Dynów
Dynów () ( uk, Динів, lat, Dinoum, yi, דינאוו) is a small town in Rzeszów County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, Poland, with a population of 6,058 (02.06.2009).
History
Dynów was first mentioned in written sources in 1423. At that ...
Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire,, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of ...
(now
Poland
Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populous ...
)
, death_date =
, death_place =
Lviv
Lviv ( uk, Львів) is the largest city in western Ukraine, and the seventh-largest in Ukraine, with a population of . It serves as the administrative centre of Lviv Oblast and Lviv Raion, and is one of the main cultural centres of Ukraine ...
,
Ukrainian SSR
The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic ( uk, Украї́нська Радя́нська Соціалісти́чна Респу́бліка, ; russian: Украи́нская Сове́тская Социалисти́ческая Респ ...
,
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...
(now
Ukraine
Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inv ...
)
, resting_place =
Lychakiv Cemetery
Lychakiv Cemetery ( uk, Личаківський цвинтар, translit=Lychakivs’kyi tsvyntar; pl, Cmentarz Łyczakowski we Lwowie), officially State History and Culture Museum-Preserve "Lychakiv Cemetery" ( uk, Державний істор ...
, occupation = writer, playwright, publicist, politician, propagandist, radio host
, language =
Ukrainian
Ukrainian may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to Ukraine
* Something relating to Ukrainians, an East Slavic people from Eastern Europe
* Something relating to demographics of Ukraine in terms of demography and population of Ukraine
* So ...
USSR
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen nationa ...
, alma_mater =
University of Vienna
The University of Vienna (german: Universität Wien) is a public research university located in Vienna, Austria. It was founded by Duke Rudolph IV in 1365 and is the oldest university in the German-speaking world. With its long and rich histor ...
,
Jagiellonian University
The Jagiellonian University (Polish: ''Uniwersytet Jagielloński'', UJ) is a public research university in Kraków, Poland. Founded in 1364 by King Casimir III the Great, it is the oldest university in Poland and the 13th oldest university in ...
, genres = plays, pamphlets, articles
, subject = social contradictions
, movement =
socialist realism
Socialist realism is a style of idealized realistic art that was developed in the Soviet Union and was the official style in that country between 1932 and 1988, as well as in other socialist countries after World War II. Socialist realism is ch ...
, notableworks = '' The Mountains are Smoking'' (1938), ''Under the Golden Eagle'' (1947), ''Love at Dawn'' (1949)
, spouse = Anna Henyk (1928–1937)
Maria Krotkova (1944–1949)
, awards =
Stalin Prize Stalin Prize may refer to:
* The State Stalin Prize in science and engineering and in arts, awarded 1941 to 1954, later known as the USSR State Prize
The USSR State Prize (russian: links=no, Государственная премия СССР, ...
,
Order of the Badge of Honour
The Order of the Badge of Honour (russian: орден «Знак Почёта», orden "Znak Pochyota") was a civilian award of the Soviet Union.
It was established on 25 November 1935, and was conferred on citizens of the USSR for outstanding ...
, signature = Yaroslav_Halan_Signature_3.jpg
, years_active = 1927–1949
Yaroslav Olexandrovych Halan (in Ukrainian: ''Ярослав Олександрович Галан'', party nickname ''Comrade Yaga''; 27 July 1902 – 24 October 1949) was a Ukrainian Soviet anti-fascist writer, playwright, publicist, member of the
Communist Party of Western Ukraine Communist Party of Western Ukraine (; uk, Комуністична партія Західної України) was a political party in eastern interwar Poland. Until 1923 it was known as the Communist Party of Eastern Galicia (Komunistyczna Par ...
Dynów
Dynów () ( uk, Динів, lat, Dinoum, yi, דינאוו) is a small town in Rzeszów County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, Poland, with a population of 6,058 (02.06.2009).
History
Dynów was first mentioned in written sources in 1423. At that ...
to the family of Olexandr Halan, a minor post-office official. As a child he lived and studied in
Przemyśl
Przemyśl (; yi, פשעמישל, Pshemishl; uk, Перемишль, Peremyshl; german: Premissel) is a city in southeastern Poland with 58,721 inhabitants, as of December 2021. In 1999, it became part of the Subcarpathian Voivodeship; it was pr ...
. He enjoyed a large collection of books gathered by his father, and was greatly influenced by the creativity of the Ukrainian socialist writer
Ivan Franko
Ivan Yakovych Franko (Ukrainian: Іван Якович Франко, pronounced ˈwɑn ˈjɑkowɪtʃ frɐnˈkɔ 27 August 1856 – 28 May 1916) was a Ukrainian poet, writer, social and literary critic, journalist, interpreter, economist, ...
. At school, Yaroslav's critical thoughts brought him into conflict with priests who taught
theology
Theology is the systematic study of the nature of the divine and, more broadly, of religious belief. It is taught as an academic discipline, typically in universities and seminaries. It occupies itself with the unique content of analyzing the ...
.
At the beginning of the
First World War
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
his father, along with other "unreliable" elements who sympathized with the
Russians
, native_name_lang = ru
, image =
, caption =
, population =
, popplace =
118 million Russians in the Russian Federation (2002 ''Winkler Prins'' estimate)
, region1 =
, pop1 ...
, was placed in the
Thalerhof internment camp
Thalerhof (also transliterated as Talerhof from Cyrillic alphabet, Cyrillic-based East Slavic texts) was a concentration camp created by the Austria-Hungary, Austro-Hungarian authorities active from 1914 to 1917, in a valley in foothills of the Alp ...
by the
Austrian
Austrian may refer to:
* Austrians, someone from Austria or of Austrian descent
** Someone who is considered an Austrian citizen, see Austrian nationality law
* Austrian German dialect
* Something associated with the country Austria, for example: ...
Rostov-on-Don
Rostov-on-Don ( rus, Ростов-на-Дону, r=Rostov-na-Donu, p=rɐˈstof nə dɐˈnu) is a port city and the administrative centre of Rostov Oblast and the Southern Federal District of Russia. It lies in the southeastern part of the East Eu ...
, where Yaroslav studied at the gymnasium and performed in the local theatre. Living there, Halan witnessed the events of the
October Revolution
The October Revolution,. officially known as the Great October Socialist Revolution. in the Soviet Union, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was a key moment ...
. He became familiar with
Lenin
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. ( 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin,. was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 19 ...
’s agitation. Later these events formed the base of his story ''Unforgettable Days''.
While in Rostov-on-Don, he discovered the works of Russian writers such as
Leo Tolstoy
Count Lev Nikolayevich TolstoyTolstoy pronounced his first name as , which corresponds to the romanization ''Lyov''. () (; russian: link=no, Лев Николаевич Толстой,In Tolstoy's day, his name was written as in pre-refor ...
,
Maxim Gorky
Alexei Maximovich Peshkov (russian: link=no, Алексе́й Макси́мович Пешко́в; – 18 June 1936), popularly known as Maxim Gorky (russian: Макси́м Го́рький, link=no), was a Russian writer and social ...
