Yogyakarta (; jv, ꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦠ ; pey, Jogjakarta) is the capital city of
Special Region of Yogyakarta
The Special Region of Yogyakarta (; id, Daerah Istimewa (D.I.) Yogyakarta) is a provincial-level autonomous region of Indonesia in southern Java. It has also been known as the Special Territory of Yogyakarta.
It is bordered by the Indian Oce ...
in
Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...
, in the south-central part of the island of
Java
Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's mos ...
. As the only Indonesian royal city still ruled by a
monarchy
A monarchy is a government#Forms, form of government in which a person, the monarch, is head of state for life or until abdication. The legitimacy (political)#monarchy, political legitimacy and authority of the monarch may vary from restric ...
, Yogyakarta is regarded as an important centre for classical
Javanese fine arts and culture such as ballet, ''
batik
Batik is an Indonesian technique of wax-resist dyeing applied to the whole cloth. This technique originated from the island of Java, Indonesia. Batik is made either by drawing dots and lines of the resist with a spouted tool called a ''ca ...
'' textiles, drama,
literature
Literature is any collection of written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially prose fiction, drama, and poetry. In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to include ...
,
music
Music is generally defined as the art of arranging sound to create some combination of form, harmony, melody, rhythm or otherwise expressive content. Exact definitions of music vary considerably around the world, though it is an aspe ...
,
poetry
Poetry (derived from the Greek ''poiesis'', "making"), also called verse, is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and often rhythmic qualities of language − such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre − to evoke meanings i ...
, silversmithing,
visual arts
The visual arts are art forms such as painting, drawing, printmaking, sculpture, ceramics, photography, video, filmmaking, design, crafts and architecture. Many artistic disciplines such as performing arts, conceptual art, and textile art ...
, and ''
wayang'' puppetry. Renowned as a centre of
Indonesian education, Yogyakarta is home to a large student population and dozens of schools and universities, including
Gadjah Mada University
Gadjah Mada University ( jv, ꦈꦤꦶꦥ꦳ꦼꦂꦱꦶꦠꦱ꧀ꦓꦗꦃꦩꦢ; id, Universitas Gadjah Mada, abbreviated as UGM) is a Public university, public research university located in Sleman Regency, Sleman, Yogyakarta (special region) ...
, the country's largest institute of higher education and one of its most prestigious.
Yogyakarta is the capital of the
Yogyakarta Sultanate
The Sultanate of Yogyakarta ( jv, ꦏꦱꦸꦭ꧀ꦠꦤ꧀ꦤꦤ꧀ꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦡꦲꦢꦶꦤꦶꦔꦿꦠ꧀, Kasultanan Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat ; ) is a Javanese monarchy in Yogyakarta Special Region, in the Republic o ...
and served as the Indonesian capital from 1946 to 1948 during the
Indonesian National Revolution, with
Gedung Agung
The Gedung Agung (English'': The Great Building'') is one of six presidential palaces of Indonesia, it is located in the city of Yogyakarta. The palace complex covers an area of approximately 4.4 hectares. It is located in front of Fort Vredeburg ...
as the president's office. One of the districts in southeastern Yogyakarta,
Kotagede
Kotagede (Javanese: ꦏꦸꦛꦒꦼꦝꦺ ''Kuthagedhé'') is a city district (''kemantren'') and a historic neighborhood in Yogyakarta, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Kotagede contains the remains of the first capital of Mataram Sultana ...
, was the capital of the
Mataram Sultanate between 1587 and 1613.
The city's population was 388,627 at the 2010 Census, and 373,589 at the 2020 Census.
[Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.] Its metropolitan area was home to 4,010,436 inhabitants in 2010, which includes the city of
Magelang and 65 districts across
Sleman
Sleman is a '' kapanewon'' (regency district) and the seat capital of Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It is on the road between Yogyakarta and Magelang. Sleman has five villages, namely Caturharjo, Pandowoharjo, Tridadi, ...
,
Klaten,
Bantul
Bantul is a town and district, and the capital of Bantul Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The district (''kapanewon'') covers an area of and had a population of 64,360 at the 2020 Census. It is a bustling town about to the sout ...
,
Kulon Progo
Kulon Progo Regency ( jv, Kulon Praga, , ) is one of the four regencies within the Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia. It is located on the island of Java. The regency's name stems from the fact that it is situated to the west (in Javanese "ku ...
and
Magelang Regency
Magelang ( jv, ꦩꦒꦼꦭꦁ) is a regency in Central Java, Indonesia, famous for its 9th century Buddhist temple of Borobudur. Its capital is Mungkid. It covers an area of 1,085.73 km2 and had a population of 1,181,723 at the 2010 Cens ...
. Yogyakarta has one of the highest
HDI
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistic composite index of life expectancy, education (mean years of schooling completed and expected years of schooling upon entering the education system), and per capita income indicators, wh ...
(Human Development Index) in Indonesia.
Etymology and orthography
Yogyakarta is named after the Indian city of
Ayodhya
Ayodhya (; ) is a city situated on the banks of holy river Saryu in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.
Ayodhya, also known as Saketa, is an ancient city of India, the birthplace of Rama and setting of the great epic Ramayana. Ayodhya wa ...
, the birthplace of the eponymous hero
Rama
Rama (; ), Ram, Raman or Ramar, also known as Ramachandra (; , ), is a major deity in Hinduism. He is the seventh and one of the most popular '' avatars'' of Vishnu. In Rama-centric traditions of Hinduism, he is considered the Supreme Bein ...
from the ''
Ramayana
The ''Rāmāyana'' (; sa, रामायणम्, ) is a Sanskrit literature, Sanskrit Indian epic poetry, epic composed over a period of nearly a millennium, with scholars' estimates for the earliest stage of the text ranging from the 8th ...
'' epic. ''Yogya'' means "suitable; fit; proper", and ''karta'' means "prosperous; flourishing". Thus, ''Yogyakarta'' means "
city that isfit to prosper".
In colonial era correspondence, the city is often written in the
Javanese script as , read as with the added prefix ''nga''-.
In the
orthography of the time, the proper name was spelt with the
Latin alphabet
The Latin alphabet or Roman alphabet is the collection of letters originally used by the ancient Romans to write the Latin language. Largely unaltered with the exception of extensions (such as diacritics), it used to write English and th ...
as "Jogjakarta". As the orthography of the
Indonesian language
Indonesian ( ) is the official and national language of Indonesia. It is a standardized variety of Malay, an Austronesian language that has been used as a lingua franca in the multilingual Indonesian archipelago for centuries. Indonesia ...
changed, the consonant came to be written with , and the consonant with . Personal and geographical names however, were allowed to maintain their original spelling according to
contemporary Indonesian orthography. Thus, the city can be written as "Yogyakarta", which is true to its original pronunciation and the Javanese script spelling, or "Jogjakarta", which is true to the old Dutch spelling and reflects popular pronunciation today, but differs from the original Ayodhya etymology. One may encounter either "Yogyakarta" or "Jogjakarta" in contemporary documents.
