Zuzu Bailey

''It's a Wonderful Life'' is a 1946 American Christmas fantasy drama film produced and directed by Frank Capra, based on the short story and booklet ''The Greatest Gift'', which Philip Van Doren Stern self-published in 1943 and is in turn loosely based on the 1843 Charles Dickens novella '' A Christmas Carol''. The film stars James Stewart as George Bailey, a man who has given up his personal dreams in order to help others in his community and whose thoughts of suicide on Christmas Eve bring about the intervention of his guardian angel, Clarence Odbody (Henry Travers). Clarence shows George all the lives he touched and what the world would be like if he did not exist.

Theatrically, the film's break-even point was $6.3 million, about twice the production cost, a figure it did not come close to achieving on its initial release. Because of the film's disappointing sales, Capra was seen by some studios as having lost his ability to produce popular, financially successful films. Although ''It's a Wonderful Life'' initially received mixed reviews and was unsuccessful at the box office, it became a Christmas classic after its copyright lapsed in 1974 and it fell into the public domain, which allowed it to be broadcast without licensing or royalty fees.

, ''It's a Wonderful Life'' is considered to be one of the greatest films of all time and among the best Christmas films. It was nominated for five Academy Awards, including Best Picture, and has been recognized by the American Film Institute as one of the 100 best American films ever made. It was No. 11 on the American Film Institute's 1998 greatest movie list, No. 20 on its 2007 greatest movie list, and No. 1 on its list of the most inspirational American films of all time. Capra revealed that it was his favorite among the films he directed and that he screened it for his family every Christmas season. It was one of Stewart's favorite films. In 1990, ''It's a Wonderful Life'' was designated as "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant" and added to the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress.

Plot

On Christmas Eve 1945, in Bedford Falls, New York, George Bailey contemplates suicide. The prayers of his family and friends reach Heaven, where guardian angel second class Clarence Odbody is assigned to save George in order to earn his wings. Clarence is shown flashbacks of George's life. He watches 12-year-old George rescue his younger brother Harry from drowning, but become deaf in his left ear. George later prevents the pharmacist, Mr. Gower, from accidentally poisoning a prescription.

In 1928, George plans a world tour before college. He is reintroduced to Mary Hatch, who has been enamored with him since childhood. When his father dies suddenly, George postpones his travel to settle the family business, Bailey Brothers Building and Loan. Avaricious board member Henry F. Potter, who controls most of the town, seeks to dissolve it, but the board votes to keep the Building and Loan open if George runs it. George acquiesces and works alongside his uncle Billy, giving his tuition to Harry with the understanding that Harry will run the business when he graduates.

Harry returns from college married and with a job offer from his father-in-law, and George resigns himself to running the Building and Loan. George and Mary rekindle their relationship and wed. They witness a run on the bank and use their honeymoon savings to keep the Building and Loan solvent. Under George, the company establishes Bailey Park, a housing development surpassing Potter's overpriced slums. Potter entices George with a $20,000/year job but, realizing that Potter's true intention is to close the Building and Loan, George rebuffs him.

On Christmas Eve 1945, the town prepares a hero's welcome for Harry, a U.S. Navy fighter pilot who was awarded the Medal of Honor for preventing a kamikaze attack on a troop transport. Billy goes to Potter's bank to deposit $8,000 of the Building and Loan's money. He taunts Potter with a newspaper headline about Harry, then absentmindedly wraps the cash in Potter's newspaper. Potter finds and keeps the money, while Billy cannot recall how he misplaced it. With a bank examiner reviewing the company's records, George realizes scandal and criminal charges will follow. Fruitlessly retracing Billy's steps, George berates him and takes out his frustration on Mary and their children. George appeals to Potter for a loan, offering his life insurance policy as collateral. Potter scoffs that George is worth more dead than alive, refuses to help, and phones the police.

George flees Potter's office, gets drunk at a bar, and prays for help. Suicidal, he goes to a nearby bridge, but before he can jump, Clarence dives into the river and George rescues him. When George wishes he had never been born, Clarence shows George a timeline in which he never existed. Bedford Falls is now Pottersville, an unsavory town occupied by sleazy entertainment venues, crime, and callous people. Mr. Gower was imprisoned for manslaughter because George was not there to stop him from poisoning the prescription. George's mother does not know him. Uncle Billy was institutionalized after the Building and Loan failed. Bailey Park is a cemetery, where George discovers Harry's grave. Without George, Harry drowned as a child, and without Harry to save them, the troops aboard the transport ship were killed. George finds Mary, now a spinster, and when he claims to be her husband, she screams for the police and George flees.

George races back to the bridge and begs Clarence for his life back. The original reality is restored, and a grateful George rushes home to await his arrest. Meanwhile, Mary and Billy have rallied the townspeople, who donate more than enough to cover the missing money. Harry arrives and toasts George as "the richest man in town". Among the donations George finds a copy of ''The Adventures of Tom Sawyer'', a gift from Clarence and inscribed, "Remember, no man is a failure who has friends. Thanks for the wings!" When a bell on the Christmas tree rings, George's youngest daughter, Zuzu, explains that "every time a bell rings, an angel gets his wings." George looks upward smiling and says, "Atta boy, Clarence," and joins everyone in singing " Auld Lang Syne".