,
Vissarion Belinsky
Vissarion Grigoryevich Belinsky ( rus, Виссарион Григорьевич БелинскийIn Belinsky's day, his name was written ., Vissarión Grigórʹjevič Belínskij, vʲɪsərʲɪˈon ɡrʲɪˈɡorʲjɪvʲɪdʑ bʲɪˈlʲinskʲ ...
, and
Anton Chekhov
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov (; 29 January 1860 Old Style date 17 January. – 15 July 1904 Old Style date 2 July.) was a Russian playwright and short-story writer who is considered to be one of the greatest writers of all time. His career ...
. Halan often went to the theatre. Thus his obsession with this art was born, which in the future determined his decision to become a playwright.
Triest
Trieste ( , ; sl, Trst ; german: Triest ) is a city and seaport in northeastern Italy. It is the capital city, and largest city, of the autonomous region of Friuli Venezia Giulia, one of two autonomous regions which are not subdivided into provi ...
Higher Trade School in Italy, and in 1922 enrolled in the
University of Vienna
The University of Vienna (german: Universität Wien) is a public research university located in Vienna, Austria. It was founded by Duke Rudolph IV in 1365 and is the oldest university in the German-speaking world. With its long and rich histor ...
. In 1926 he transferred to the
Jagiellonian University
The Jagiellonian University (Polish: ''Uniwersytet Jagielloński'', UJ) is a public research university in Kraków, Poland. Founded in 1364 by King Casimir III the Great, it is the oldest university in Poland and the 13th oldest university in ...
of
Kraków
Kraków (), or Cracow, is the second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, the city dates back to the seventh century. Kraków was the official capital of Poland until 1596 ...
, from which he graduated in 1928 (according to some sources he didn't pass the final exams). Halan then began working as a teacher of the
Polish language
Polish (Polish: ''język polski'', , ''polszczyzna'' or simply ''polski'', ) is a West Slavic language of the Lechitic group written in the Latin script. It is spoken primarily in Poland and serves as the native language of the Poles. In a ...
and
literature
Literature is any collection of written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially prose fiction, drama, and poetry. In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to include ...
at a private gymnasium in
Lutsk
Lutsk ( uk, Луцьк, translit=Lutsk}, ; pl, Łuck ; yi, לוצק, Lutzk) is a city on the Styr River in northwestern Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Volyn Oblast (province) and the administrative center of the surrounding Luts ...
. However, ten months later he was banned from teaching due to political concerns.
In his student years Halan became active in left-wing politics. While at the University of Vienna he became a member of the workers' community ''Einheit'' (''Unity''), overseen by the
Communist Party of Austria
The Communist Party of Austria (german: Kommunistische Partei Österreichs, KPÖ) is a communist party in Austria. Established in 1918 as the Communist Party of Republic of German-Austria, German-Austria (KPDÖ), it is one of the world's oldest ...
. From 1924 he proactively participated in the underground national liberation movement, which in the Ukrainian lands of the
Second Polish Republic
The Second Polish Republic, at the time officially known as the Republic of Poland, was a country in Central Europe, Central and Eastern Europe that existed between 1918 and 1939. The state was established on 6 November 1918, before the end of ...
(except of Glitzia being under
OUN Oun or OUN may refer to
People
* Ahmed Oun (born '1946), Libyan major general
* Ek Yi Oun (1910–2013), Cambodian politician
* Kham-Oun I (1885–1915), Lao queen consort
* Õun, an Estonian surname; notable people with this surname
* Oun Kham (18 ...
influence) was headed by the
Communist Party of Western Ukraine Communist Party of Western Ukraine (; uk, Комуністична партія Західної України) was a political party in eastern interwar Poland. Until 1923 it was known as the Communist Party of Eastern Galicia (Komunistyczna Par ...
(CPWU). He joined the CPWU when he was on vacation in Peremyshl. Later, while studying in Kraków, he was elected a deputy chairman of the legal student organization ''Życie'' (''Life'') ruled by the
Communist Party of Poland
The interwar Communist Party of Poland ( pl, Komunistyczna Partia Polski, KPP) was a communist party active in Poland during the Second Polish Republic. It resulted from a December 1918 merger of the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland a ...
.
Creativity and political struggle in Poland
In the 1920s, Halan's creative activity also began. In 1927 he finished work on his first significant play, ''Don Quixote from Ettenheim''. For the first time he revealed the venality of
nationalistic
Nationalism is an idea and movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the state. As a movement, nationalism tends to promote the interests of a particular nation (as in a group of people), Smith, Anthony. ''Nationalism: T ...
and
chauvinistic
Chauvinism is the unreasonable belief in the superiority or dominance of one's own group or people, who are seen as strong and virtuous, while others are considered weak, unworthy, or inferior. It can be described as a form of extreme patriotis ...
parties in his play ''99%'' (1930). The theme of
class struggle
Class conflict, also referred to as class struggle and class warfare, is the political tension and economic antagonism that exists in society because of socio-economic competition among the social classes or between rich and poor.
The forms ...
and condemning segregation were actualized in the plays ''Cargo'' (1930) and ''Cell'' (1932), calling for united actions and class solidarity of Ukrainian, Jewish and Polish
proletarians
The proletariat (; ) is the social class of wage-earners, those members of a society whose only possession of significant economic value is their labour power (their capacity to work). A member of such a class is a proletarian. Marxist philo ...
.
Halan's play ''99%'' was staged by the semi-legal ''Lviv Workers’ Theatre''. On the eve of the premiere, Polish authorities launched a campaign of mass arrest against Western Ukrainian communists, sending them to the Lutsk prison. As the theatre's director and one of the key actors were arrested, the premiere was on the verge of failure. Despite risks of being arrested, the workers continued rehearsing, so that the play was presented with a delay of only one day. About 600 workers attended the premiere; for them, it was a form of protest mobilization against repression and nationalism.
Halan was one of the founders of the Ukrainian proletarian writers’ group ''
Horno
( ; ) is a mud adobe-built outdoor oven used by Native Americans and early settlers of North America. Originally introduced to the Iberian Peninsula by the Moors, it was quickly adopted and carried to all Spanish-occupied lands. The has a beehiv ...
''. From 1927 to 1932, along with other communist writers and members of the CPWU, he worked for the Lviv-based Ukrainian magazine ''Vikna,'' being a member of its editorial board, until it was closed by government censors.
Living in the Polish-controlled city of Lviv, Halan frequently had to earn money by translating novels from
German
German(s) may refer to:
* Germany (of or related to)
** Germania (historical use)
* Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language
** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law
**Ge ...
into Polish. In 1932 he moved to Nyzhniy Bereviz, the native village of his wife, located in the
Carpathian mountains
The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians () are a range of mountains forming an arc across Central Europe. Roughly long, it is the third-longest European mountain range after the Urals at and the Scandinavian Mountains at . The range stretches ...
, close to
Kolomyia
Kolomyia, formerly known as Kolomea ( ua, Коломия, Kolomyja, ; pl, Kołomyja; german: Kolomea; ro, Colomeea; yi, ), is a city located on the Prut River in Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast (province), in western Ukraine. It serves as the admi ...