History
Mataram Kingdom (8th–10th century CE)
According to the
Canggal inscription
The Canggal inscription is a Sanskrit inscription dated to 732, discovered in the Gunung Wukir temple complex in Kadiluwih village, Salam, Magelang Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. The inscription is written in the Pallava alphabet. The inscrip ...
dated 732 CE, the area traditionally known as "Mataram" became the capital of the
Medang Kingdom
The Mataram Kingdom (, jv, ꦩꦠꦫꦩ꧀, ) was a Javanese Hindu–Buddhist kingdom that flourished between the 8th and 11th centuries. It was based in Central Java, and later in East Java. Established by King Sanjaya, the kingdom was rul ...
, identified as ''Mdang i Bhumi Mataram'' established by
King Sanjaya of Mataram. The inscription was found in a Hindu temple in Central Java, 40 km away from Yogyakarta and 20 km away from the giant
Borobudur temple complex. This Hindu temple itself was on the border between the area of the
Hindu
Hindus (; ) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism. Jeffery D. Long (2007), A Vision for Hinduism, IB Tauris, , pages 35–37 Historically, the term has also been used as a geographical, cultural, and later religious identifier for ...
Sañjaya dynasty and the area of the
Buddhist
Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. It originated in northern India as a -movement in the 5th century BCE, and ...
Shailendra dynasty
The Shailendra dynasty (, derived from Sanskrit combined words ''Śaila'' and ''Indra'', meaning "King of the Mountain", also spelled Sailendra, Syailendra or Selendra) was the name of a notable Indianised dynasty that emerged in 8th-century ...
.
Mataram became the centre of a refined and sophisticated Javanese Hindu-Buddhist culture for about three centuries in the heartland of the
Progo River valley, on the southern slopes of
Mount Merapi
Mount Merapi, ''Gunung Merapi'' (literally Fire Mountain in Indonesian and Javanese), is an active stratovolcano located on the border between the province of Central Java and the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It is the most acti ...
volcano. This time period witnessed the construction of numerous ''
candi'', including
Borobudur
Borobudur, also transcribed Barabudur ( id, Candi Borobudur, jv, ꦕꦤ꧀ꦝꦶꦧꦫꦧꦸꦝꦸꦂ, Candhi Barabudhur) is a 9th-century Mahayana Buddhist temple in Magelang Regency, not far from the town of Muntilan, in Central Java, Indone ...
and
Prambanan
Prambanan ( id, Candi Prambanan, jv, ꦫꦫꦗꦺꦴꦁꦒꦿꦁ, Rara Jonggrang) is a 9th-century Hindu temple compound in Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia, dedicated to the Trimūrti, the expression of God as the Creator (Brahma), the P ...
.
Around the year 929 CE, the last ruler of the
Sañjaya dynasty,
King Mpu Sindok of Mataram, moved the seat of power of the Mataram Kingdom from
Central Java to
East Java
East Java ( id, Jawa Timur) is a Provinces of Indonesia, province of Indonesia located in the easternmost hemisphere of Java island. It has a land border only with the province of Central Java to the west; the Java Sea and the Indian Ocean bord ...
and thus established the
Isyana dynasty The Ishana dynasty, rulers of the Kingdom of Mataram, was a dynasty of the Hindu Mataram Kingdom on the island of Java. Ishana (Sanskrit: ईशान, IAST: Īśāna, ) refers to a Hindu god who is often considered to be one of the forms of the Hi ...
. The exact cause of the move is still uncertain; however, a severe eruption from Mount Merapi or a power struggle with the
Sumatra-based
Srivijaya kingdom probably caused the move.
Historians suggest that some time during the reign of
King Wawa of Mataram (924–929 CE), Merapi erupted and devastated the kingdom's capital in Mataram.
Majapahit Empire (1293–1527)
During the
Majapahit era, the area surrounding modern Yogyakarta was identified again as "Mataram" and recognised as one of the twelve Majapahit provinces in Java ruled by a Duke known as ''Bhre Mataram''. During the reign of the fourth king of the Majapahit Empire, the Hindu
King Hayam Wuruk (1350–1389) of the
Rajasa dynasty Rajasa was the ruling dynasty of Singhasari kingdom and later Majapahit empire in 13th to 15th century eastern Java. The rulers of Singhasari and Majapahit trace their origins back to the mysterious figure of Ken Arok or Sri Ranggah Rajasa, who f ...
, the title of ''Bhre Mataram'' was held by the king's nephew and son-in-law
Wikramawardhana
Wikramawardhana was a Javanese emperor and succeeded Hayam Wuruk as the fifth monarch of the Majapahit empire, reigning from 1389 to 1429.
He was the nephew and also the son-in-law of the previous monarch after taking princess Kusumawardhani, Haya ...
, later the fifth king of Majapahit.
Mataram Sultanate (1587–1755)
Kotagede
Kotagede (Javanese: ꦏꦸꦛꦒꦼꦝꦺ ''Kuthagedhé'') is a city district (''kemantren'') and a historic neighborhood in Yogyakarta, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Kotagede contains the remains of the first capital of Mataram Sultana ...
, now a district in southeastern Yogyakarta, was established as the capital of the
Mataram Sultanate from 1587 to 1613.
During the reign of
Sultan Agung Hanyokrokusumo (1613–1645), the Mataram Sultanate reached its zenith as the greatest kingdom in Java, and expanded its influence to Central Java, East Java, and half of West Java. After two changes of capital—to Karta and then to Plered, both located in present-day
Bantul Regency
Bantul ( jv, ꦧꦤ꧀ꦠꦸꦭ꧀; ) is a regency located in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It is located on the island of Java. The regency's population was 911,503 at the 2010 Census, but has risen to 985,770 at the 2020 Census. Li ...
—the capital of the Mataram Sultanate finally moved to
Kartasura
Kartasura ( jv, ꦏꦂꦠꦱꦸꦫ, also spelled Kartosuro) is a district ''(kecamatan)'' in Sukoharjo Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. Kartasura is considered as a Surakarta's satellite city, and a junction of highways to Yogyakarta and Semara ...
.
Yogyakarta secedes and European invasions (1745–1830)
![Jogja](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Jogja.kraton.jpg)
A civil war in the Mataram Sultanate broke out between
Pakubuwono II
Pakubuwono II (also transliterated Pakubuwana II) (1711–1749) was the last ruler of Mataram and the first Susuhunan (ruler of Surakarta
Surakarta ( jv, ꦯꦸꦫꦏꦂꦠ), known colloquially as Solo ( jv, ꦱꦭ; ), is a city in Central J ...
