23 , lon_deg=27.17 , label= BUL13, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.23 , lon_deg=27.17 , label= BUL14, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.26 , lon_deg=25.39 , label= BUL15, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=46.36 , lon_deg=31.24 , label= U1, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=46.12 , lon_deg=30.21 , label= U2, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=46.41 , lon_deg=31.54 , label= U3, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=46.11 , lon_deg=30.26 , label= U4, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=46.29 , lon_deg=30.44 , label= U5, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.21 , lon_deg=36.28 , label= CR1, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.14 , lon_deg=36.25 , label= CR2, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.16 , lon_deg=36.24 , label= CR3, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.20 , lon_deg=35.22 , label= CR4, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.36 , lon_deg=33.29 , label= CR5, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.42 , lon_deg=34.12 , label= CR6, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.21 , lon_deg=36.28 , label= CR7, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.11 , lon_deg=33.22 , label= CR8, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.04 , lon_deg=36.23 , label= CR9, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.30 , lon_deg=32.42 , label= CR10, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.29 , lon_deg=34.10 , label= CR11, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.13 , lon_deg=36.41 , label= CR12, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=47.16 , lon_deg=39.20 , label= RU1, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.22 , lon_deg=39.26 , label= RU2, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.16 , lon_deg=36.57 , label= RU3, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.43 , lon_deg=37.45 , label= RU4, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.52 , lon_deg=37.22 , label= RU5, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.13 , lon_deg=36.42 , label= RU6, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.20 , lon_deg=36.61 , label= RU7, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=47.13 , lon_deg=38.55 , label= RU8, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.16 , lon_deg=37.22 , label= RU9, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.31 , lon_deg=36.84 , label= RU10, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.57 , lon_deg=37.99 , label=

RU11 RU11 is a consortium consisting of eleven top Research Universities in Japan. Established in November 2009, this consortium is actively committed in the international academic community. RU11 is made up of 9 national and 2 private universities. Me ...

, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.38 , lon_deg=41.38 , label= G1, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.20 , lon_deg=40.13 , label= G2, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.10 , lon_deg=40.20 , label= G3, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.00 , lon_deg=41.01 , label= G4, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.09 , lon_deg=41.40 , label= G5, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.42 , lon_deg=41.27 , label= G6, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.05 , lon_deg=28.15 , label= TR1, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.17 , lon_deg=31.24 , label= TR2, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.91 , lon_deg=31.11 , label= TR3, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.56 , lon_deg=27.20 , label= TR4, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.25 , lon_deg=28.05 , label= TR5, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.16 , lon_deg=27.35 , label= TR6, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.03 , lon_deg=27.14 , label= TR7, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.13 , lon_deg=31.07 , label=

TR8 The Triumph TR8, eight-cylinder version of the "wedge-shaped" Triumph TR7 sports car was designed by Harris Mann and manufactured by British Leyland (BL), through its Jaguar/Rover/Triumph (JRT) division. Because of its outstanding performance, ...

, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.39 , lon_deg=27.17 , label= TR9, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.02 , lon_deg=27.25 , label= TR10, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.31 , lon_deg=27.16 , label= TR11, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.50 , lon_deg=27.50 , label= TR12, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.31 , lon_deg=30.33 , label= TR13, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.56 , lon_deg=31.10 , label= TR14, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.46 , lon_deg=31.23 , label= TR15, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.59 , lon_deg=30.59 , label= TR16, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.48 , lon_deg=34.38 , label= TR17, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.08 , lon_deg=33.19 , label= TR18, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.75 , lon_deg=35.48 , label=Mallus (city), TR19, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.45 , lon_deg=28.16 , label=Amos (ancient city), TR20, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.00 , lon_deg=28.57 , label=Byzantium, TR21, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.39 , lon_deg=35.49 , label=Amasya, TR22, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.45 , lon_deg=32.33 , label=Amasra, TR23, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.44 , lon_deg=26.04 , label=Enez, TR24, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.57 , lon_deg=23.23 , label=Berge (Bisaltia), TR25, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.58 , lon_deg=26.57 , label=Marmara Ereğlisi, TR26, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.32 , lon_deg=26.44 , label=Cardia (Thrace), TR27, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.98 , lon_deg=29.03 , label=Chalcedon, TR28, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.46 , lon_deg=29.56 , label=Nicomedia, TR29, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.11 , lon_deg=26.24 , label=Abydos (Hellespont), TR30, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.13 , lon_deg=26.23 , label=Sestos, TR31, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.20 , lon_deg=26.41 , label=Lampsacus, TR32, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.21 , lon_deg=27.58 , label=Bandırma, TR33, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.38 , lon_deg=27.89 , label=Cyzicus, TR34, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.57 , lon_deg=26.14 , label=Troy, TR35, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.58 , lon_deg=26.10 , label=Troy, TR36, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.02 , lon_deg=35.09 , label=Sinop, Turkey, TR37, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.0 , lon_deg=38.49 , label=Tirebolu, TR38, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.17 , lon_deg=35.19 , label=Samsun, TR39, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.00 , lon_deg=38.49 , label=Tripolis (Pontus), TR40, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.59 , lon_deg=37.53 , label=Ordu, TR41, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.02 , lon_deg=37.30 , label=Fatsa, TR42, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.01 , lon_deg=39.33 , label=Akçaabat, TR43, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.54 , lon_deg=38.23 , label=Giresun, TR44, position=left {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.00 , lon_deg=39.44 , label=Trabzon, TR45, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.12 , lon_deg=36.43 , label=Themiscyra (Pontus), TR46, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.92 , lon_deg=29.99 , label=Astacus in Bithynia, TR 47, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.29 , lon_deg=26.20 , label=Assos, TR48, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.55 , lon_deg=26.56 , label=Pitane (Aeolis), TR49, position=top {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.40 , lon_deg=26.45 , label=Phocaea, TR50, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.25 , lon_deg=27.08 , label=Smyrna, TR51, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.07 , lon_deg=27.11 , label=Pergamon, TR52, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.10 , lon_deg=26.47 , label=Teos, TR53, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.06 , lon_deg=27.08 , label=Colophon (city), TR55, position=right {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.15 , lon_deg=29.19 , label=Patara, Lycia, TR56, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.20 , lon_deg=26.48 , label=Canae, TR57, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.20 , lon_deg=27.57 , label=Bargylia, TR58, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.18 , lon_deg=26.35 , label=Madytus, TR59, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.03 , lon_deg=26.13 , label=Elaeus, TR60, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.25 , lon_deg=32.04 , label=Tieion, TR61, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.22 , lon_deg=28.53 , label=Apamea Myrlea, TR62, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.21 , lon_deg=26.46 , label=Klazomenai, TR63, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.59 , lon_deg=27.11 , label=Notion (ancient city), TR64, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.41 , lon_deg=27.07 , label=Parium, TR65, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.02 , lon_deg=27.74 , label=Heraion (Thrace), TR66, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.58 , lon_deg=27.30 , label=Bisanthe, TR67, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.22 , lon_deg=26.28 , label=Erythrae, TR68, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.24 , lon_deg=27.18 , label=Karabiga, TR69, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.18 , lon_deg=26.14 , label=Alopeconnesus, TR70, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.43 , lon_deg=29.30 , label=Limnae (Bithynia), TR71, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.24 , lon_deg=26.39 , label=Crithote (Thrace), TR73, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.29 , lon_deg=26.46 , label=Pactya, TR74, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.58 , lon_deg=27.57 , label=Perinthus, TR75, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.33 , lon_deg=32.01 , label=Tium, TR76, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.21 , lon_deg=27.27 , label=Teichiussa, TR77, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.41 , lon_deg=27.29 , label=Triopium, TR78, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.23 , lon_deg=28.16 , label=Placia, TR79, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.23 , lon_deg=28.23 , label=Scylace, TR80, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.11 , lon_deg=26.32 , label=Arisba, TR81, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.12 , lon_deg=27.29 , label=Apollonia (Mysia), TR82, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.10 , lon_deg=28.36 , label=Apollonia ad Rhyndacum, TR83, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.50 , lon_deg=26.59 , label=Myrina (Aeolis), TR84, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.23 , lon_deg=29.24 , label=Pythopolis (Mysia), TR85, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.51 , lon_deg=32.51 , label=Cytorus, TR86, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.02 , lon_deg=32.02 , label=Armene, TR87, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.41 , lon_deg=26.09 , label=Kolonai, TR88, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.24 , lon_deg=26.47 , label=Paesus, TR89, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.48 , lon_deg=26.42 , label=Scepsis, TR90, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.35 , lon_deg=27.25 , label=Myus, TR91, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.75 , lon_deg=35.48 , label=Mallus (Cilicia), TR92, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.57 , lon_deg=35.37 , label=Mopsuestia, TR93, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.07 , lon_deg=27.22 , label=Caryanda, TR94, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.10 , lon_deg=40.53 , label=Athenae (Pontus), TR95, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.43 , lon_deg=28.11 , label=Syrna (Caria), TR96, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.86 , lon_deg=27.05 , label=Cyme (Aeolis), TR97, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.49 , lon_deg=27.15 , label=Marathesium, TR98, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.01 , lon_deg=29.02 , label=Üsküdar, TR99, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.39 , lon_deg=27.01 , label=Neonteikhos, TR100, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.24 , lon_deg=27.47 , label=Artace (Mysia), TR101, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.03 , lon_deg=28.56 , label=Semystra, TR102, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.35 , lon_deg=26.50 , label=Cobrys, TR103, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.37 , lon_deg=26.50 , label=Cypasis, TR104, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.19 , lon_deg=26.41 , label=Ayvalık, TR105, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.21 , lon_deg=26.46 , label=Coryphas, TR106, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.18 , lon_deg=26.41 , label=Heraclea (Aeolis), TR107, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.35 , lon_deg=26.32 , label=Gargara, TR108, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.32 , lon_deg=26.24 , label=Lamponeia, TR109, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.57 , lon_deg=27.02 , label=Elaea (Aeolis), TR110, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.27 , lon_deg=31.47 , label=Zonguldak, TR111, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.00 , lon_deg=27.11 , label=Claros, TR112, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.41 , lon_deg=27.22 , label=Knidos, TR113, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.54 , lon_deg=31.08 , label=Prusias ad Hypium, TR114, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.08 , lon_deg=26.36 , label=Dardanus (city), TR115, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.51 , lon_deg=27.15 , label=Pygela, TR116, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.40 , lon_deg=27.11 , label=Temnos, TR117, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.49 , lon_deg=27.11 , label=Gryneium, TR118, position=bottom {{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.49 , lon_deg=27.11 , label=Aigai (Aeolis), TR119, position=bottom , caption=Some of the Greek colonies Griechischen und phönizischen Kolonien

Notes

{{reflist, group=quotes

References

{{reflist, 30em

External links

Greek colonies to 500 BCE

* [https://topostext.org/the-places TOPOSTEXT: EDUCATION / REFERENCE TOOL FOR GREEK CIVILIZATION] {{Ancient Greece topics {{Hellenistic colonies Greek colonies Archaic Greece

Reasons for colonization

Characteristics of the colonization

Timing

Locations

Colonies in Macedonia and Thrace

Colonies in the Ionian Sea, Adriatic Sea and Illyria

Magna Graecia: colonies in Southern Italy and Sicily

Colonies on the Black Sea and Propontis

Colonies in the rest of the Mediterranean

Notes

References

Further reading

External links