Cast

Famous or memorable uncredited cast members include:
* Jimmy the raven as Uncle Billy's pet
* Stanley Andrews as Mr. Welch, the teacher's husband
* Al Bridge as the Sheriff with the arrest warrant against George
* Adriana Caselotti as Singer at Martini's
* Ellen Corby as Bailey Brothers Building & Loan customer, Miss Davis
* Dick Elliott as the bald man on his front porch
* Charles Halton as the bank examiner, Mr. Carter
* Harry Holman as high school principal, Mr. Partridge
* Harold Landon as Marty Hatch
* J. Farrell MacDonald as the man whose great-grandfather planted the tree George drives into
* Mark Roberts as Mickey, the student with the swimming pool floor key
* Carl Switzer as Freddie Othello, the student who unsuccessfully tries to flirt with Mary
* Joseph Granby voiced the Angel Joseph
* Moroni Olsen voiced the Senior Angel;
* Tom Fadden as the bridge tollhouse keeper

Production

Background

The original story, ''The Greatest Gift'', was written by Philip Van Doren Stern in November 1939. After it was rejected by several publishers, he had it printed as a 24-page pamphlet and mailed to 200 family members and friends for Christmas 1943.Ervin, Kathleen A
"Some Kind of Wonderful"
. ''Failure Magazine'' (n.d.). Retrieved June 2, 2007. The story came to the attention of either Cary Grant or RKO producer David Hempstead, who showed it to Grant's agent. In April 1944, RKO Pictures bought the rights to the story for $10,000, hoping to turn it into a vehicle for Grant.

Dalton Trumbo, Clifford Odets, and Marc Connelly each worked on versions of the screenplay before RKO shelved the project. In Trumbo's draft, George Bailey is an idealistic politician who grows more cynical as the story progresses, then tries to commit suicide after losing an election. The angel shows him Bedford Falls not as it would be if he had never been born, but if he had gone into business instead of politics. Grant went on to make another Christmas movie staple, ''The Bishop's Wife''.

RKO studio chief Charles Koerner urged Frank Capra to read "The Greatest Gift". Capra's new production company, Liberty Films, had a nine-film distribution agreement with RKO. Capra immediately saw its potential, and wanted it for his first Hollywood film after making documentaries and training films during the war. RKO sold Capra the rights for $10,000 and threw in the three earlier scripts for free. (Capra claimed the rights and the scripts cost him $50,000.) Capra salvaged a few scenes from Odets' earlier screenplay and worked with writers Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett, Jo Swerling, Michael Wilson, and Dorothy Parker (brought in to "polish" the script), on many drafts of the screenplay.

It was not a harmonious collaboration. Goodrich called Capra "that horrid man" and recalled, "He couldn't wait to get writing it himself." Her husband, Albert Hackett, said, "We told him what we were going to do, and he said 'That sounds fine.' We were trying to move the story along and work it out, and then somebody told us that apraand Jo Swerling were working on it together, and that sort of took the guts out of it. Jo Swerling was a very close friend of ours, and when we heard he was doing this we felt rather bad about it. We were getting near the end and word came that Capra wanted to know how soon we'd be finished. So my wife said, 'We're finished right now.' We quickly wrote out the last scene and we never saw him again after that. He's a very arrogant son of a bitch."McBride, Joseph. "Frank Capra: The Catastrophe of Success." Univ. Press of Mississippi. 2011

Later, a dispute ensued over the writing credits. The final screenplay, renamed by Capra ''It's a Wonderful Life'', was credited to Goodrich, Hackett, and Capra, with "additional scenes" by Jo Swerling. Capra said, "The Screen Writers' Arbitration committee decided that Hackett and Goodrich and I should get the credit for the writing. Jo Swerling hasn't talked to me since. That was five years ago."

Some in Seneca Falls, New York, believe Capra was inspired to model Bedford Falls after the town following a visit in 1945. The town has an annual "It's a Wonderful Life Festival" on the second weekend in December. On December 10, 2010, the "It's a Wonderful Life" Museum opened in Seneca Falls, with Karolyn Grimes, who played Zuzu in the movie, cutting the ribbon. However, film historian Jeanine Basinger, curator of the Frank Capra archives at Wesleyan University and author of ''The 'It's A Wonderful Life' Book'', has said no evidence exists for Seneca Falls' claim. "I have been through every piece of paper in Frank Capra's diaries, his archives, everything. There's no evidence of any sort whatsoever to support this. That doesn't mean it isn't true, but no one is ever going to prove it." Basinger said that Capra always described Bedford Falls as an "Everytown".

Philip Van Doren Stern said in a 1946 interview, "Incidentally, the movie takes place in Westchester County. Actually, the town I had in mind was Califon, N.J." The historic iron bridge in Califon is similar to the bridge that George Bailey considered jumping from in the movie.

Casting

In his autobiography, Capra recalled: "Of all actors' roles I believe the most difficult is the role of a Good Sam who doesn't know that he is a Good Sam. I knew one man who could play it ... James Stewart. ... I spoke to Lew Wasserman, the MCA agent who handled Jimmy, told him I wanted to tell Jimmy the story. Wasserman said Stewart would gladly play the part without hearing the story." Stewart and Capra had previously collaborated on '' You Can't Take It with You'' (1938) and '' Mr. Smith Goes to Washington'' (1939).

Henry Fonda, Stewart's best friend, was also considered.Greene, Liz. ''Blockbuster Inc''. Retrieved August 2, 2011.Cox 2003, p. 6. Both actors had returned from the war with no employment prospects. Fonda, however, was cast in John Ford's '' My Darling Clementine'' (1946), which was filmed at the same time that Capra shot ''It's a Wonderful Life.'' For 17 supporting roles in the film, Capra considered more than 170 established actors.