(1745–1749), the last ruler of
Kartasura
Kartasura ( jv, ꦏꦂꦠꦱꦸꦫ, also spelled Kartosuro) is a district ''(kecamatan)'' in Sukoharjo Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. Kartasura is considered as a Surakarta's satellite city, and a junction of highways to Yogyakarta and Semara ...
, and his younger brother and heir apparent to the throne,
Prince Mangkubumi
Hamengkubuwono I ( Javanese script: ꦱꦸꦭ꧀ꦠꦤ꧀ꦲꦩꦼꦁꦏꦸꦧꦸꦮꦤꦆ, Bahasa Jawa: ''Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono I''), born Raden Mas Sujana (Kartasura, 16 August 1717Yogyakarta, 24 March 1792), was the first sultan of Yogya ...
(later known as Hamengkubuwono I, the first
Sultan of Yogyakarta
Hamengkubuwono ( jv, ꦲꦩꦼꦁꦑꦸꦨꦮꦟ) is the current ruling royal house of the Yogyakarta Sultanate in the Special Region of Yogyakarta of Indonesia. The reigning Sultan of Yogyakarta is the hereditary Governor of the Special Regi ...
, and the founder of the current ruling royal house). Pakubuwono II had agreed to cooperate with the
Dutch East India Company
The United East India Company ( nl, Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie, the VOC) was a chartered company established on the 20th March 1602 by the States General of the Netherlands amalgamating existing companies into the first joint-stock ...
, and ceded some Mataram territory to the Dutch. His younger brother, Prince Mangkubumi, stood against the agreement, citing concerns that the people would become slaves under Dutch rule. During the war, Prince Mangkubumi defeated Pakubuwono II's forces and declared sovereignty in the Sultanate of Yogyakarta, occupying the southern parts of the former Mataram Sultanate.
With Pakubowono II dead from illness, the
Yogyakarta Sultanate
The Sultanate of Yogyakarta ( jv, ꦏꦱꦸꦭ꧀ꦠꦤ꧀ꦤꦤ꧀ꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦡꦲꦢꦶꦤꦶꦔꦿꦠ꧀, Kasultanan Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat ; ) is a Javanese monarchy in Yogyakarta Special Region, in the Republic o ...
was established as a result of the
Treaty of Giyanti (''Perjanjian Gianti''), signed and ratified on 13 February 1755 among Prince Mangkubumi, the Dutch East India Company, and his nephew
Pakubuwono III
Pakubuwono III (also transliterated Pakubuwana III) (1732 – 1788) was the third Susuhunan (ruler of Surakarta). Also known as ''Sinuhun Paliyan Negari ''He was proclaimed by the Dutch as ruler of Mataram in 1749, but when the state was divi ...
and his allies. Ascending to the newly created Yogyakarta throne with the name Sultan Hamengkubuwono I, Mangkubumi thus established the royal
House of Hamengkubuwono, still the ruling house of Yogyakarta today. Sultan Hamengkubuwono I and his family officially moved into the
Palace of Yogyakarta, still the seat of the
reigning sultan, on 7 October 1756. These events consequently marked the end of the Mataram Sultanate, resulting in the births of the rival
Yogyakarta Sultanate
The Sultanate of Yogyakarta ( jv, ꦏꦱꦸꦭ꧀ꦠꦤ꧀ꦤꦤ꧀ꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦡꦲꦢꦶꦤꦶꦔꦿꦠ꧀, Kasultanan Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat ; ) is a Javanese monarchy in Yogyakarta Special Region, in the Republic o ...
and the
Surakarta Sunanate.
During the brief period
British rule over Java in 1811, rumours of plans by the Yogyakarta court to launch an attack against the British led to uneasiness among the Britons stationed in Java. On 20 June 1812,
Sir Stamford Raffles
Sir Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles (5 July 1781 – 5 July 1826) was a British statesman who served as the Lieutenant-Governor of the Dutch East Indies between 1811 and 1816, and Lieutenant-Governor of Bencoolen between 1818 and 1824. He is ...
led a 1,200-strong British force to capture the Yogyakarta kraton. The Yogyakarta forces, surprised by the attack, were easily defeated; the kraton fell in one day, and was subsequently sacked and burnt.
[Tim Hanningan]
"When Raffles ran Java"
historytoday.com.
The attack on the kraton was the first of its kind in
Indonesian history, leaving the Yogyakarta court humiliated. The sultanate found itself involved in conflict again during the
Java War
The Java War ( jv, ꦥꦼꦫꦁꦗꦮ) or Diponegoro War () was fought in central Java from 1825 to 1830, between the colonial Dutch Empire and native Javanese rebels. The war started as a rebellion led by Prince Diponegoro, a leading member ...
.
Republic of Indonesia era (1945–present)
In 1942, the
Japanese Empire invaded the
Dutch East Indies and ruled Java until they were defeated in 1945.
Sukarno proclaimed the independence of the
Indonesian Republic
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guinea. I ...
on 17 August 1945; Sultan
Hamengkubuwono IX
Hamengkubuwono IX or HB IX (12 April 1912 – 2 October 1988) was an Indonesian statesman and royal who was the second vice president of Indonesia, the ninth sultan of Yogyakarta, and the first governor of the Special Region of Yogyakarta. Hamen ...
promptly sent a letter to Sukarno, expressing his support for the newly born nation of Indonesia and acknowledging the Yogyakarta Sultanate as part of the Indonesian Republic.
The Sultanate of Surakarta did the same, and both of the Javanese kingdoms were accordingly awarded privileged statuses as "Special Regions" within the Indonesian Republic. However, because of a leftist anti-royalist uprising in Surakarta, the Sunanate of Surakarta lost its special administrative status in 1946 and was absorbed into
Central Java Province.
Yogyakarta's support was essential in the Indonesian struggle for independence during the
Indonesian National Revolution (1945–1949). The city of Yogyakarta became the capital of the Indonesian Republic from 1946 to 1948, after the fall of Jakarta to the Dutch. Later the Dutch also invaded Yogyakarta, causing the Republic's capital to be transferred once again, to
Bukittinggi
Bukittinggi ( min, Bukiktinggi, Jawi: , formerly nl, Fort de Kock) is the third largest city in West Sumatra, Indonesia, with a population of 111,312 in 2010 and 121,028 in 2020, and an area of 25.24 km2. It is in the Minangkabau Highla ...
in
West Sumatra
West Sumatra ( id, Sumatra Barat) is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the west coast of the island of Sumatra and includes the Mentawai Islands off that coast. The province has an area of , with a population of 5,534,472 at the 2020 cen ...
on 19 December 1948. The
General Offensive of 1 March 1949
The General Offensive of 1 March 1949 ( id, Serangan Umum 1 Maret 1949) was a military offensive during the Indonesian National Revolution where the city of Yogyakarta was held by Indonesian troops for six hours. This played an important role ...
resulted in an Indonesian political and strategic victory against the Dutch and the withdrawal of Dutch forces from Yogyakarta. On 29 June 1949 Yogyakarta was completely cleared of Dutch forces, under pressure from the
United Nations
The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a centre for harmoniz ...
