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Farighunids
The Farighunids were an Iranian dynasty that ruled Guzgan (modern-day northern Afghanistan) in the late 9th, 10th and early 11th centuries. They were ultimately deposed by the ruler of the Ghaznavid Empire, Sultan Mahmud (). Background According to the unknown author of the '' Hudud al-'Alam'', the Farighunid family descended from the legendary Iranian king Afridun/Faridun. The English historian Clifford Edmund Bosworth suggests that the Farighunids had ancestral ties with the Afrighids, the ruling dynasty of Khwarazm. This is possibly supported by the fact that some chronicles refer to the Afrighids as the "Al Farighun of Kath". History The first Farighunid amir mentioned is Ahmad ibn Farighun. Ahmad, together with the Banijurids, was compelled to recognize the Saffarid Amr ibn al-Layth as his suzerain. Only a short time afterwards, Amr ibn al-Layth was defeated and captured by the Samanids; Ahmad transferred his allegiance to them around this time. Later Ahmad married his ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guzgan
Guzgan ( fa, گوزگان, also known as Gozgan, Guzganan or Quzghan, in Arabic Juzjan or Juzjanan) was a historical region and early medieval principality in what is now northern Afghanistan. Etymology The area was known as "Guzgan" or in the plural form "Guzganan", whence Arabic "Juzjan"/"Juzjanan". Orientalist Vladimir Minorsky derived the name from a word meaning " walnut", a product for which the area is still known today. The 19th-century scholar Henry George Raverty suggested that the plural form emerged from the division of the country in two parts by the river Murghab. Geography The boundaries of Guzgan were never well defined and fluctuated wildly over time. They certainly bear no relation to the modern administrative boundaries of Jowzjan Province, named after it, or the neighbouring Faryab Province, but historically included the lands around the towns of Maymana (capital of Faryab province), Andkhuy, Shibarghan (capital of Jowzjan Province) and Sar-e Pol (ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abu'l Haret Muhammad
Abu'l Haret Muhammad ( fa, ابوالحارث محمد; died c. 982) was the second Farighunid ruler of Guzgan from an unknown date during the 10th century to 982. He was the son and successor of Ahmad ibn Farighun. Abu'l Haret's father died at an unknown date during the 10th-century, and thus Abu'l Haret Muhammad succeeded him as the ruler of Guzgan. He later expanded the influence of the Farighunids, collecting tribute from Gharchistan and certain parts of the Paganism, pagan enclave Ghor. He also had the nomadic Arabs, Arab tribes of Guzgan under his control, being able to appoint their chieftain. He had an unnamed daughter, who married his Samanid overlord Nuh II. About 982, the ''Hudud al-'alam'' was dedicated to Abu'l Haret by an unknown author, who may have been Sha'ya ibn Farighun. Abu'l Haret shortly died after that, and was succeeded by his son Abu'l Haret Ahmad. Sources Bosworth, C. E. "ĀL-E FARĪḠŪN." ''Encyclopedia Iranica.'' 1 August 2012. * {{DEFAU ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ghaznavids
The Ghaznavid dynasty ( fa, غزنویان ''Ġaznaviyān'') was a culturally Persianate, Sunni Muslim dynasty of Turkic ''mamluk'' origin, ruling, at its greatest extent, large parts of Persia, Khorasan, much of Transoxiana and the northwest Indian subcontinent from 977 to 1186. The dynasty was founded by Sabuktigin upon his succession to the rule of Ghazna after the death of his father-in-law, Alp Tigin, who was an ex-general of the Samanid Empire from Balkh, north of the Hindu Kush in Greater Khorasan. Sabuktigin's son, Mahmud of Ghazni, expanded the Ghaznavid Empire to the Amu Darya, the Indus River and the Indian Ocean in the east and to Rey and Hamadan in the west. Under the reign of Mas'ud I, the Ghaznavid dynasty began losing control over its western territories to the Seljuk dynasty after the Battle of Dandanaqan, resulting in a restriction of its holdings to modern-day Afghanistan and Pakistan (Punjab and Balochistan). In 1151, Sultan Bahram Shah lost Ghazn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ghaznavid