Jean Arthur, Stewart's co-star in ''You Can't Take It With You'' and ''Mr. Smith Goes to Washington,'' was first offered the role of Mary, but had recently dropped out of the Broadway show '' Born Yesterday'' from exhaustion shortly before its premiere. Capra next considered Olivia de Havilland, Martha Scott, Ann Dvorak, and Ginger Rogers before borrowing Donna Reed from MGM. Rogers turned it down because she considered it "too bland". In chapter 26 of her autobiography ''Ginger: My Story'', she questioned her decision by asking her readers: "Foolish, you say?"

A long list of actors was considered for the role of Potter (originally named Herbert Potter): Edward Arnold, Charles Bickford, Edgar Buchanan, Louis Calhern, Victor Jory, Raymond Massey, Thomas Mitchell, and Vincent Price. Lionel Barrymore, who eventually was cast, was a famous Ebenezer Scrooge in radio dramatizations of '' A Christmas Carol'' at the time, and was a natural choice for the role. Barrymore had also worked with Capra and Stewart on Capra's 1938 Best Picture Oscar winner, '' You Can't Take It with You''.

Before Capra decided on Ward Bond as Bert, he also considered Sam Levene, Barton MacLane, Robert Mitchum, John Alexander and Irving Bacon for the role.

H. B. Warner, who was cast as the drugstore owner Mr. Gower, had studied medicine before going into acting. He was also in some of Capra's other films, including ''Mr. Deeds Goes to Town'', ''Lost Horizon'', '' You Can't Take It with You'', and '' Mr. Smith Goes to Washington''. In the silent era, he had played the role of Jesus Christ in Cecil B. DeMille's '' The King of Kings'' (1927). The name Gower came from Capra's employer Columbia Pictures, which had been located on Gower Street for many years. Also on Gower Street was a drugstore that was a favorite for the studio's employees.

Charles Williams, who was cast as Eustace Bailey, and Mary Treen, who was cast as Matilda "Tilly" Bailey, were both B-list actors, having appeared in 90 films each before ''It's a Wonderful Life''.

Jimmy the raven (Uncle Billy's pet) appeared in ''You Can't Take It with You'' and each subsequent Capra film.Cox 2003, p. 24.

Filming

''It's a Wonderful Life'' was shot at RKO Radio Pictures Studios in Culver City, California, and the 89-acre RKO movie ranch in Encino, where "Bedford Falls" was adapted from Oscar-winning sets originally designed by art director Max Ree for the 1931 epic film '' Cimarron''. Covering 4 acres (1.6 ha), the town consisted of a main street stretching 300 yards (three city blocks) with 75 stores and buildings, and a residential neighborhood. Capra added a tree-lined center parkway, built a working bank set, and planted 20 full-grown oak trees. Pigeons, cats, and dogs were allowed to roam the mammoth set to give the "town" a lived-in feel.

Due to the requirements of filming in an "alternate reality", as well as different seasons, the exterior set was extremely adaptable. RKO studio's head of special effects, Russell Shearman, developed a new compound using water, soap flakes, foamite, and sugar to create "chemical snow" for the film. Before then, movie snow was usually made from untoasted cornflakes, which were so loud when stepped on that dialogue had to be redubbed afterwards.

Filming started on April 15, 1946, and wrapped on July 27, 1946, exactly on deadline for the 90-day principal photography schedule.

Only two locations from the film survive. The first, the swimming pool that was unveiled during the high-school dance sequence, is located in the gymnasium at Beverly Hills High School and is still in use . The second is the "Martini home" in La Cañada Flintridge, California. RKO's movie ranch in Encino was razed in 1954.

The scene where young George saves his brother Harry from drowning was different in an early draft of the script. The boys play ice hockey on the river (which is on Potter's property) as Potter watches with disdain. George shoots the puck, but it goes astray and breaks the "No Trespassing" sign and lands in Potter's yard. Potter becomes irate and his gardener releases attack dogs, which cause the boys to flee. Harry falls in the ice and George saves him with the same results.

In another draft, after he unsuccessfully attempts to consult his father about Mr. Gower and the pills, George considers asking Uncle Billy, but he is on the phone with the bank examiner. Billy lights his cigar and throws his match in the wastebasket. George turns to Tilly (who, along with Eustace, are his cousins, although not Billy's kids), but she is on the phone with her friend, Martha. She says, "Potter's here, the bank examiner's coming. It's a day of judgment." The wastebasket suddenly catches fire and Billy cries for help. Tilly runs in and puts the fire out with a pot of coffee. George decides to deal with the Gower situation by himself.

According to Bobbie Anderson, in the confrontation between Mr. Gower and young George, H. B. Warner slapped him for real and made his ear bleed, reducing him to tears. Warner hugged him after the scene was shot.

Composer Dimitri Tiomkin had written "Death Telegram" and "Gower's Deliverance" for the drugstore sequence, but Capra elected to forgo music in those scenes. Tiomkin had worked on many of Capra's previous films, but those changes, and others, led to a falling out between the two men. Tiomkin felt as though his work was being seen as a mere suggestion. In his autobiography ''Please Don't Hate Me'', he called the incident, "an all around scissors job".Willian 2006, p. 15.

In the scene where Uncle Billy gets drunk at Harry and Ruth's welcome home/newlyweds' party and staggers away off camera, a crash is heard off screen. Mitchell, as Uncle Billy, yells, "I'm all right! I'm all right!", implying that Uncle Billy had knocked into some trash cans. A technician had actually knocked over some equipment; Capra left in Mitchell's impromptu ad lib and rewarded the technician with $10 (equal to $141.84 in 2021), thanking him for his 'sound improvement'.