.
For its significant contribution to the survival of the Indonesian Republic, Yogyakarta was given autonomy as a "special district", making it the only region headed by a recognised monarchy in
Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...
.
Geography
The area of the city of Yogyakarta is . While the city spreads in all directions from the ''
Kraton'', the Sultan's palace, the core of the modern city is to the north, centred around
Dutch colonial-era buildings and the commercial district.
Jalan Malioboro
''Jalan Malioboro'' ( jv, ꦢꦭꦤ꧀ꦩꦭꦶꦪꦧꦫ, Dalan Maliyabara; en, Malioboro Street) is a major shopping street in Yogyakarta, Indonesia; the name is also used more generally for the neighborhood around the street. It lies north ...
, with rows of pavement vendors and nearby markets and malls, is the primary shopping street for tourists in the city, while Jalan Solo, further north and east, is the shopping district more frequented by locals. The large local market of
Beringharjo
The Beringharjo Market ( id, Pasar Beringharjo, jv, ꦥꦱꦂꦧꦼꦫꦶꦁꦲꦂꦗ, Pasar Beringharja) is the oldest market in the '' Kraton'' area of Yogyakarta, Indonesia, having been a continuous place of trade since 1758. Right off of the ...
(
id) and the restored Dutch fort of
Vredeburg are on the eastern part of the southern end of Malioboro.
Surrounding the ''Kraton'' is a densely populated residential neighbourhood that occupies land that was formerly the Sultan's sole domain. Evidence of this former use remains in the form of old walls, scattered throughout the city, and the ruins of the
Taman Sari water castle, built in 1758 as a pleasure garden. No longer in use by the Sultan, the garden was largely abandoned before being used for housing by palace employees and descendants. Reconstruction efforts began in 2004, and the site is now a popular tourist attraction.
Nearby to the city of Yogyakarta is
Mount Merapi
Mount Merapi, ''Gunung Merapi'' (literally Fire Mountain in Indonesian and Javanese), is an active stratovolcano located on the border between the province of Central Java and the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It is the most acti ...
, with the northern outskirts of the city running up to the southern slopes of the mountain in
Sleman Regency
Sleman Regency () is an Indonesian regency ( id, Kabupaten) on the island of Java. It is located in the north of the Yogyakarta Special Administrative Region, Indonesia, and has an area of , with a population of 1,093,110 at the 2010 CensusBiro ...
. Mount Merapi (literally "mountain of fire" in both Indonesian and Javanese), is an active
stratovolcano located on the border between Central Java and Yogyakarta. It is the most active volcano in Indonesia and has erupted regularly since 1548, with the last eruption occurring in May 2018.
Climate
Yogyakarta features a
tropical monsoon climate
An area of tropical monsoon climate (occasionally known as a sub-equatorial, tropical wet climate or a tropical monsoon and trade-wind littoral climate) is a tropical climate sub-type that corresponds to the Köppen climate classification category ...
(''Am'') as the precipitation in the driest months between June and September are below . The wettest month in Yogyakarta is January with precipitation totalling . The climate is influenced by the monsoon. The annual temperature is roughly about 26 to 27 Celsius. The hottest month is April with average temperature 27.1 Celsius.
Administrative districts
![Indonesia Yogyakarta City location map](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Indonesia_Yogyakarta_City_location_map.svg)
The city of Yogyakarta is an administrative part of the
Yogyakarta Special Region
The Special Region of Yogyakarta (; id, Daerah Istimewa (D.I.) Yogyakarta) is a provincial-level autonomous region of Indonesia in southern Java. It has also been known as the Special Territory of Yogyakarta.
It is bordered by the Indian Oce ...
which has the status of a province in Indonesia. In 2020, Yogyakarta city held the highest population density in Greater Yogyakarta, with 11,495 people per square kilometre, Sleman and Bantul regencies holding the second place with a population density of 1,958.5 people/sq kilometre, and third place with 1,940 people/sq kilometre respectively. Within the Greater Yogyakarta area lies Yogyakarta city.
Yogyakarta is divided into fourteen
district
A district is a type of administrative division that, in some countries, is managed by the local government. Across the world, areas known as "districts" vary greatly in size, spanning regions or county, counties, several municipality, municipa ...
-level subdivisions called ''kemantren'', which makes Yogyakarta the only city in Indonesia to have such a designation, as it applied only within the Special Region of Yogyakarta. Below is a list of the ''kemantren''s with their areas and their populations as at the 2010 Census and the 2020 Census.
Economy
In 2017, the Gross Domestic Regional Product (GRDP) of Yogyakarta City at current prices was 31.31 trillion rupiahs (around US$ 2.2 billion).
The tertiary sector contributed an important share (around 78% of GDP). the tertiary sector included wholesale and retail trade; repair of cars and motorcycles, transportation and warehousing; provision of accommodation and eating and drinking; information and communication; financial services and insurance; real estate; corporate services; government administration, defence and compulsory social security; educational services; health services and social activities as well as other services. In 2017, economic growth of Yogyakarta City reached 5.24 percent slightly faster compared to 2016, which the growth reached 5.11 percent.
To rapidly jumpstart the economy, a plan for the 2nd phase of Indonesian
high speed train
High-speed rail (HSR) is a type of rail system that runs significantly faster than traditional rail, using an integrated system of specialised rolling stock and dedicated tracks. While there is no single standard that applies worldwide, lines ...
is currently being developed from
Bandung to Yogyakarta &
Solo
Solo or SOLO may refer to:
Arts and entertainment Comics
* ''Solo'' (DC Comics), a DC comics series
* Solo, a 1996 mini-series from Dark Horse Comics
Characters
* Han Solo, a ''Star Wars'' character
* Jacen Solo, a Jedi in the non-canonical ''S ...
, initiating construction by 2020, which is projected to be completed by 2024.
Demographics
A large majority of the population are
Javanese. However, as a city with large numbers of schools and universities and relatively low cost of living compared to other Indonesian cities, Yogyakarta has attracted significant numbers of students from all over Indonesia. As a result, there are many other
Indonesian ethnic groups living in Yogyakarta, especially from eastern parts of Indonesia.
There are some foreigner communities in the city, which is mainly composed of tourist and foreign students.
Religion
In 2014, the religious composition in Yogyakarta was distributed over
Islam (82.32%),
Catholicism
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...