, and kept working on his own plays, stories and articles there. In the village he spread communist agitation among peasants, creating cells of the
International Red Aid
International Red Aid (also commonly known by its Russian acronym MOPR ( ru , МОПР, for: ''Междунаро́дная организа́ция по́мощи борца́м револю́ции'' - Mezhdunarodnaya organizatsiya pomoshchi bor ...
and the Committee for Famine Relief. Without opportunities to find work, he lived in the countryside until June 1935, when he was summoned by the CPWU to return to Lviv.
Halan was denied Soviet citizenship in 1935.
In 1935, Halan traveled extensively around Prykarpattia, giving speeches to peasants. He became an experienced propagandist and agitator. Addressing the city workers, Halan explained to them the main points of
Marxist theory
Marxist philosophy or Marxist theory are works in philosophy that are strongly influenced by Karl Marx's materialist approach to theory, or works written by Marxists. Marxist philosophy may be broadly divided into Western Marxism, which drew fro ...
Karl Marx
Karl Heinrich Marx (; 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist, critic of political economy, and socialist revolutionary. His best-known titles are the 1848 ...
's ''
Wage Labour and Capital
"Wage Labour and Capital" (German: ''Lohnarbeit und Kapital'') was an 1847 lecture by the critic of political economy and philosopher Karl Marx, first published as articles in the ''Neue Rheinische Zeitung'' in April 1849. It is widely considered ...
''. Together with the young communist writer Olexa Havryliuk, Halan organized safe houses, wrote leaflets and proclamations, and transferred illegal literature to Lviv.
Throughout his political career the writer was repeatedly persecuted, and twice imprisoned (for the first time in 1934). He was one of the organizers of the
Lviv Anti-Fascist Congress of Cultural Workers
Lviv Anti-Fascist Congress of Cultural Workers was an event that brought together the progressive intellectuals of Second Polish Republic, Poland, Western Ukraine, and Western Belorussia, Western Belarus. It took place on May 16-17, 1936 in Lviv, ...
in May 1936. Halan also took part in a major political demonstration on 16 April 1936 in Lviv, in which the crowd was fired on by Polish police (in total, thirty workers were killed and two hundred injured). Halan devoted his story ''Golden Arch'' to the memory of fallen comrades.
Participation in the Anti-Fascist Congress forced him to escape from Lviv to
Warsaw
Warsaw ( pl, Warszawa, ), officially the Capital City of Warsaw,, abbreviation: ''m.st. Warszawa'' is the capital and largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the River Vistula in east-central Poland, and its population is officia ...
, where he eventually found work at the left-wing newspaper ''Dziennik Popularny'', edited by
. In 1937, the newspaper was closed by the authorities, and on 8 April Halan was accused of illegal communist activism and sent to prison in Warsaw (later transferred to Lviv). Released in December 1937, Halan lived in Lviv under strict supervision by the police, and remained unemployed until 1939.
In 1937, his elder brother, a member of the CPWU, died in Lviv. After the
Communist Party of Poland
The interwar Communist Party of Poland ( pl, Komunistyczna Partia Polski, KPP) was a communist party active in Poland during the Second Polish Republic. It resulted from a December 1918 merger of the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland a ...
and the
Communist Party of Western Ukraine Communist Party of Western Ukraine (; uk, Комуністична партія Західної України) was a political party in eastern interwar Poland. Until 1923 it was known as the Communist Party of Eastern Galicia (Komunistyczna Par ...
, as its autonomous organization, were dissolved by the
Comintern
The Communist International (Comintern), also known as the Third International, was a Soviet Union, Soviet-controlled international organization founded in 1919 that advocated world communism. The Comintern resolved at its Second Congress to ...
on trumped-up accusations of spying for Poland in 1938, Halan's first wife Anna Henyk (also a member of the CPWU), who was studying at the Kharkiv Medical Institute,
USSR
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen nationa ...
, was arrested by the
NKVD
The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (russian: Наро́дный комиссариа́т вну́тренних дел, Naródnyy komissariát vnútrennikh del, ), abbreviated NKVD ( ), was the interior ministry of the Soviet Union.
...
and executed in the
Great Purge
The Great Purge or the Great Terror (russian: Большой террор), also known as the Year of '37 (russian: 37-й год, translit=Tridtsat sedmoi god, label=none) and the Yezhovshchina ('period of Nikolay Yezhov, Yezhov'), was General ...
Western Belarus
Western Belorussia or Western Belarus ( be, Заходняя Беларусь, translit=Zachodniaja Bielaruś; pl, Zachodnia Białoruś; russian: Западная Белоруссия, translit=Zapadnaya Belorussiya) is a historical region of mod ...
in September 1939, Yaroslav Halan worked for the newspaper ''Vilna Ukraina'', directed the Maria Zankovetska Theatre, and wrote more than 100 pamphlets and articles on changes taking place in the reunified lands of Western Ukraine.
''«A group of writers such as Yaroslav Halan, Petro Kozlaniuk, Stepan Tudor and Olexa Havryliuk..treated the liberation of Western Ukraine y the Red Armyas a logical conclusion of the policy of the Communist Party, which fought for the reunification of the Ukrainian people. In this, they actively helped the party in word and deed. In return, they have already had experience with Polish prisons and oppression from their fellow countrymen. Now fter it happenedthey could breathe a sigh of relief. That is why their smiles were so sincere and celebratory.»''
Petro Panch, ''Lviv, Kopernyka str., 42'', Vitchyzna, 1960, issue No 2, 172
In November 1939 Halan went to Kharkiv to try to locate his vanished wife Anna Henyk. Together with the writer Yuri Smolych he came to the dormitory of the Medical Institute, and asked the porter for any information about her fate. The porter only gave him back a suitcase with Anna's belongings and said that she had been arrested by the NKVD, in response to which Halan burst into tears.
In June 1941, being a journalist of the newspaper ''Vilna Ukraina,'' he took his first professional vacation, in
Crimea
Crimea, crh, Къырым, Qırım, grc, Κιμμερία / Ταυρική, translit=Kimmería / Taurikḗ ( ) is a peninsula in Ukraine, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, that has been occupied by Russia since 2014. It has a pop ...
When the war on the Eastern Front began, Halan arrived in Kharkiv and went to the
military commissariat
A military commissariat is an institution that is part of military service or law enforcement mechanisms in some European countries. As part of the British Army in the 19th century, military commissariats were used for organisational, accounti ...
having a big desire to become a volunteer of the
Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (Russian: Рабо́че-крестья́нская Кра́сная армия),) often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and, after ...
and to go to the frontline but was denied.
He was evacuated to
Ufa
Ufa ( ba, Өфө , Öfö; russian: Уфа́, r=Ufá, p=ʊˈfa) is the largest city and capital of Bashkortostan, Russia. The city lies at the confluence of the Belaya and Ufa rivers, in the centre-north of Bashkortostan, on hills forming the ...