According to rare stills that have been unearthed, several sequences were filmed but subsequently cut.Cox 2003, p. 15. Alternative endings were also considered. Capra's first script had Bailey fall to his knees to recite "The Lord's Prayer" (the script also called for an opening scene with the townspeople in prayer). Feeling that an overly religious tone undermined the emotional impact of the family and friends rushing to George's rescue, the closing scenes were rewritten.

Capra found the film's original cinematographer Victor Milner slow and pretentious, and hired Joseph Walker. When Harry Cohn demanded that Walker return to Columbia Pictures to shoot a film for one of the studio's female stars, Walker trained Joseph Biroc to be his replacement. Although working with three cinematographers was difficult for Capra, in Walker's opinion it turned out very well because the scenes each cinematographer shot were so different that they did not have to match each other's visual styles.

Reception

Critical response

According to a 2006 book, "A spate of movies appeared just after the ending of the Second World War, including ''It's a Wonderful Life'' (1946) and '' Stairway to Heaven'' (1946), perhaps tapping into so many people's experience of loss of loved ones and offering a kind of consolation." ''It's a Wonderful Life'' premiered at the Globe Theatre in New York City on December 20, 1946, to mixed reviews. While Capra thought the contemporary critical reviews were either universally negative, or at best dismissive, ''Time'' said, "''It's a Wonderful Life'' is a pretty wonderful movie. It has only one formidable rival (Goldwyn's ''The Best Years of Our Lives'') as Hollywood's best picture of the year. Director Capra's inventiveness, humor, and affection for human beings keep it glowing with life and excitement."

Bosley Crowther, writing for ''The New York Times'', complimented some of the actors, including Stewart and Reed, but concluded, "the weakness of this picture, from this reviewer's point of view, is the sentimentality of it—its illusory concept of life. Mr. Capra's nice people are charming, his small town is a quite beguiling place and his pattern for solving problems is most optimistic and facile. But somehow, they all resemble theatrical attitudes, rather than average realities."

The film, which went into general release on January 7, 1947, placed 26th ($3.3 million) in box-office revenues for 1947 (out of more than 400 features released), one place ahead of another Christmas film, ''Miracle on 34th Street''. The film was supposed to be released in January 1947, but was moved up to December 1946 to make it eligible for the 19th Academy Awards held in March 1947. This move was seen as worse for the film, as 1947 did not have quite the stiff competition as 1946. If it had entered the 1947 awards, its strongest competitor would have been ''Miracle on 34th Street''. The number-one grossing movie of 1947, ''The Best Years of Our Lives'', made $11.5 million.

The film recorded a loss of $525,000 at the box office for RKO.Richard Jewell & Vernon Harbin, ''The RKO Story''. New Rochelle, New York: Arlington House, 1982. p215

On May 26, 1947, the Federal Bureau of Investigation issued a memo stating, "With regard to the picture ''It's a Wonderful Life'', edactedstated in substance that the film represented rather obvious attempts to discredit bankers by casting Lionel Barrymore as a 'scrooge-type' so that he would be the most hated man in the picture. This, according to these sources, is a common trick used by Communists. naddition, edactedstated that, in his opinion, this picture deliberately maligned the upper class, attempting to show the people who had money were mean and despicable characters." Film historian Andrew Sarris observed as "curious" that "the censors never noticed that the villainous Mr. Potter gets away with robbery without being caught or punished in any way".Sarris, 1998. p. 356

In 1990, ''It's a Wonderful Life'' was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in their National Film Registry.

In 2002, Channel 4 in the United Kingdom ranked ''It's a Wonderful Life'' as the seventh-greatest film ever made in its poll "The 100 Greatest Films". The channel airs the film to British viewers annually on Christmas Eve.

In June 2008, AFI revealed its '' 10 Top 10'', the best 10 films in 10 "classic" American film genres, after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community. ''It's a Wonderful Life'' was acknowledged as the third-best film in the fantasy genre.

Somewhat more iconoclastic views of the film and its contents are occasionally expressed. In his review for ''The New Republic'' in 1947, film critic Manny Farber wrote, "To make his points, apraalways takes an easy, simple-minded path that doesn't give much credit to the intelligence of the audience", and adds that it has only a "few unsentimental moments here and there". Wendell Jamieson, in a 2008 article for ''The New York Times'' which was generally positive in its analysis of the film, observing that far from being simply a sweetly sentimental tale, it "is a terrifying, asphyxiating story about growing up and relinquishing your dreams, of seeing your father driven to the grave before his time, of living among bitter, small-minded people. It is a story of being trapped, of compromising, of watching others move ahead and away, of becoming so filled with rage that you verbally abuse your children, their teacher, and your oppressively perfect wife."

In a 2010 essay for '' Salon'', Richard Cohen described ''It's a Wonderful Life'' as "the most terrifying Hollywood film ever made". In the "Pottersville" sequence, he wrote, George Bailey is not seeing the world that would exist had he never been born, but rather "the world as it does exist, in his time and also in our own". Nine years earlier, another ''Salon'' writer, Gary Kamiya, had expressed the opposing view that "Pottersville ''rocks!''", adding: "The gauzy, Currier-and-Ives veil Capra drapes over Bedford Falls has prevented viewers from grasping what a tiresome and, frankly, toxic environment it is ... We all live in Pottersville now."