(10,66%),
Protestantism
Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that follows the theological tenets of the Protestant Reformation, a movement that began seeking to reform the Catholic Church from within in the 16th century against what its followers perceived to b ...
(6.54%),
Buddhism
Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religions, Indian religion or Indian philosophy#Buddhist philosophy, philosophical tradition based on Pre-sectarian Buddhism, teachings attributed to the Buddha. ...
(0.34%),
Hinduism
Hinduism () is an Indian religion or '' dharma'', a religious and universal order or way of life by which followers abide. As a religion, it is the world's third-largest, with over 1.2–1.35 billion followers, or 15–16% of the global p ...
(0.13%), and
Confucianism
Confucianism, also known as Ruism or Ru classicism, is a system of thought and behavior originating in ancient China. Variously described as tradition, a philosophy, a religion, a humanistic or rationalistic religion, a way of governing, or a ...
(0.01%).
Yogyakarta has been traditionally known as a region where different faiths
live in harmony, but in recent years religious intolerance has grown.
In 2018, the governor of the
Special Region of Yogyakarta
The Special Region of Yogyakarta (; id, Daerah Istimewa (D.I.) Yogyakarta) is a provincial-level autonomous region of Indonesia in southern Java. It has also been known as the Special Territory of Yogyakarta.
It is bordered by the Indian Oce ...
,
Hamengkubuwono X
Sri Sultan Hamengkubawono X ( Hanacaraka: , also spelled as Hamengkubawana X, often abbreviated as HB X; born Bendara Raden Mas Herjuno Darpito, 2 April 1946) is the Sultan of the historic Yogyakarta Sultanate in Indonesia and is currently ...
, called for religious freedoms to be preserved after a
terrorist attack against churches and public buildings happened in Yogyakarta the same year.
Tourism
![Borobudur-Nothwest-view](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Borobudur-Nothwest-view.jpg)
Yogyakarta is home to a myriad of heritage buildings, landmarks and important monuments. Because of its proximity to the
Borobudur
Borobudur, also transcribed Barabudur ( id, Candi Borobudur, jv, ꦕꦤ꧀ꦝꦶꦧꦫꦧꦸꦝꦸꦂ, Candhi Barabudhur) is a 9th-century Mahayana Buddhist temple in Magelang Regency, not far from the town of Muntilan, in Central Java, Indone ...
and
Prambanan
Prambanan ( id, Candi Prambanan, jv, ꦫꦫꦗꦺꦴꦁꦒꦿꦁ, Rara Jonggrang) is a 9th-century Hindu temple compound in Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia, dedicated to the Trimūrti, the expression of God as the Creator (Brahma), the P ...
temples, and presence of the Javanese court
Kraton culture of Kraton Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta hosts a sizeable tourist industry.
Kotagede
Kotagede (Javanese: ꦏꦸꦛꦒꦼꦝꦺ ''Kuthagedhé'') is a city district (''kemantren'') and a historic neighborhood in Yogyakarta, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Kotagede contains the remains of the first capital of Mataram Sultana ...
, the capital of
Mataram Sultanate is also located in the city.
Malioboro street is a popular shopping and culinary area within the city, which has pedestrian zone.
Yogyakarta Kraton is the palace and seat of the reigning
Sultan of Yogyakarta
Hamengkubuwono ( jv, ꦲꦩꦼꦁꦑꦸꦨꦮꦟ) is the current ruling royal house of the Yogyakarta Sultanate in the Special Region of Yogyakarta of Indonesia. The reigning Sultan of Yogyakarta is the hereditary Governor of the Special Regi ...
also located in the city. The palace complex is a centre of
Javanese culture, and contains a museum displaying royal artefacts.
Tugu monument is an important landmark of Yogyakarta. 1 March monument located on Jalan Malioboro was built to commemorate
General Offensive of 1 March 1949
The General Offensive of 1 March 1949 ( id, Serangan Umum 1 Maret 1949) was a military offensive during the Indonesian National Revolution where the city of Yogyakarta was held by Indonesian troops for six hours. This played an important role ...
during the
Indonesian National Revolution.
Society and traditions
Notable local traditions and marketplaces in Yogyakarta include:
*
Batik
Batik is an Indonesian technique of wax-resist dyeing applied to the whole cloth. This technique originated from the island of Java, Indonesia. Batik is made either by drawing dots and lines of the resist with a spouted tool called a ''ca ...
fabric production area, with the most famous batik marketplace in
Beringharjo market.
*
Silver
Silver is a chemical element with the symbol Ag (from the Latin ', derived from the Proto-Indo-European ''h₂erǵ'': "shiny" or "white") and atomic number 47. A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it exhibits the highest electrical ...
work, fine
filigree jewellery, with the main production centre in
Kotagede
Kotagede (Javanese: ꦏꦸꦛꦒꦼꦝꦺ ''Kuthagedhé'') is a city district (''kemantren'') and a historic neighborhood in Yogyakarta, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Kotagede contains the remains of the first capital of Mataram Sultana ...
.
*
Indonesian mask production, at Bobung village, Wonosari.
*Traditional
Javanese dance
Javanese dance ( id, Tarian Jawa; jv, ꧋ꦠꦫꦶꦗꦮ) is the dances and art forms that were created and influenced by Javanese culture in Indonesia. Javanese dance movement is controlled, deliberate and refined. Javanese art often displays ...
performances, especially
Ramayana
The ''Rāmāyana'' (; sa, रामायणम्, ) is a Sanskrit literature, Sanskrit Indian epic poetry, epic composed over a period of nearly a millennium, with scholars' estimates for the earliest stage of the text ranging from the 8th ...
''
wayang wong
''Wayang wong'', also known as ''wayang orang'' (literally "human ''wayang''"), is a type of classical Javanese and Balinese dance theatrical performance with themes taken from episodes of the '' Ramayāna'' or '' Mahabharāta''. Performances ...
'' performed in
Prambanan
Prambanan ( id, Candi Prambanan, jv, ꦫꦫꦗꦺꦴꦁꦒꦿꦁ, Rara Jonggrang) is a 9th-century Hindu temple compound in Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia, dedicated to the Trimūrti, the expression of God as the Creator (Brahma), the P ...
and Purowisata. Other Javanese court dances are also performed in the ''
Kraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat'' (royal palace).
*''
Wayang kulit'', traditional Javanese
leather
Leather is a strong, flexible and durable material obtained from the tanning, or chemical treatment, of animal skins and hides to prevent decay. The most common leathers come from cattle, sheep, goats, equine animals, buffalo, pigs and hog ...
puppetry used for
shadow play
Shadow play, also known as shadow puppetry, is an ancient form of storytelling and entertainment which uses flat articulated cut-out figures (shadow puppets) which are held between a source of light and a translucent screen or scrim. The cut-o ...
s.
*Contemporary puppetry and theatre, e.g., the Papermoon Puppet Theatre.