Moscow
Moscow ( , US chiefly ; rus, links=no, Москва, r=Moskva, p=mɐskˈva, a=Москва.ogg) is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 13.0 million ...
for working at the Polish-language magazine ''Nowe Horyzonty.'' In the days of the
Battle for Moscow
The Battle of Moscow was a military campaign that consisted of two periods of strategically significant fighting on a sector of the Eastern Front during World War II. It took place between September 1941 and January 1942. The Soviet defensive e ...
, on 17 October, he was evacuated to
Kazan
Kazan ( ; rus, Казань, p=kɐˈzanʲ; tt-Cyrl, Казан, ''Qazan'', IPA: ɑzan is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Tatarstan in Russia. The city lies at the confluence of the Volga and the Kazanka rivers, covering a ...
.
Later the writer arrived in
Saratov
Saratov (, ; rus, Сара́тов, a=Ru-Saratov.ogg, p=sɐˈratəf) is the largest city and administrative center of Saratov Oblast, Russia, and a major port on the Volga River upstream (north) of Volgograd. Saratov had a population of 901,36 ...
, where he served as a
radio host
A radio personality (American English) or radio presenter (British English) is a person who has an on-air position in radio broadcasting. A radio personality who hosts a radio show is also known as a radio host, and in India and Pakistan as a radi ...
at the ''Taras Shevchenko Radio Station''. Then he was a special front-line correspondent of the newspaper ''Sovietskaya Ukraina'', and then ''Radianska Ukraina''.
''«The majority of his radio-comments have been born spontaneously. He listens to the enemy's radio shows, thinks for a while, then goes to the studio with an open microphone and without any preparations responds, expressing everything what he feels. That was a true radio-battle with all
Hitler
Adolf Hitler (; 20 April 188930 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was dictator of Germany from 1933 until his death in 1945. He rose to power as the leader of the Nazi Party, becoming the chancellor in 1933 and then ...
's propagandists starting from
Goebbels
Paul Joseph Goebbels (; 29 October 1897 – 1 May 1945) was a German Nazi politician who was the ''Gauleiter'' (district leader) of Berlin, chief propagandist for the Nazi Party, and then Reich Minister of Propaganda from 1933 to 19 ...
, Dietrich, and others. The opportunity to fight like this – immediately, without paper nd censorship– demonstrates a high confidence given to him by the
Government
A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a state.
In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists of legislature, executive, and judiciary. Government is a ...
In 1943, in Moscow, he met his future second wife Maria Krotkova, who was an artist.
In October 1943, the publishing house ''Moscovskiy Bolshevik'' released the collection of 15 Halan's war stories ''Front on Air''. At the end of the year, Halan moved to the recently liberated Kharkov and worked there on the frontline radio station ''Dnipro''.
During and after the war he was sharply condemning the
Ukrainian nationalists
Ukrainian nationalism refers to the promotion of the unity of Ukrainians as a people and it also refers to the promotion of the identity of Ukraine as a nation state. The nation building that arose as nationalism grew following the French Revol ...
–
banderivtsi
A Banderite or BanderoviteAlso referred to as ''Banderivets'', ''Banderovets'', ''Banderovtsy'', ''Benderovets'', ''Banderite'', ''Bandera'', or ''Banderlog''. ( uk, бандерівець, bandеrivets; pl, Banderowiec; russian: бандер ...
In 1946 Yaroslav Halan as a correspondent of the ''Radianska Ukraina'' newspaper represented the USSR at the
Nuremberg trial
The Nuremberg trials were held by the Allies against representatives of the defeated Nazi Germany, for plotting and carrying out invasions of other countries, and other crimes, in World War II.
Between 1939 and 1945, Nazi Germany invaded m ...
of Nazi military criminals.
Yaroslav Halan wrote much about Ukrainian nationalists. In his story ''What Has No Name'' he described the
OUN Oun or OUN may refer to
People
* Ahmed Oun (born '1946), Libyan major general
* Ek Yi Oun (1910–2013), Cambodian politician
* Kham-Oun I (1885–1915), Lao queen consort
* Õun, an Estonian surname; notable people with this surname
* Oun Kham (18 ...
crimes:
''«Fourteen-years-old girl can’t calmly look at meat. She trembles if someone is going to cook cutlets in her presence. A few months ago, on Easter Night, armed people came to a peasant house in a village close to the town of
Sarny
Sarny ( uk, Сáрни), translated as '' Does'', is a small city in Rivne Oblast (province) of western Ukraine. It is the administrative center of Sarny Raion (district), and is a major railway node on the Sluch River. Population:
History His ...
, and stabbed its inhabitants with knives. The girl having the eyes widened of fear was looking at the agony of her parents. The girl with horror in her eyes was looking at the agony of her parents. One of the gangsters put a knife blade to the child’s neck, but at the last moment a new “idea” came to his mind: “Live in glory to
Stepan Bandera
Stepan Andriyovych Bandera ( uk, Степа́н Андрі́йович Банде́ра, Stepán Andríyovych Bandéra, ; pl, Stepan Andrijowycz Bandera; 1 January 1909 – 15 October 1959) was a Ukrainian far-right leader of the radical, terr ...
! And to avoid you being starved to death we will leave you some food. Guys, slice pork for her!" The "guys" liked such a proposal. In a few minutes a mountain of meat made from the bleeding father and mother grew up in front of the horror-struck girl...»''
In Halan's tragedy ''Under the Golden Eagle'' (1947) the writer harshly criticizes the American occupation administration in
Western Germany
The old states of Germany (german: die alten Länder) is a jargon referring to the ten of the sixteen states of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) that were part of West Germany and that unified with the eastern German Democratic Republic' ...
for its rude attempts to prevent Soviet soldiers
interned
Internment is the imprisonment of people, commonly in large groups, without charges or intent to file charges. The term is especially used for the confinement "of enemy citizens in wartime or of terrorism suspects". Thus, while it can simply ...
in special camps to return to their homeland. In his play ''Love at Dawn'' (1949, published in 1951) he described the triumph of Socialism in the rural areas of Western Ukraine.
Often he was focused on counteracting the nationalistic propaganda. Nevertheless, Halan complained that these "Augean stables" were not his vocation but it had to be done by someone:
''«I understand: the asenisation work is a necessary and useful work, but why only me? Why should I be the only cesspool cleaner? The reader of our periodicals will involuntarily have the thought that there is only "maniac" Halan, who has clung to Ukrainian fascism like a drunk clings to the raft,
hile
Hile ( ne, हिले) is a hill town located in the Eastern Part of Nepal, 13 km north of the regional center of Dhankuta Bazar. At an elevation of 1948 meters, it is the main route to other hilly districts like Bhojpur and Sankhuwasab ...
the vast majority of the writers ignore this issue. It isn't needed to be explained what further conclusions the reader will make from this.»''
From Halan's letter to his friend Yuri Smolych, on 2 January 1948.