The film's elevation to the status of a beloved classic came three decades after its initial release, when it became a television staple during Christmas season in 1976. This came as a welcome surprise to Frank Capra and others involved with its production. "It's the damnedest thing I've ever seen", Capra told ''The Wall Street Journal'' in 1984. "The film has a life of its own now, and I can look at it like I had nothing to do with it. I'm like a parent whose kid grows up to be President. I'm proud ... but it's the kid who did the work. I didn't even think of it as a Christmas story when I first ran across it. I just liked the idea."Cox 2003, p. 11. In a 1946 interview, Capra described the film's theme as "the individual's belief in himself" and that he made it "to combat a modern trend toward atheism". It ranked 283rd among critics, and 107th among directors, in the 2012 ''Sight & Sound'' polls of the greatest films ever made.

The film's positive reception has continued. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 94% based on 85 reviews, with an average rating of 9.00/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "The holiday classic to define all holiday classics, ''It's a Wonderful Life'' is one of a handful of films worth an annual viewing." On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a score 89 out of 100, based on 17 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".

Many filmmakers have praised the film, ranging from Steven Spielberg, Akira Kurosawa, Frank Darabont and David Lynch. Spielberg once said of the film: "''It’s a Wonderful Life'' shows that every human being on this Earth matters -- and that’s a very powerful message." Orson Welles played Mr. Potter in the made-for-television remake ''It Happened One Christmas''; when asked by Henry Jaglom what he thought of the movie, Welles said, "There's no way of hating that movie".

Awards and honors

Prior to its Los Angeles release, Liberty Films mounted an extensive promotional campaign that included a daily advertisement highlighting one of the film's players, along with comments from reviewers. Jimmy Starr wrote, "If I were an Oscar, I'd elope with ''It's a Wonderful Life'' lock, stock and barrel on the night of the Academy Awards". The ''New York Daily Times'' published an editorial that declared the film and James Stewart's performance to be worthy of Academy Award consideration.

''It's a Wonderful Life'' received five Academy Award nominations:"The 19th Academy Awards (1947) Nominees and Winners"
. ''oscars.org''. Retrieved August 17, 2011.

''The Best Years of Our Lives'', a drama about servicemen attempting to return to their pre-World War II lives, won most of the awards that year, including four of the five for which ''It's a Wonderful Life'' was nominated. (The award for "Best Sound Recording" was won by ''The Jolson Story''.) ''The Best Years of Our Lives,'' directed by William Wyler, Capra's business partner along with George Stevens in Liberty Films, was also an outstanding commercial success, ultimately becoming the highest-grossing film of the decade, in contrast to the more modest initial box-office returns of ''It's a Wonderful Life''.

''It's a Wonderful Life'' received a Golden Globe Award for Capra as Best Motion Picture Director. He also won a "CEC Award" from the Cinema Writers Circle in Spain, for ''Mejor Película Extranjera'' (Best Foreign Film). Jimmy Hawkins won a "Former Child Star Lifetime Achievement Award" from the Young Artist Awards in 1994; the award recognized his role as Tommy Bailey as igniting his career, which lasted until the mid-1960s.

Release

Ownership and copyright issues

Liberty Films was purchased by Paramount Pictures, and remained a subsidiary until 1951. In 1955, M. & A. Alexander purchased the movie. This included key rights to the original television syndication, the original nitrate film elements, the music score, and the film rights to the story on which the film is based, ''The Greatest Gift''. National Telefilm Associates took over the rights to the film soon thereafter.

A clerical error at NTA prevented the copyright from being renewed properly in 1974. Despite the lapsed copyright, television stations that aired it still had to pay royalties because—though the film's images had entered the public domain—the film's story was still restricted as a derivative work of the published story ''The Greatest Gift'', whose copyright Philip Van Doren Stern had renewed in 1971.Cox 2003, p. 115. The film became a perennial holiday favorite in the 1980s, possibly due to its repeated showings each holiday season on hundreds of local television stations. It was mentioned during the deliberations on the Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998.

In 1993, Republic Pictures, which was the successor to NTA, relied on the 1990 U.S. Supreme Court ruling in '' Stewart v. Abend'' (which involved another Stewart film, ''Rear Window'') to enforce its claim to the copyright. While the film's copyright had not been renewed, Republic still owned the film rights to ''The Greatest Gift''; thus, the plaintiffs were able to argue its status as a derivative work of a work still under copyright."Notes for 'It's a Wonderful Life'"
Retrieved October 29, 2011. ''TCM Movie Database'', 2010. Retrieved November 8, 2010. That year, Republic made a deal with Turner Broadcasting System, authorizing only three airings of the movie, all on cable's TNT and TBS. However, the studio's attempt to reassert control was widely ignored since there were still some existing distribution deals that Republic had to honor.

In 1994, the studio sold exclusive television rights to NBC. "We're thrilled that we will have the opportunity to broadcast this picture," said NBC Entertainment President Warren Littlefield at the time. "We will broadcast the original director's cut in black and white, full-length, the way Frank Capra intended this picture to be seen."

NBC traditionally shows it during the holidays after Thanksgiving and on Christmas Eve. Paramount (via parent company Viacom's 1998 acquisition of Republic's then-parent, Spelling Entertainment) once again has distribution rights for the first time since 1955.

Due to all the above actions, this is one of the few RKO films not controlled by Turner Entertainment/Warner Bros. in the US. It is also one of two Capra films Paramount owns despite not having originally released it—the other is '' Broadway Bill'' (originally from Columbia, remade by Paramount as '' Riding High'' in 1950).