The Ghaznavid dynasty ( fa, غزنویان ''Ġaznaviyān'') was a culturally Persianate, Sunni Muslim dynasty of Turkic ''mamluk'' origin, ruling, at its greatest extent, large parts of Persia, Khorasan, much of Transoxiana and the northwest Indian subcontinent from 977 to 1186. The dynasty was founded by Sabuktigin upon his succession to the rule of Ghazna after the death of his father-in-law, Alp Tigin, who was an ex-general of the Samanid Empire from Balkh, north of the Hindu Kush in Greater Khorasan. Sabuktigin's son, Mahmud of Ghazni, expanded the Ghaznavid Empire to the Amu Darya, the Indus River and the Indian Ocean in the east and to Rey and Hamadan in the west. Under the reign of Mas'ud I, the Ghaznavid dynasty began losing control over its western territories to the Seljuk dynasty after the Battle of Dandanaqan, resulting in a restriction of its holdings to modern-day Afghanistan and Pakistan (Punjab and Balochistan). In 1151, Sultan Bahram Shah lost Ghazni to t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abu'l-Nasr Muhammad
Abu'l-Nasr Muhammad (died ca. 1010) was the last Farighunid ruler of Guzgan from 1000 to 1010. He was the son and successor of Abu'l Haret Ahmad. Biography Abu'l-Nasr Muhammad is first mentioned during the late 990s, when his father made an alliance with the Ghaznavid family by double marriage; Abu'l-Nasr Muhammad married Sebüktigin's daughter, while Sebüktigin's son Mahmud married one of Abu'l Haret's daughters. In 1000, Abu'l-Nasr's father died, and thus he succeeded him, and became a vassal of the Ghaznavids, which had become a powerful military power, and had already imposed their authority on other petty Iranian kingdoms. Abu'l-Nasr enjoyed the confidence of Mahmud; in 1008 he fought in the center of the Ghaznavid line against the Karakhanids outside Balkh and in the following year escorted Mahmud during his campaign in India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abu'l Haret Ahmad
Abu'l Haret Ahmad (died ca. 1000) was the third Farighunid ruler of Guzgan from 982 to 1000. He was the son and successor of Abu'l Haret Muhammad. Biography In 982, Abu'l Haret's father died, leaving him a kingdom at its height. In 990, Abu'l-Haret was sent by the Samanid ruler Nuh II to suppress the rebellion of the Turkic military leader Fa'iq. Abu'l Haret was, however, defeated by Fai'q, and was forced to flee. Some time later, Abu'l Haret's relations with the Ghaznavid noble and Samanid general Sebüktigin and his son Mahmud began to flourish; they attacked Fa'iq and the Simjurid Abu 'Ali Simjuri at Herat, where they won a decisive victory over them. They also made an alliance by double marriage; Abu'l Haret's son, Abu'l-Nasr Muhammad, married Sebüktigin's daughter, while Mahmud married one of Abu'l Haret's daughters. Meanwhile, the Samanids began to quickly decline. Sebüktigin later died in 997, and his kingdom was soon thrown into civil war between his sons Mahmud and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ahmad Ibn Farighun
Ahmad ibn Farighun (died 10th-century) was the first Farighunid ruler of Guzgan (9th-century–10th-century). He was the son of a certain Farighun. He is the first Farighunid ruler fully attested in sources. During the campaigns of the Saffarid ruler Amr ibn al-Layth, Ahmad, along with another local Iranian ruler the Banijurid Abu Dawud Muhammad ibn Ahmad, was forced to the latter's authority. However, in 900, Amr was defeated and captured by the Samanid ruler Isma'il ibn Ahmad, which made Ahmad and Abu Dawud recognize Samanid authority. Ahmad was later succeeded by his son Abu'l Haret Muhammad Abu'l Haret Muhammad ( fa, ابوالحارث محمد; died c. 982) was the second Farighunid ruler of Guzgan from an unknown date during the 10th century to 982. He was the son and successor of Ahmad ibn Farighun. Abu'l Haret's father died at an ... at an unknown date. Sources *Bosworth, C. E. "ĀL-E FARĪḠŪN." ''Encyclopedia Iranica.'' 1 August 2012. * 10th-century ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ghaznavid Empire