In his last satirical pamphlets Yaroslav Halan criticized the nationalistic and clerical reaction (particularly, the
Greek Catholic Church The term Greek Catholic Church can refer to a number of Eastern Catholic Churches following the Byzantine (Greek) liturgy, considered collectively or individually.
The terms Greek Catholic, Greek Catholic church or Byzantine Catholic, Byzantine Ca ...
and the anti-Communist doctrine of the
Holy See
The Holy See ( lat, Sancta Sedes, ; it, Santa Sede ), also called the See of Rome, Petrine See or Apostolic See, is the jurisdiction of the Pope in his role as the bishop of Rome. It includes the apostolic episcopal see of the Diocese of Rome ...
): ''Their Face'' (1948), ''In the service of Satan'' (1948), ''In the Face of Facts'' (1949), ''Father of Darkness and His Henchmen'' (1949), ''The Vatican Idols Thirst for Blood'' (1949, in Polish), ''Twilight of the Alien Gods'' (1948), ''What Should Not Be Forgotten'' (1947), ''The Vatican Without Mask'' (1949) etc.
When the
Vatican
Vatican may refer to:
Vatican City, the city-state ruled by the pope in Rome, including St. Peter's Basilica, Sistine Chapel, Vatican Museum
The Holy See
* The Holy See, the governing body of the Catholic Church and sovereign entity recognized ...
had discovered that Halan is going to publish his new
anti-clerical
Anti-clericalism is opposition to religious authority, typically in social or political matters. Historical anti-clericalism has mainly been opposed to the influence of Roman Catholicism. Anti-clericalism is related to secularism, which seeks to ...
pamphlet ''Father of Darkness and His Henchmen'', in July 1949 the Pope Pius XII
excommunicated
Excommunication is an institutional act of religious censure used to end or at least regulate the communion of a member of a congregation with other members of the religious institution who are in normal communion with each other. The purpose ...
him. In response to this, Halan wrote a pamphlet ''I Spit on the Pope'', that caused a significant resonance within the Church and among believers. In the pamphlet he ironized on the ''
Decree against Communism
The Decree Against Communism was a 1949 Catholic Church document issued by the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office, and approved by Pope Pius XII, which declared Catholics who professed communist doctrine to be excommunicated as apostat ...
'' released by the Vatican on 1 July, in which the Holy See had threatened to excommunicate all members of the Communist parties and active supporters of the Communists:
''«My only consolation is that I am not alone: together with me, the Pope excommunicated at least three hundred million people, and with them I once again in full voice declare: I spit on the Pope!»''
Assassination
Yaroslav Halan was assassinated on 24 October 1949 in his home office, which was situated at Hvadiyska street in Lviv. He received eleven blows to the head with an axe. His blood spilled on the manuscript of his new article, ''Greatness of the Liberated Human'', which celebrated the tenth anniversary of the
annexation
Annexation (Latin ''ad'', to, and ''nexus'', joining), in international law, is the forcible acquisition of one state's territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory. It is generally held to be an illegal act ...
of
Western Ukraine
Western Ukraine or West Ukraine ( uk, Західна Україна, Zakhidna Ukraina or , ) is the territory of Ukraine linked to the former Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, which was part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Austria ...
with the
Ukrainian SSR
The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic ( uk, Украї́нська Радя́нська Соціалісти́чна Респу́бліка, ; russian: Украи́нская Сове́тская Социалисти́ческая Респ ...
.
The killers – two students of the Lviv Forestry Technical Institute, Ilariy Lukashevych and Mykhailo Stakhur – committed the assassination after receiving the appropriate order from the OUN leadership. On the eve of the murder Lukashevych gained the writer's confidence, so the students were let into the house. They came to the apartment under the pretext of being discriminated against at the university and seeking his help. When Lukashevych gave a signal, Stakhur attacked the writer with the axe. After Stakhur was convinced that Halan was dead, they tied up the housekeeper and escaped.
The Ministry of the State Security (MGB) accused the Ukrainian nationalists of his murder, while the OUN claimed that it was a Soviet provocation in order to start a new wave of repressions against locals.
Nikita Khrushchev
Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (– 11 September 1971) was the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964 and chairman of the country's Council of Ministers from 1958 to 1964. During his rule, Khrushchev s ...
, the leader of the Ukrainian SSR at that time, took personal control of the investigation. In 1951, the MGB agent
Bohdan Stashynsky
Bohdan Mykolayovych Stashynsky ( uk, Богда́н Микола́йович Сташи́нський, born 4 November 1931) is a former Soviet spy who assassinated the Ukrainian nationalist leaders Lev Rebet and Stepan Bandera in the late 1950s ...
infiltrated into the OUN underground network and managed to find Stakhur, who himself bragged about the assassination of Halan. He was arrested on 10 July, and afterwards fully admitted his responsibility for the crime during the trial. According to Stakhur, he did that because of the writer's critical statements on the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists,
Ukrainian Insurgent Army
The Ukrainian Insurgent Army ( uk, Українська повстанська армія, УПА, translit=Ukrayins'ka povstans'ka armiia, abbreviated UPA) was a Ukrainian nationalist paramilitary and later partisan formation. During World ...
and the Vatican.
On 16 October 1951 the military tribunal of the
Carpathian Military District
The Red Banner Carpathian Military District (, ) was a military district of the Soviet Armed Forces during the Cold War and subsequently of the Armed Forces of Ukraine during the early Post-Soviet period.
It was established on 3 May 1946 on the ...
sentenced Mykhailo Stakhur to death by hanging: the court hall applauded the announcement of the verdict. The verdict was enforced on the same day.
Some contemporary Ukrainian historians and journalists put forward the hypothesis that Halan was killed by the Soviets. However, nowadays the fact of the OUN guilt proved with the numerous pieces of evidence is widely recognized by the vast majority of historians.
The assassination of Halan caused tightening of measures against the nationalist Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), which continued insurgent activities against the Soviet power in Western Ukraine. All the leadership of the MGB arrived in Lviv,
Pavel Sudoplatov
Pavel Anatolyevich Sudoplatov (russian: Пáвел Aнатóльевич Cудоплáтов; ua, Павло Анатолійович Судоплатов, translit=Pavlo Anatoliiovych Sudoplatov; July 7, 1907 – September 24, 1996) was a member ...
himself worked there for several months. One of the consequences of the murder of Halan was the elimination of the UPA leader
Roman Shukhevych
Roman-Taras Yosypovych Shukhevych ( uk, Рома́н-Тарас Йо́сипович Шухе́вич, also known by his pseudonym, Tur and Taras Chuprynka; 30 June 1907 – 5 March 1950), was a Ukrainian nationalist, one of the commanders of Na ...
four months later.
Evaluations by contemporaries
''«Yaroslav Halan is a talented publicist, was a progressive writer in the past. Nowadays he still is the most advanced one among
ocal Ocal or OCAL may refer to:
* Öcal, Turkish surname
* Öçal, Turkish surname
* Open Clip Art Library
Openclipart, also called Open Clip Art Library, is an online media repository of free-content vector clip art. The project hosts over 160,000 ...
non-party writers. But he's infected with the Western European bourgeois "spirit". Has little respect for Soviet people. Considers them not civilized enough. But just inwardly. In general terms, he understands the policy of the party, but in his opinion, the party makes great mistakes with regards to peasants in Western Ukraine. Halan places responsibility for these mistakes on the regional committee of the CPSU(b), local institutions of the
Ministry of Internal Affairs
An interior ministry (sometimes called a ministry of internal affairs or ministry of home affairs) is a government department that is responsible for internal affairs.