Colorization

Director Capra met with Wilson Markle about having Colorization Inc. colorize ''It's a Wonderful Life'' based on an enthusiastic response to the colorization of '' Topper'' from actor Cary Grant. The company's art director, Brian Holmes, prepared 10 minutes of colorized footage from ''It's a Wonderful Life'' for Capra to view, which resulted in Capra signing a contract with Colorization Inc., and his "enthusiastic agree entto pay half the $260,000 cost of colorizing the movie and to share any profits" and giving "preliminary approval to making similar color versions of two of his other black-and-white films, ''Meet John Doe'' (1941) and ''Lady for a Day'' (1933)".

However, the film was believed to be in the public domain at the time, and as a result, Markle and Holmes responded by returning Capra's initial investment, eliminating his financial participation, and refusing outright to allow the director to exercise artistic control over the colorization of his films, leading Capra to join in the campaign against the process.

Three colorized versions have been produced. The first was released by Hal Roach Studios in 1986. The second was authorized and produced by the film's permanent owner, Republic Pictures, in 1989. Both Capra and Stewart took a critical stand on the colorized editions. The Hal Roach color version was re-released in 1989 to VHS via Video Treasures. A third, computer-colorized version was produced by Legend Films in 2007 and has been released on DVD, Blu-ray, and streaming services.

Home media

VHS

Throughout the 1980s and early 1990s, when the film was still under public domain status, ''It's a Wonderful Life'' was released on VHS by a variety of home video companies. Among the companies that released the film on home video before Republic Pictures stepped in were Meda Video (which would later become Media Home Entertainment), Kartes Video Communications (under its Video Film Classics label), GoodTimes Home Video, and Video Treasures (now Anchor Bay Entertainment). After Republic reclaimed the rights to the film, all unofficial VHS copies of the film still in the hands of video distributors were supposed to have been destroyed.

Artisan Entertainment (under license from Republic) took over home video rights in the mid-1990s. Artisan was later sold to Lions Gate Entertainment, which continued to hold US home video rights until late 2005, when they reverted to Paramount, which also owns video rights throughout Region 4 (Latin America and Australia) and in France. Video rights in the rest of the world are held by different companies; for example, the UK rights were once with Universal Studios, but have since reverted to Paramount.

Technological first: CD-ROM

In 1993, due in part to the confusion of the ownership and copyright issues, Kinesoft Development, with the support of Republic Pictures, released ''It's a Wonderful Life'' as one of the first commercial feature-length films on CD-ROM for the Windows PC (Windows 3.1). Antedating commercial DVDs by several years, it included such features as the ability to follow along with the complete shooting script as the film was playing.

Given the state of video playback on the PC at the time of its release, ''It's a Wonderful Life'' for Windows represented another milestone, as the longest-running video on a computer. Prior to its release, Windows could play back only about 32,000 frames of video, or about 35 minutes at 15 frames per second. Working with Microsoft, Kinesoft was able to enhance the video features of Windows to allow for the complete playback of the entire film—all of this on a PC with a 486SX processor and 8 MB of RAM.

'' Computer Gaming World'' said in April 1994, "The picture quality still has a way to go before it reaches television standards", but was "a noble effort" that would "please fans of the film".

DVD and Blu-ray

The film has seen multiple DVD releases since the availability of the format. In the autumn of 2001, Republic issued the film twice, once in August, and again with different packaging in September of that same year. On October 31, 2006, Paramount released a newly remastered "60th Anniversary Edition". On November 13, 2007, Paramount released a two-disc "special edition" DVD of the film that contained both the original theatrical black-and-white version, and a new, third colorized version, produced by Legend Films using the latest colorization technology. On November 3, 2009, Paramount re-released the previous DVD set as a "Collector's Edition" and debuted a Blu-ray edition, also containing both versions of the film.

Restoration

In 2017, the film was restored in 4K resolution, available via streaming services and DCP.

4K Ultra HD Blu-ray

On October 29, 2019, the film was released for the first time on 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray, along with digital copy featuring a new Dolby Vision transfer.

Adaptations in other media

The film was twice adapted for radio in 1947, first on ''Lux Radio Theater'' (March 10) and then on ''the Screen Guild Theater'' (December 29), then again on the ''Screen Guild Theater'' broadcast of March 15, 1951. James Stewart and Donna Reed reprised their roles for all three radio productions. Stewart also starred in the May 8, 1949 radio adaptation presented on the ''Screen Directors Playhouse''.

A musical stage adaptation of the film, titled '' A Wonderful Life'', was written by Sheldon Harnick and Joe Raposo. This version was first performed at the University of Michigan in 1986, but a planned professional production was stalled by legal wrangling with the estate of Philip Van Doren Stern. It was eventually performed in Washington, DC, by Arena Stage in 1991, and had revivals in the 21st century, including a staged concert version in New York City in 2005 and several productions by regional theatres.

Another musical stage adaptation of the film, titled ''It's a Wonderful Life – The Musical'', was written by Bruce Greer and Keith Ferguson. This version premiered at the Majestic Theatre, Dallas, Texas, in 1998. It was an annual Christmas show at the theater for five years. It has since been performed at venues all around the United States.

In July 2019, it was revealed that another stage musical adaptation was in development with music and lyrics by Paul McCartney (making his musical theatre debut), lyrics and book by Lee Hall and produced by Bill Kenwright. The musical was set to debut late 2020, but is still yet to be announced.

A 1986 skit on ''Saturday Night Live'' features William Shatner introducing the "lost ending" of ''It's a Wonderful Life'' in which George Bailey (Dana Carvey) and the citizens of Bedford Falls discover that Mr. Potter (Jon Lovitz) has stolen George's money and take turns beating him up in his office.