The Ghaznavid dynasty ( fa, غزنویان ''Ġaznaviyān'') was a culturally Persianate, Sunni Muslim dynasty of Turkic ''mamluk'' origin, ruling, at its greatest extent, large parts of Persia, Khorasan, much of Transoxiana and the northwest Indian subcontinent from 977 to 1186. The dynasty was founded by Sabuktigin upon his succession to the rule of Ghazna after the death of his father-in-law, Alp Tigin, who was an ex-general of the Samanid Empire from Balkh, north of the Hindu Kush in Greater Khorasan. Sabuktigin's son, Mahmud of Ghazni, expanded the Ghaznavid Empire to the Amu Darya, the Indus River and the Indian Ocean in the east and to Rey and Hamadan in the west. Under the reign of Mas'ud I, the Ghaznavid dynasty began losing control over its western territories to the Seljuk dynasty after the Battle of Dandanaqan, resulting in a restriction of its holdings to modern-day Afghanistan and Pakistan (Punjab and Balochistan). In 1151, Sultan Bahram Shah lost Ghazni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and transitioned into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history: classical antiquity, the medieval period, and the modern period. The medieval period is itself subdivided into the Early, High, and Late Middle Ages. Population decline, counterurbanisation, the collapse of centralized authority, invasions, and mass migrations of tribes, which had begun in late antiquity, continued into the Early Middle Ages. The large-scale movements of the Migration Period, including various Germanic peoples, formed new kingdoms in what remained of the Western Roman Empire. In the 7th century, North Africa and the Middle East—most recently part of the Ea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saffarid Dynasty
The Saffarid dynasty ( fa, صفاریان, safaryan) was a Persianate dynasty of eastern Iranian origin that ruled over parts of Persia, Greater Khorasan, and eastern Makran from 861 to 1003. One of the first indigenous Persian dynasties to emerge after the Islamic conquest, the Saffarid dynasty was part of the Iranian Intermezzo. The dynasty's founder was Ya'qub bin Laith as-Saffar, who was born in 840 in a small town called Karnin (Qarnin), which was located east of Zaranj and west of Bost, in what is now Afghanistan. A native of Sistan and a local ''ayyār'', Ya'qub worked as a coppersmith (''ṣaffār'') before becoming a warlord. He seized control of the Sistan region and began conquering most of Iran and Afghanistan, as well as parts of Pakistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The Saffarids used their capital Zaranj as a base for an aggressive expansion eastward and westward. They first invaded the areas south of the Hindu Kush, and then overthrew the Tahirid dynasty, annex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amr Ibn Al-Layth
Amr ibn al-Layth or Amr-i Laith Saffari ( fa, عمرو لیث صفاری) was the second ruler of the Saffarid dynasty of Iran from 879 to 901. He was the son of a whitesmith and the younger brother of the dynasty's founder, Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar. Biography Said to have started as a mule-driver and a mason, he later fought alongside his older brother and in 875 became governor of Herat. When Ya'qub died in Fars in 879, Amr managed to become the successor of the Saffarid throne over his brother Ali ibn al-Layth, who was the preferred choice of both Ya'qub and the army. In 884, the Bavandid ruler Rustam I, after being repelled from Mazandaran by the Zaydi ruler Muhammad ibn Zayd, arrived to the court of Amr, and requested his aid to reclaim the Bavand throne. With the aid of Amr, Rustam was allowed to return to his domains in Mazandaran. The Caliph al-Mu'tadid (r. 892–902) was forced to acknowledge the reality of the Saffarids' domination in the East, and reached ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nuh II
Nuh II ( fa, نوح, died 22 July 997)''Tabaqat-i Nasiri'' by Minhaj-i-Siraj, pg. 107, Lahore Sangmil Publications 2004 was amir of the Samanids (976–997). He was the son and successor of Mansur I. Beginning and Middle of Reign Having ascended the throne as a youth, Nuh was assisted by his mother and his vizier Abu'l-Husain 'Abd-Allah ibn Ahmad 'Utbi. Sometime around his ascension, the Karakhanids invaded and captured the upper Zarafshan Valley, where the Samanid silver mines were located. In 980 they struck again, seizing Isfijab. 'Utbi, however was focused on removing Abu'l-Hasan Simjuri, the Samanid governor of Khurasan. The vizier considered Abu'l-Hasan to be too powerful; he managed to remove him from the post in 982. He replaced him with one of his own partisans, a Turkish general called Tash. Abu'l-Hasan fled to his appendage in Kuhistan, to the south of Herat. An expedition against the Buyids was mobilized in Khurisan, also in 982; it was initially successful, but the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