*
Gamelan
Gamelan () ( jv, ꦒꦩꦼꦭꦤ꧀, su, ᮌᮙᮨᮜᮔ᮪, ban, ᬕᬫᭂᬮᬦ᭄) is the traditional ensemble music of the Javanese, Sundanese, and Balinese peoples of Indonesia, made up predominantly of percussive instruments. T ...
music, including local ''Gamelan Yogyakarta'' which was developed in the royal courts.
*Annual traditional Javanese festivals, such as
Sekaten
Sekaten (originated from Arabic word: '' Syahadatain'') is a week-long Javanese traditional ceremony, festival, fair and pasar malam (night market) commemorating Maulid (the birthday of the Islamic prophet Muhammad), celebrated annually started ...
or ''Gerebeg Mulud'' (
:id:Grebeg)
*Young theatre movements, e.g., Komunitas Sakatoya.
*Visual artists, e.g., the
Taring Padi community in
Bantul
Bantul is a town and district, and the capital of Bantul Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The district (''kapanewon'') covers an area of and had a population of 64,360 at the 2020 Census. It is a bustling town about to the sout ...
.
Cuisine
* ''
Gudeg
Gudeg is a traditional Javanese dish from Yogyakarta and Central Java, Indonesia. Gudeg is made from young unripe jack fruit ( Javanese: ''gori'', Indonesian: '' nangka muda'') stewed for several hours with palm sugar, and coconut milk. Ad ...
Yogya'': a traditional food from Yogyakarta and
Central Java made from young unripe (
jack fruit
The jackfruit (''Artocarpus heterophyllus''), also known as jack tree, is a species of tree in the fig, mulberry, and breadfruit family (Moraceae). Its origin is in the region between the Western Ghats of southern India, all of Bangladesh, Sri ...
) boiled for several hours with
palm sugar and
coconut milk. This is usually accompanied by (chicken in coconut milk), (hard boiled egg stew), and (spicy beef skin and tofu stew). ''Gudeg'' from Yogyakarta has a unique sweet and savoury taste, and is drier and more reddish than other regional variants because of the addition of Javanese
teak
Teak (''Tectona grandis'') is a tropical hardwood tree species in the family Lamiaceae. It is a large, deciduous tree that occurs in mixed hardwood forests. ''Tectona grandis'' has small, fragrant white flowers arranged in dense clusters ( pan ...
leaf.
* ''
Krechek
Krechek or krecek () or sambal goreng krechek is a traditional Javanese cattle skin spicy stew dish from Yogyakarta and Central Java, Indonesia. Traditionally it is made from the soft inner skin of cattle (cow or water buffalo), however the most ...
'' (or or ): a traditional spicy beef skin dish made from seasoned (beef skin crackers). is usually served as a side dish together with .
* : chicken stewed in
coriander,
garlic,
candlenut
''Aleurites moluccanus'', the candlenut, is a flowering tree in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae, also known as candleberry, Indian walnut, ''kemiri'', varnish tree, ''nuez de la India'', ''buah keras'', ''godou'', kukui nut tree, and ''rata k ...
, and coconut water, then deep-fried until crispy. Served with and raw vegetables.
* : rice with small side dishes.
* ''
Bakpia
Bakpia ( jv, ꦧꦏ꧀ꦥꦶꦪ, bakpia; - the name it is known by in Indonesia) or Hopia ( - the name it is known by in the Philippines) is a popular Indonesian and Philippine bean-filled moon cake-like pastry originally introduced by Fujiane ...
'' and : a sweet pastry filled with sugared mung bean paste, derived from the Chinese pastry. A well-known bakpia-producing area is Pathok near
Jalan Malioboro
''Jalan Malioboro'' ( jv, ꦢꦭꦤ꧀ꦩꦭꦶꦪꦧꦫ, Dalan Maliyabara; en, Malioboro Street) is a major shopping street in Yogyakarta, Indonesia; the name is also used more generally for the neighborhood around the street. It lies north ...
, where is sold.
* ''Kipo'': derived from the
Javanese question ("What is this?"), a small sweet snack from
Kotagede
Kotagede (Javanese: ꦏꦸꦛꦒꦼꦝꦺ ''Kuthagedhé'') is a city district (''kemantren'') and a historic neighborhood in Yogyakarta, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Kotagede contains the remains of the first capital of Mataram Sultana ...
made of glutinous rice flour and coconut milk dough filled with grated coconut and palm sugar.
* ''Ronde'' (): a hot Javanese dessert of glutinous rice balls stuffed with peanut paste, floating in a hot and sweet ginger and lemongrass tea.
* (): a hot soupy dessert of sago pearls, pre-cooked glutinous rice and mung beans, (brightly coloured, noodle-shaped flour cakes), and fried peanuts, covered in hot and sweet coconut milk.
* ''
Wedhang uwuh'' (
id): a hot Javanese
clove drink.
Museums
Yogyakarta has several historical sites, such as the
Candi Prambanan
Prambanan ( id, Candi Prambanan, jv, ꦫꦫꦗꦺꦴꦁꦒꦿꦁ, Rara Jonggrang) is a 9th-century Hindu temple compound in Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia, dedicated to the Trimūrti, the expression of God as the Creator (Brahma), the P ...
temple, museums in the royal court, the
Sonobudoyo Museum, and museums in colonial buildings such as the
Fort Vredeburg Museum
Fort Vredeburg Museum (official name: ''Museum Benteng Vredeburg Yogyakarta'') was a former colonial fortress located in the city of Yogyakarta, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The military complex has been converted into a museum of th ...
housed in a former Dutch fort. Due to the importance of Yogyakarta during the
war of independence from the Dutch, there are numerous memorials and museums, such as the
Monument to the Recapture of Yogyakarta.
To the east of the town centre is the large Air Force Museum (''Museum Pusat Dirgantara Mandala''), with 36 aircraft in the building and six aircraft displayed outdoors. As Indonesia was for a period in the Soviet sphere of influence, this museum contains a number of vintage Russian aircraft not widely available for inspection in the NATO sphere of influence. The collection includes examples of the
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 trainer,
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17
The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17 (russian: Микоян и Гуревич МиГ-17; NATO reporting name: Fresco) is a high-subsonic fighter aircraft produced in the Soviet Union from 1952 and was operated by air forces internationally. The MiG-17 ...
,
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19
The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19 (russian: Микоян и Гуревич МиГ-19; NATO reporting name: Farmer) is a Soviet second generation, single-seat, twinjet fighter aircraft, the world's first mass-produced supersonic aircraft. It was the ...
,
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 and
Tupolev Tu-16
The Tupolev Tu-16 (NATO reporting name: Badger) is a twin-engined jet strategic heavy bomber used by the Soviet Union. It has been flown for almost 70 years, and the Chinese license-built Xian H-6 remains in service with the People's Liberation ...