In 1992, the final episode of ''Tiny Toon Adventures'' parodied ''It's A Wonderful Life'' entitled "It's A Wonderful Tiny Toon Christmas". In it, Buster Bunny feels sad after the failure of his play and wishes he had never become a Tiny Toon, so a guardian angel shows Buster what life would have been like without him.

The film was also adapted into a play in two acts by James W. Rodgers. It was first performed on December 15, 1993, at Paul Laurence Dunbar High School. The play opens with George Bailey contemplating suicide and then goes back through major moments in his life. Many of the scenes from the movie are only alluded to or mentioned in the play rather than actually dramatized. For example, in the opening scene, Clarence just mentions George having saved his brother Harry after the latter had fallen through the ice.

''It's a Wonderful Life: A Live Radio Play'', a stage adaptation presented as a 1940s radio show, was adapted by Joe Landry and has been produced around the United States since 1997. The script is published by Playscripts, Inc.

In 1997, PBS aired '' Merry Christmas, George Bailey'', taped from a live performance of the 1947 ''Lux Radio Theatre'' script at the Pasadena Playhouse. The presentation, which benefited the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, featured an all-star cast, including Bill Pullman as George, Nathan Lane as Clarence, Martin Landau as Mr. Potter, Penelope Ann Miller as Mary, and Sally Field as Mother Bailey.

In 2002, the television film ''It's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie'' premiered on NBC. The film is a homage to ''It's a Wonderful Life''. In the film, Kermit the Frog wishes that he had never been born.

Tony Palermo's 2005 stage adaptation has the story presented as actors making a radio-play complete with them making live sounds effects

Philip Grecian's 2006 radio play based on the film ''It's a Wonderful Life'' is a faithful adaptation, now in its third incarnation, that has been performed numerous times by local theatres in Canada.

''The Last Temptation of Clarence Odbody'' is a 2011 novel written by John Pierson. The novel imagines the future lives of various characters if George had not survived his jump into the river.

Scenes from the film are seen in the 2016 documentary '' Abacus: Small Enough to Jail'', where Abacus Federal Savings Bank founder and chairman Thomas Sung talked about how ''It's a Wonderful Life'' influenced him.

A stage-adaptation of the story was presented at The Tower Theatre in Winchester in December 2016 by Blue Apple Theatre with Lawrie Morris in the role of George Bailey. This is believed to be the first time an actor with an intellectual disability (Lawrie Morris had Down's Syndrome) has had the role.

A new "cinematic audio" adaptation by David Ossman of the Firesign Theatre was produced and directed by Ossman and his wife Judith Walcutt of Otherworld Media in December 2019 at the Whidbey Island Center for the Arts. Their version combined elements of traditional and radio theatre, with costumes, sets, makeup, and lighting effects, as well as live music, live sound effects, and over 20 microphones.

Remakes

*''It Happened One Christmas'' was a 1977 television movie remake of the classic film, whose screenplay Lionel Chetwynd based on both the original Van Doren Stern short story and the 1946 screenplay. This remake employed gender-reversal, with Marlo Thomas as the protagonist Mary Bailey, Wayne Rogers as George Hatch, and Cloris Leachman as the angel Clara Oddbody. Leachman received her tenth Emmy nomination for this role. In a significant departure from his earlier roles, Orson Welles was cast as Mr. Potter. Following initial positive reviews, the made-for-television film was rebroadcast twice in 1978 and 1979, but has not been shown since on national re-broadcasts or issued to home media.Webb, Chad
"Missing: It Happened One Christmas"
. ''411mania.com'', 2010. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
*'' Merry Christmas, George Bailey'' was a 1997 PBS television movie adaptation of the film directed by Matthew Diamond and starring Bill Pullman as George Bailey, Penelope Ann Miller as Mary, Nathan Lane as Clarence and Martin Landau as Potter.
*''The Christmas Spirit'' was a retelling of the movie starring Nicollette Sheridan as Charlotte Hart. This was a made-for-TV film aired on December 1, 2013, on the Hallmark Channel executive produced by Sheridan under her company, Wyke Lane Productions, and Brad Krevoy Television. The film was directed and written by Jack Angelo. ''Spirit'' was set in the present day, with the Hart character working to save a "quiet New England town from a ruthless real estate developer". The film was planned to kick off a film series about the Hart character. The film had 3.372 million viewers overall.
* "The Greatest Gift", the 2011 '' Warehouse 13'' season 3 Christmas episode, tells a similar story after agent Pete Lattimer touches Stern's brush.

Sequel

In 1990, the made-for-television film ''Clarence'' stars Robert Carradine in a new tale of the helpful angel, Clarence Odbody.

Potential

A purported sequel was in development for a 2015 release, and was to be called ''It's a Wonderful Life: The Rest of the Story''. It was to be written by Bob Farnsworth and Martha Bolton and follow the angel of George Bailey's daughter Zuzu (played once again by Karolyn Grimes), as she teaches Bailey's evil grandson how different the world would have been if he had never been born. Producers were considering directors and hoped to shoot the film with a $25–$35 million budget in Louisiana early in 2014.

The film had been announced as being produced by Star Partners and Hummingbird Productions, neither of which are affiliated with Paramount, owners of the original film (Farnsworth claimed that ''It's a Wonderful Life'' was in the public domain). Later, a Paramount spokesperson claimed that they were not granting permission to make the film; "To date, these individuals have not obtained any of the necessary rights, and we would take all appropriate steps to protect those rights", the spokesperson said. As of 2022, no further developmental plans have since arisen.