Lists of current ministries of internal affairs
Named "ministry"
* Ministry ...
and the local Soviet authorities. Believes in Moscow. Doesn't want to join the party (he was advised to) due to being an individualist, and also in order to keep his hands, mind, and words free. He thinks if he joins the party, he will lose this reedom»''
Extract from the report of the literary critic G. Parkhomenko to the Central Committee of the
Communist Party (Bolshevik) of Ukraine
The Communist Party of Ukraine ( uk, Комуністична Партія України ''Komunistychna Partiya Ukrayiny'', КПУ, ''KPU''; russian: Коммунистическая партия Украины) was the founding and ruling ...
, 15 December 1947.
In 1962, in
Toronto
Toronto ( ; or ) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Ontario. With a recorded population of 2,794,356 in 2021, it is the most populous city in Canada and the fourth most populous city in North America. The city is the ancho ...
, Olexandr Matla, aka Petro Tereschuk, a pro-nationalist historian from the
Ukrainian diaspora in Canada
Ukrainian may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to Ukraine
* Something relating to Ukrainians, an East Slavic people from Eastern Europe
* Something relating to demographics of Ukraine in terms of demography and population of Ukraine
* Som ...
, published the brochure ''History of a Traitor (Yaroslav Halan)'', in which he accused Halan of being an informer of both Polish and Soviet intelligence services, and of helping them to oppress nationalists and even some pro-Soviet writers from Western Ukraine such as Anton Krushelnytsky, who moved from Lviv to Kharkiv in the 1930s and was killed during the
Great Terror
The Great Purge or the Great Terror (russian: Большой террор), also known as the Year of '37 (russian: 37-й год, translit=Tridtsat sedmoi god, label=none) and the Yezhovshchina ('period of Yezhov'), was Soviet General Secreta ...
.
''«
alan
Alan may refer to:
People
*Alan (surname), an English and Turkish surname
* Alan (given name), an English given name
**List of people with given name Alan
''Following are people commonly referred to solely by "Alan" or by a homonymous name.''
*A ...
has used his undeniable publicistic talent to serve the enemy, thereby placing himself outside the Ukrainian people. He has directed his energy and creative mind against his own people and their interests. An outrageous egoist, egocentrist, money lover, slanderer, cynic, provocator, agent of two intelligence services, misanthrope, falsificator, speculator, and an informer are all the characteristics of Yaroslav Halan.»''
Petro Tereschuk, History of a Traitor (Yaroslav Halan), Canadian League for Ukraine's Liberation, Toronto, 1962.
''«Yaroslav is an erudite, artist, polemicist, politician and undoubtedly an international-level journalist. I was amazed at his knowledge of the languages: German, French, Italian, Polish, Jewish, Russian. Picking up any newspaper or document he leafs through, reads it and writes something down. I was also surprised by his efficiency in work, interest in everything, an exceptional ability to "seek" and "raise" topics, problems, his persistent work on processing the material.»''
Yuri Yanovsky, a Ukrainian Soviet writer, who worked with Halan at the Nuremberg Trial in 1946.
''«In 1949 I witnessed an unusual event. On October 2 Yaroslav Halan spoke in Lviv University. It turned out to be his last speech. We condemned him but his presentation surprised me. He spoke as an intelligent person defending Ukrainian culture. It had nothing to do with the series of his pamphlets “I spit on Pope!” Halan turned out to be a totally different man. Several days later he was killed.»''
Mykhailo Horyn
Mykhailo Mykolayovych Horyn ( uk, Михайло Миколайович Горинь; 17 June 1930 – 13 January 2013) was a Ukrainian human rights activist, Soviet dissident, and politician. He was a People's Deputy of Ukraine in the first c ...
, a Ukrainian anti-Communist
dissident
A dissident is a person who actively challenges an established Political system, political or Organized religion, religious system, doctrine, belief, policy, or institution. In a religious context, the word has been used since the 18th century, and ...
.
Homage
* In 1954, the movie ''It Shouldn't Be Forgotten'', based on Yaroslav Halan's life events, with
Sergei Bondarchuk
Sergei Fyodorovich Bondarchuk (russian: Сергей Фёдорович Бондарчук, ; uk, Сергі́й Федорович Бондарчук, Serhíj Fédorovych Bondarchúk; 25 September 192020 October 1994) was a Soviet and Russian ...
in the main role was filmed. In 1973, another movie based on the biography of Halan ''Until the Last Minute'' with
Vladislav Dvorzhetsky
Vladislav Vatslavovich Dvorzhetsky (russian: Владислав Вацлавович Дворжецкий, 26 April 1939 – 28 May 1978) was a Soviet film actor. He appeared in eighteen films between 1970 and 1978.
Dvorzhetsky was born in ...
in the main role was released.
*In 1969, the studio Ukrkinokhronika filmed the documentary ''Yaroslav Halan'' about the life of the writer.
*The Dovzhenko Film Studios, in 1958, filmed Halan's work ''Under the Golden Eagle'', but the film wasn't released as "too anti-American". Writer's work '' The Mountains are Smoking'' was filmed in 1989 by the Ukrtelefilm studio.
* In 1962, 1970 and 1976, the USSR Post issued postal envelopes with a portrait of Yaroslav Halan.
* A huge monument to Yaroslav Halan was installed in
Lviv
Lviv ( uk, Львів) is the largest city in western Ukraine, and the seventh-largest in Ukraine, with a population of . It serves as the administrative centre of Lviv Oblast and Lviv Raion, and is one of the main cultural centres of Ukraine ...
in 1972. Besides, the square where the monument was situated was named after Halan. In 1992, on the eve of the Vatican officials’ visit, the local authorities demolished the monument, and its metal was used for constructing a monument to the
Prosvita
Prosvita ( uk, просвіта, 'enlightenment') is a society for preserving and developing Ukrainian culture and education among population that created in the nineteenth century in the Austria-Hungary Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria.
By the ...
, a nationalist organization which Halan fought with. There was another monument to the writer in the city Park of Culture installed in 1957 and demolished in the 1960s. A monument to Halam also existed in
Drohobych
Drohobych ( uk, Дрого́бич, ; pl, Drohobycz; yi, דראָהאָביטש;) is a city of regional significance in Lviv Oblast, Ukraine. It is the administrative center of Drohobych Raion and hosts the administration of Drohobych urban hro ...
, Lviv Region. Demolished in the 1990s.
* In 1960, Halan's personal apartment at Hvardiyska street, 18, where he lived in 1944-1949, was turned into his personal museum. The museum stored writer's personal belongings, documents, and materials about his literary and social activity, publications of his works. In the 1990s, it was under threat of closure, but eventually, it was transformed into the museum Literary Lviv of the First Half of the XX Century.