, together with an assortment of Japanese, American and British aircraft. Other museums include the
Jogja National Museum.
Sport
PSIM Yogyakarta
Perserikatan Sepakbola Indonesia Mataram, commonly known as PSIM, is a professional football club based in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Their home stadium is the Mandala Krida Stadium. They play in Liga 2.
History
The history of the founding of PSI ...
football team, which currently plays in the
Liga 2, is based in Yogyakarta.
Education
![Gedung Pusat (Rektorat) UGM](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Gedung_Pusat_%28Rektorat%29_UGM.jpg)
Yogyakarta is home to
Gadjah Mada University
Gadjah Mada University ( jv, ꦈꦤꦶꦥ꦳ꦼꦂꦱꦶꦠꦱ꧀ꦓꦗꦃꦩꦢ; id, Universitas Gadjah Mada, abbreviated as UGM) is a Public university, public research university located in Sleman Regency, Sleman, Yogyakarta (special region) ...
, Indonesia's largest university and one of its most prominent. Other public universities in Yogyakarta include
Yogyakarta State University,
Sunan Kalijaga Islamic University, The
Indonesian Institute of the Arts and
Poltekkes Kemenkes Yogyakarta. The city is also the location of several well-known private universities such as
Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta
Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta ( id, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta; abbreviated as UMY) is a private university in Special Region of Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta under affiliation of Muhammadiyah, the second largest Islamic organization in ...
,
College of Health Sciences Ahmad Yani Yogyakarta,
Islamic University of Indonesia
Islamic University of Indonesia (''Universitas Islam Indonesia'', abbreviated as UII) is a national private university in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It was established on 27 Rajab 1364 (Islamic calendar) or on 8 July 1945 as Islamic Higher School (' ...
,
Atma Jaya University,
Duta Wacana Christian University
Duta Wacana Christian University (DWCU) or ''Universitas Kristen Duta Wacana (UKDW)'' is a private university in Yogyakarta, central of Java island, Indonesia. "Duta Wacana" in Sanskrit conveys an approximate meaning of being 'an ambassador for ...
and
Sanata Dharma University
Universitas Sanata Dharma ( en, Sanata Dharma University) also referred to by its acronym USD or Sadhar is a private, Catholic, research, coeducational higher education institution run by the Indonesian Province of the Society of Jesus in Yogyaka ...
.
The city is also home to the
Indonesian Air Force Academy
The Indonesian Air Force Academy ( id, Akademi Angkatan Udara or ) sometimes shortened as IDAFA, is a service academy of the Indonesian Air Force, the air force component of the Indonesian National Armed Forces Academy System or the . Its campus ...
, located on the
Adisucipto Airport
Adisutjipto (or Adisucipto) Airport ( id, Bandar Udara Adisutjipto) is an airport serving the Yogyakarta area on the island of Java, Indonesia. It was formerly the principal international airport serving this area. The airport is located in t ...
complex.
Primagama, one of the largest tutoring institutions in Indonesia, is headquartered in the city.
Transportation
Airport
Yogyakarta is served primarily by
Yogyakarta International Airport
Yogyakarta International Airport ( id, Bandar Udara Internasional Yogyakarta, jv, Papan Anggêgana Internasiyonal Ngayogyakarta) is an international airport located at Temon district of Kulon Progo Regency, in Java, Indonesia. The airport is ...
in Kulon Progo Regency, which connects the city with other major cities in Indonesia, such as
Jakarta,
Surabaya,
Denpasar
Denpasar (; Balinese: ᬤᬾᬦ᭄ᬧᬲᬃ) is the capital of Bali and the main gateway to the island. The city is also a hub for other cities in the Lesser Sunda Islands.
With the rapid growth of the tourism industry in Bali, Denpasar has e ...
,
Lombok
Lombok is an island in West Nusa Tenggara province, Indonesia. It forms part of the chain of the Lesser Sunda Islands, with the Lombok Strait separating it from Bali to the west and the Alas Strait between it and Sumbawa to the east. It is ...
,
Makassar,
Balikpapan
Balikpapan is a seaport city in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Located on the east coast of the island of Borneo, the city is the financial center of Kalimantan. Balikpapan is the city with the largest economy in Kalimantan with an estimated ...
,
Banjarmasin
)
, translit_lang1 = Other
, translit_lang1_type1 = Jawi
, translit_lang1_info1 = بنجر ماسين
, settlement_type = City
, motto = ''Kayuh Baimbai'' ( Banjare ...
,
Pekanbaru,
Palembang, and
Pontianak
Pontianak or Khuntien is the capital of the Indonesian province of West Kalimantan, founded first as a trading port on the island of Borneo, occupying an area of 118.31 km2 in the delta of the Kapuas River at a point where it is joined ...
. It also internationally connects the city with
Kuala Lumpur
, anthem = ''Maju dan Sejahtera''
, image_map =
, map_caption =
, pushpin_map = Malaysia#Southeast Asia#Asia
, pushpin_map_caption =
, coordinates =
, sub ...
(operated by
AirAsia
Capital A Berhad, () operating as AirAsia (stylized as ''airasia'') is a Malaysian multinational low-cost airline headquartered near Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It is the largest airline in Malaysia by fleet size and destinations. AirAsia operat ...
and
Indonesia AirAsia
PT Indonesia AirAsia, operating as Indonesia AirAsia, is a low-cost airline based in Tangerang, Indonesia. It operates scheduled domestic, international services and is an Indonesian associate carrier of Malaysian low-fare airline AirAsia. It ...
). Another airport is
Adisutjipto International Airport
Adisutjipto (or Adisucipto) Airport ( id, Bandar Udara Adisutjipto) is an airport serving the Yogyakarta area on the island of Java, Indonesia. It was formerly the principal international airport serving this area. The airport is located in t ...
in Sleman Regency, which only serves limited commercial planes.
Rail
![Yogyakarta Tugu Station](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Yogyakarta_Tugu_Station.jpg)
Yogyakarta was first served by rail in 1872. The city is located on one of the two major
railway
Rail transport (also known as train transport) is a means of transport that transfers passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails, which are incorporated in tracks. In contrast to road transport, where the vehicles run on a pre ...
lines that run across Java between
Jakarta in the west and
Surabaya in the east.
Yogyakarta has two passenger railway stations,
Yogyakarta Station which serves business and executive class trains, and
Lempuyangan Station which serves economy class trains; both stations are located in the centre of the city. Yogyakarta Station is the terminus of two commuter train services:
KRL Commuterline Yogyakarta–Solo
KAI Commuter Yogyakarta Line (also called KRL Yogya–Solo, informally KRL Jogja–Solo, KRL Solo–Jogja or KRL Joglo) is a commuter rail system in Indonesia serving Greater Yogyakarta in Special Region of Yogyakarta and Greater Surakarta (Solo) ...