''Sesame Street'' urban legend

It is commonly believed that the characters of Bert and Ernie on ''Sesame Street'' were named after Bert the cop and Ernie the cabdriver. However, in a correction for the 1999 "Annual Xmas Quiz" in the ''San Francisco Chronicle'', which made this claim, series writer Jerry Juhl confirmed that, per producer Jon Stone, the shared names were merely a coincidence. Despite this, the 1996 holiday special ''Elmo Saves Christmas'' references the rumor, during a scene where Bert and Ernie walk by a TV set, which is playing the movie. The pair are surprised by the line: "Bert! Ernie! What's the matter with you two guys? You were here on my wedding night!"

Stephan's Quintet usage

The angelic figures depicted at the beginning of the film is an image of Stephan's Quintet, a group of four interacting galaxies.

See also

* "Buffalo Gals", the song George Bailey and Mary Hatch liked to sing
* '' Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp.'' (a legal case partially relating to another example of an out-of-copyright adaptation of a work still under copyright)
* ''The Family Man'', a 2000 film
* List of Christmas films
* List of films about angels
* List of films considered the best
* List of films featuring the deaf and hard of hearing
* ''Mr. Destiny'', a 1990 film
* Parallel universes in filmdom
* ''A Wonderful Life'' (film), a 1951 short film for the Christian film industry based on this film
* Zu Zu Ginger Snaps

References

Citations

Bibliography

* Barker, Martin, and Thomas Austin. "Films, Audiences and Analyses". ''From Antz To Titanic: Reinventing Film Analysis''. London: Pluto Press, 2000, pp. 15–29. .
* Cahill, Marie. ''It's a Wonderful Life''. East Bridgewater, Massachusetts: World Publications Group, 2006. .
* Capra, Frank. ''Frank Capra, The Name Above the Title: An Autobiography''. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1971. .
* Cox, Stephen. ''It's a Wonderful Life: A Memory Book''. Nashville, Tennessee: Cumberland House, 2003. .
* Eliot, Mark. ''Jimmy Stewart: A Biography''. New York: Random House, 2006. .
* Finler, Joel W. ''The Hollywood Story: Everything You Always Wanted to Know About the American Movie Business, But Didn't Know Where to Look''. London: Pyramid Books, 1988. .
* Goodrich, Francis, Albert Hackett and Frank Capra. ''It's a Wonderful Life: The Complete Script in its Original Form''. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1986. .
* Jones, Ken D., Arthur F. McClure and Alfred E. Twomey. ''The Films of James Stewart''. New York: Castle Books, 1970.
* McBride, Joseph. ''Frank Capra: The Catastrophe of Success''. New York: Touchstone Books, 1992. .
* Michael, Paul, ed. ''The Great Movie Book: A Comprehensive Illustrated Reference Guide to the Best-loved Films of the Sound Era''. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1980. .
* Rodgers, James W. ''It's a Wonderful Life: A Play in Two Acts''. Woodstock, Illinois: Dramatic Publishing, 1994. .
* Sarris, Andrew. 1998. ''"You Ain't Heard Nothin' Yet." The American Talking Film History & Memory, 1927-1949''. Oxford University Press.
* Walters, James. "Reclaiming the Real: It's a Wonderful Life (Frank Capra, 1946)". ''Alternative Worlds in Hollywood Cinema''. Bristol UK: Intellect Ltd, 2008, pp. 115–134. .
* Wiley, Mason, and Damien Bona. ''Inside Oscar: The Unofficial History of the Academy Awards''. New York: Ballantine Books, 1987. .
* Willian, Michael. ''The Essential It's a Wonderful Life: A Scene-by-Scene Guide to the Classic Film, 2nd ed.'' Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 2006. .

Further reading

* Stewart, Jimmy.
Jimmy Stewart Remembers 'It's a Wonderful Life'
. 1977. MyMerryChristmas.com, 2012. Web. January 9, 2012.
* Cox, Stephen.
On a Wing and a Prayer
. ''Los Angeles Times'' December 23, 2006: E-1. Web. January 9, 2012.
* Sullivan, Daniel J.
Sentimental Hogwash?: On Capra's ''It's a Wonderful Life''
, ''Humanitas'' (2005) 18.1–2: 115–140. Web. January 9, 2012.
* Kamiya, Gary.
All hail Pottersville!
'' Salon'' December 22, 2001. Web. January 9, 2012.
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External links

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''It's a Wonderful Life''
at Filmsite.org
*"It's a Wonderful Life" essay by Daniel Eagan in ''America's Film Legacy: The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry'', A&C Black, 2010, , pages 401–40


The Making of ''It's A Wonderful Life'' Frank Capra Online
at Eeweems.com


at AmericanMusicPreservation.com

''It's a Wonderful Life''
on ''Lux Radio Theater'': March 10, 1947

''It's a Wonderful Life''
on ''Screen Directors Playhouse'': May 8, 1949

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1946 films
1946 romantic drama films
1940s American films
1940s Christmas drama films
1940s English-language films
1940s fantasy drama films
1940s romantic fantasy films
Alternate timeline films
American alternate history films
American black-and-white films
American Christmas drama films
American fantasy drama films
American romantic drama films
American romantic fantasy films
Existentialist films
Films about angels
Films about banking
Films about depression
Films about suicide
Films about wish fulfillment
Films adapted into operas
Films based on short fiction
Films directed by Frank Capra
Films scored by Dimitri Tiomkin
Films set in 1919
Films set in 1928
Films set in 1932
Films set in 1945
Films set in New York (state)
Films shot in California
Films whose director won the Best Director Golden Globe
Liberty Films films
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United States National Film Registry films