*From 1964 to 1991, the ''Yaroslav Halan Prize'' was awarded by the Writers' Union of Ukraine for the best propagandistic journalism.
*In 1979, the
Council of Ministers of the Ukrainian SSR
Council of Ministers of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic ( uk, Рада Міністрів УРСР) was the highest executive and administrative body of state power of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, government (1946–1991). The c ...
atheist
Atheism, in the broadest sense, is an absence of belief in the existence of deities. Less broadly, atheism is a rejection of the belief that any deities exist. In an even narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there no ...
clubs named after Yaroslav Halan.
*Halan's works in three volumes were published in Kyiv in 1977–1978.
*From 1967 to 1987, the Lviv-based publisher ''Kameniar'' issued the anti-fascist and anti-clerical almanac ''Post Named After Yaroslav Halan''. In total, 22 issues were published.
* The streets named after Yaroslav Halan existed in
Kyiv
Kyiv, also spelled Kiev, is the capital and most populous city of Ukraine. It is in north-central Ukraine along the Dnieper, Dnieper River. As of 1 January 2021, its population was 2,962,180, making Kyiv the List of European cities by populat ...
,
Kharkiv
Kharkiv ( uk, wikt:Харків, Ха́рків, ), also known as Kharkov (russian: Харькoв, ), is the second-largest List of cities in Ukraine, city and List of hromadas of Ukraine, municipality in Ukraine.Kryvyi Rih
Kryvyi Rih ( uk, Криви́й Ріг , lit. "Curved Bend" or "Crooked Horn"), also known as Krivoy Rog (Russian: Кривой Рог) is the largest city in central Ukraine, the 7th most populous city in Ukraine and the 2nd largest by area. Kr ...
,
Odesa
Odesa (also spelled Odessa) is the third most populous city and municipality in Ukraine and a major seaport and transport hub located in the south-west of the country, on the northwestern shore of the Black Sea. The city is also the administrative ...
,
Chernihiv
Chernihiv ( uk, Черні́гів, , russian: Черни́гов, ; pl, Czernihów, ; la, Czernihovia), is a city and municipality in northern Ukraine, which serves as the administrative center of Chernihiv Oblast and Chernihiv Raion within ...
,
Dnipro
Dnipro, previously called Dnipropetrovsk from 1926 until May 2016, is Ukraine's fourth-largest city, with about one million inhabitants. It is located in the eastern part of Ukraine, southeast of the Ukrainian capital Kyiv on the Dnieper Rive ...
,
Lviv
Lviv ( uk, Львів) is the largest city in western Ukraine, and the seventh-largest in Ukraine, with a population of . It serves as the administrative centre of Lviv Oblast and Lviv Raion, and is one of the main cultural centres of Ukraine ...
,
Khmelnytskyi
Khmelnytskyi ( uk, Хмельни́цький, Khmelnytskyi, ), until 1954 Proskuriv ( uk, Проску́рів, links=no ), is a city in western Ukraine, the administrative center for Khmelnytskyi Oblast (region) and Khmelnytskyi Raion (dist ...
,
Poltava
Poltava (, ; uk, Полтава ) is a city located on the Vorskla River in central Ukraine. It is the capital city of the Poltava Oblast (province) and of the surrounding Poltava Raion (district) of the oblast. Poltava is administratively ...
,
Cherkasy
Cherkasy ( uk, Черка́си, ) is a city in central Ukraine. Cherkasy is the Capital city, capital of Cherkasy Oblast (Oblast, province), as well as the administrative center of Cherkasky Raion (Raion, district) within the oblast. The c ...
,
Chernivtsi
Chernivtsi ( uk, Чернівці́}, ; ro, Cernăuți, ; see also other names) is a city in the historical region of Bukovina, which is now divided along the borders of Romania and Ukraine, including this city, which is situated on the upp ...
Uzhgorod
Uzhhorod ( uk, У́жгород, , ; ) is a city and municipality on the river Uzh in western Ukraine, at the border with Slovakia and near the border with Hungary. The city is approximately equidistant from the Baltic, the Adriatic and the ...
,
Mukachevo
Mukachevo ( uk, Мукачево, ; hu, Munkács; see name section) is a city in the valley of the Latorica river in Zakarpattia Oblast (province), in Western Ukraine. Serving as the administrative center of Mukachevo Raion (district), the city ...
Korosten
Korosten ( uk, Ко́ростень, ; historically also ''Iskorosten'' ) is a historic city and a large transport hub in the Zhytomyr Oblast (province) of northern Ukraine. It is located on the Uzh River. Korosten serves as the administrative ce ...
Saratov
Saratov (, ; rus, Сара́тов, a=Ru-Saratov.ogg, p=sɐˈratəf) is the largest city and administrative center of Saratov Oblast, Russia, and a major port on the Volga River upstream (north) of Volgograd. Saratov had a population of 901,36 ...
, the name of Yaroslav Halan was given to the street where he worked at the ''Taras Shevchenko Radio Station''. After the USSR collapsed, the street recovered it historical name Proviantskaya.
* In
Donetsk
Donetsk ( , ; uk, Донецьк, translit=Donets'k ; russian: Донецк ), formerly known as Aleksandrovka, Yuzivka (or Hughesovka), Stalin and Stalino (see also: Names of European cities in different languages (C–D), cities' alternat ...
,
Luhansk
Luhansk (, ; uk, Луганськ, ), also known as Lugansk (, ; russian: Луганск, ), is a city in what is internationally recognised as Ukraine, although it is administered by Russia as capital of the Luhansk People's Republic (LPR). A ...
Torez
Chystiakove ( uk, Чистякове, ), formerly Torez ( uk, Торез), is a city of regional significance in the Donetsk Oblast in Ukraine. The city is a center of the regional coal industry and much of its economy relies on mining industr ...
,
Shostka
Shostka (, ) is a city in Sumy Oblast in the north-east of Ukraine. Shostka serves as the administrative center of Shostka Raion. It is administratively incorporated as a city of oblast significance and does not belong to the raion.
The city l ...
, and
Rostov-on-Don
Rostov-on-Don ( rus, Ростов-на-Дону, r=Rostov-na-Donu, p=rɐˈstof nə dɐˈnu) is a port city and the administrative centre of Rostov Oblast and the Southern Federal District of Russia. It lies in the southeastern part of the East Eu ...
Drohobych
Drohobych ( uk, Дрого́бич, ; pl, Drohobycz; yi, דראָהאָביטש;) is a city of regional significance in Lviv Oblast, Ukraine. It is the administrative center of Drohobych Raion and hosts the administration of Drohobych urban hro ...
Kolomyia
Kolomyia, formerly known as Kolomea ( ua, Коломия, Kolomyja, ; pl, Kołomyja; german: Kolomea; ro, Colomeea; yi, ), is a city located on the Prut River in Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast (province), in western Ukraine. It serves as the admi ...