, which runs to
Solo Balapan Station in the city of
Surakarta and
Prambanan Express
Prambanan Express ( id, Prambanan Ekspres), commonly abbreviated as Pramex (in English) and Prameks (in Indonesian) is a commuter rail service that operates between Yogyakarta, Special Region of Yogyakarta and Kutoarjo, Purworejo Regency, Centra ...
(Prameks), which runs to
Kutoarjo Station in
Kutoarjo
Kutoarjo is a town and district ( Indonesian: Kecamatan) of Purworejo Regency, Central Java, Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It ...
. Other commuter trains run from Madiun Jaya (
Madiun Station-Lempuyangan Station), and Joglosemar (
Semarang Poncol Station-Lempuyangan Station).
Yogyakarta International Airport Rail Link
Yogyakarta International Airport Rail Link ( id, Kereta api Bandara Internasional Yogyakarta) is an airport rail link service in Special Region of Yogyakarta and Central Java, Indonesia, operated by Kereta Api Indonesia. Launched on 6 May 2019, it ...
links Yogyakarta International Airport to the city center.
Roads
The city has an extensive system of public city buses, and is a major departure point for inter-city buses to other cities in Java and Bali, as well as taxis, andongs, and
becaks.
Motorbike
A motorcycle (motorbike, bike, or trike (if three-wheeled)) is a two or three-wheeled motor vehicle steered by a handlebar. Motorcycle design varies greatly to suit a range of different purposes: long-distance travel, commuting, cruisin ...
s are by far the most commonly used personal transportation, but an increasing number of residents own automobiles. Yogyakarta and surrounding areas also have a circle highway known as the ''Ring Road'' and overpasses including Janti Overpass, Lempuyangan Overpass, and a recently built Jombor Overpass.
Buses
![Transjogja](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Transjogja.jpg)
Since early 2008, the city has operated a
bus rapid transit system,
Trans Jogja
Trans Jogja is a bus rapid transit (BRT) system operates in Yogyakarta and surrounding areas, with 20 different routes. Trans Jogja operates from 06:00 to 19:00 starting from 22 March 2020.
Trans Jogja is currently operated by PT Jogja Tugu Trans ...
, also known as "TJ". Trans Jogja is modelled after the
TransJakarta
TransJakarta (stylised as transjakarta, often erroneously called Busway) is a bus rapid transit (BRT) system in Jakarta, Indonesia. The first BRT system in Southeast Asia, it commenced operations on 15 January 2004 to provide a fast public trans ...
system in the capital, but unlike TransJakarta, there is no special lane for Trans Jogja buses, which instead run on main streets. There are currently six Trans Jogja lines, with routes through the main streets of Yogyakarta, some of which overlap. The lines extend from the
Jombor Bus Terminal in the north to the
Giwangan Bus Terminal in the south, and to the
Prambanan
Prambanan ( id, Candi Prambanan, jv, ꦫꦫꦗꦺꦴꦁꦒꦿꦁ, Rara Jonggrang) is a 9th-century Hindu temple compound in Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia, dedicated to the Trimūrti, the expression of God as the Creator (Brahma), the P ...
bus shelter in the east via
Adisucipto International Airport
Adisutjipto (or Adisucipto) Airport ( id, Bandar Udara Adisutjipto) is an airport serving the Yogyakarta area on the island of Java, Indonesia. It was formerly the principal international airport serving this area. The airport is located in t ...
.
Health facilities
![Panti Rapih Hospital 16 June 2012](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Panti_Rapih_Hospital_16_June_2012.JPG)
Notable hospitals in Yogyakarta include:
* Yogyakarta City General Public Hospital (''RSUD Kota Yogyakarta'')
*
Bethesda Hospital
* Dr. Soetarto Army Hospital
* Dr. Sardjito General Hospital
*
Panti Rapih Hospital
Panti Rapih Hospital (''Rumah Sakit Panti Rapih'') is a private hospital in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It was founded in 1929 by five sisters from St. Carolus Borromeus. It is managed by Panti Rapih Foundation.
History
In January 1929, five sisters ...
* PKU Muhammadiyah Hospital.
Media
''
Kedaulatan Rakyat
''Kedaulatan Rakyat'' (''People's Sovereignty'', abbreviated as ''KR'') is a daily newspaper in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The paper was founded by H. Soemadi and M. Wonohito. The first edition of the newspaper was published on September 27, 1945.
I ...
'' (KR) is the major newspaper in Yogyakarta, its headquarters is located near the Tugu monument. First published in 1945, the paper is one of the oldest continuously published newspaper in Indonesia. Other major daily newspapers include ''Harian Jogja'', ''Koran Merapi'' and ''
Tribun Jogja'', as well as online-only ''
Bernas
''Bernas'' is an online-only newspaper, formerly a daily newspaper, based in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It was one of the first newspapers founded after Indonesian independence.
History
''Bernas'' was founded on 15 September 1946 as ''Harian Umum N ...
''. KR-owned ''
Minggu Pagi'' is the major weekly newspaper.
Yogyakarta is served by radio and television stations covering Special Region of Yogyakarta and surrounding areas. The public radio
RRI Yogyakarta has one of its studios in the city. Other radio stations based in Yogyakarta include
Geronimo FM, Retjo Buntung FM and Yasika FM. However most of television stations is located in nearby Sleman Regency, such as the public
TVRI Yogyakarta, AdiTV, Jogja TV and RBTV, though their broadcast coverage include Yogyakarta city.
Twin towns – sister cities
Yogyakarta is
twinned with:
*
Baalbek, Lebanon
*
Commewijne, Suriname
*
Gangbuk (Seoul), South Korea
*
Huế
Huế () is the capital of Thừa Thiên Huế province in central Vietnam and was the capital of Đàng Trong from 1738 to 1775 and of Vietnam during the Nguyễn dynasty from 1802 to 1945. The city served as the old Imperial City and admi ...
, Vietnam
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Le Mont-Dore, New Caledonia
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Paramaribo
Paramaribo (; ; nicknamed Par'bo) is the capital and largest city of Suriname, located on the banks of the Suriname River in the Paramaribo District. Paramaribo has a population of roughly 241,000 people (2012 census), almost half of Suriname' ...
, Suriname
See also
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List of cities in Indonesia
This is a list of the most populous cities in Indonesia. It excludes urban-characterized settlements such as regency seats, which does not have city status. Indonesia has 93 cities classified as ''kota'' (city) and one provincial-level capital ci ...
References
External links
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Yogyakarta (City)
Cities in Indonesia
Populated places in the Special Region of Yogyakarta
Provincial capitals in Indonesia
Former national capitals