Kharkiv
Kharkiv ( uk, wikt:Харків, Ха́рків, ), also known as Kharkov (russian: Харькoв, ), is the second-largest List of cities in Ukraine, city and List of hromadas of Ukraine, municipality in Ukraine.Lychakiv district, Lviv. Renamed in the 1990s, nowadays abandoned.
*Halan's name was given to
kolkhoz
A kolkhoz ( rus, колхо́з, a=ru-kolkhoz.ogg, p=kɐlˈxos) was a form of collective farm in the Soviet Union. Kolkhozes existed along with state farms or sovkhoz., a contraction of советское хозяйство, soviet ownership or ...
es in the following villages: Vuzlove (
Radekhiv Raion
Radekhiv Raion ( uk, Радехівський район) was a raion in Lviv Oblast in western Ukraine. Its administrative center was Radekhiv. The raion was abolished on 18 July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduce ...
, Lviv Oblast), Dytiatychi (
Mostyska Raion
Mostyska Raion ( uk, Мостиський район) was a raion (district) in Lviv Oblast in western Ukraine. Its administrative center was Mostyska. The raion was abolished on 18 July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which ...
, Lviv Region), Mistky (
Pustomyty Raion
Pustomyty Raion ( uk, Пустомитівський район) was a raion in Lviv Oblast in western Ukraine. Its administrative center was the city of Pustomyty. The raion was abolished on 18 July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of U ...
, Lviv Oblast), Turynka (
Zhovkva Raion
Zhovkva Raion ( uk, Жо́вківський райо́н) was a raion in Lviv Oblast in western Ukraine. Its capital (political), administrative center was the city of Zhovkva. The raion was abolished on 18 July 2020 as part of the administrative ...
, Lviv Oblast) Volodymyrivka (
Domanivka Raion
Domanivka Raion ( uk, Доманівський район) was a subdivision of Mykolaiv Oblast of Ukraine. Its administrative center was the urban-type settlement of Domanivka. The raion was abolished on 18 July 2020 as part of the administrative ...
,
Mykolaiv Oblast
Mykolaiv Oblast ( uk, Микола́ївська о́бласть, translit=Mykoláyivsʹka óblastʹ, ), also referred to as Mykolaivshchyna ( uk, Микола́ївщина, Mykoláivshchyna, ) is an oblast (province) of Ukraine. The administra ...
), Seredniy Bereziv (
Kosiv Raion
Kosiv Raion ( uk, Ко́сівський райо́н, translit=Kosiwśkyj rajon) is a raion (district) of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast of Ukraine. The city of Kosiv is the administrative center of the raion. Population: .
Subdivisions
On 18 July 2020 ...
,
Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast
Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast ( uk, Іва́но-Франкі́вська о́бласть, translit=Ivano-Frankivska oblast), also referred to as Ivano-Frankivshchyna ( uk, Іва́но-Франкі́вщина), is an administrative divisions of Ukrain ...
), Hnylytsi (
Pidvolochysk Raion
Pidvolochysk Raion ( uk, Підволочиський район) was a raion in Ternopil Oblast in western Ukraine. Its administrative center was the urban-type settlement of Pidvolochysk. The raion was abolished on 18 July 2020 as part of the ad ...
,
Ternopil Oblast
Ternopil Oblast ( uk, Тернопі́льська о́бласть, translit=Ternopilska oblast; also referred to as Ternopilshchyna, uk, Терно́пільщина, label=none, or Ternopillia, uk, Тернопілля, label=none) is an obl ...
).
* The name of Yaroslav Halan was given to a passenger steamer of the Belsky river shipping company, which operated on the
Moscow
Moscow ( , US chiefly ; rus, links=no, Москва, r=Moskva, p=mɐskˈva, a=Москва.ogg) is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 13.0 million ...
-
Ufa
Ufa ( ba, Өфө , Öfö; russian: Уфа́, r=Ufá, p=ʊˈfa) is the largest city and capital of Bashkortostan, Russia. The city lies at the confluence of the Belaya and Ufa rivers, in the centre-north of Bashkortostan, on hills forming the ...
line. Currently out of use.
* In 2012, the
Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine
The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine ( uk, Верхо́вна Ра́да Украї́ни, translit=, Verkhovna Rada Ukrainy, translation=Supreme Council of Ukraine, Ukrainian abbreviation ''ВРУ''), often simply Verkhovna Rada or just Rada, is the ...
adopted the resolution ''About the celebration of the 110th anniversary of the birth of the famous Ukrainian anti-fascist writer Yaroslav Oleksandrovych Halan''.
File:Львів, Личаківське кладовище, Могила Галана Я. О., українського письменника, публіциста.jpg, ''Writer's grave at the
Lychakiv Cemetery
Lychakiv Cemetery ( uk, Личаківський цвинтар, translit=Lychakivs’kyi tsvyntar; pl, Cmentarz Łyczakowski we Lwowie), officially State History and Culture Museum-Preserve "Lychakiv Cemetery" ( uk, Державний істор ...
''
File:Lviv Heroiv Maidanu 18 RB.jpg, ''Halan's house in Lviv at Havrdiyska str. 18''
File:Kharkov, Galana Street.jpg, ''Former Yaroslav Halan street in
Kharkiv
Kharkiv ( uk, wikt:Харків, Ха́рків, ), also known as Kharkov (russian: Харькoв, ), is the second-largest List of cities in Ukraine, city and List of hromadas of Ukraine, municipality in Ukraine.Lutsk
Lutsk ( uk, Луцьк, translit=Lutsk}, ; pl, Łuck ; yi, לוצק, Lutzk) is a city on the Styr River in northwestern Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Volyn Oblast (province) and the administrative center of the surrounding Luts ...
where Halan worked.''
Awards
*
Order of the Badge of Honour
The Order of the Badge of Honour (russian: орден «Знак Почёта», orden "Znak Pochyota") was a civilian award of the Soviet Union.
It was established on 25 November 1935, and was conferred on citizens of the USSR for outstanding ...
– twice
*
Stalin Prize Stalin Prize may refer to:
* The State Stalin Prize in science and engineering and in arts, awarded 1941 to 1954, later known as the USSR State Prize
The USSR State Prize (russian: links=no, Государственная премия СССР, ...
of the 2nd class (1952, posthumously)
*
Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
The Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" (russian: медаль «За доблестный труд в Великой Отечественной войне 1941–1945 гг.») was a World War II civilian labour awar ...
Works
Plays
* Don Quixote from Ettenheim (1927)
* 99% (1930)
* Cargo (1930)
* Veronika (1930)
* Cell (1932)
* They Decide (1934)
* Vienna Speaks (1935, lost)
* Shumi Maritsa (1942, in Russian)
* Under the Golden Eagle (1947)
* Love at Dawn (1949, published in 1951)
* Bozhena Shramek (unfinished)
Stories and articles (selected)
* Unforgettable Days (1930)
* Punishment (1932)
* Three Deaths (1932)
* Virgin Lands (1932)
* Unknown Petro (1932)
* Savko Is Flooded With Blood (1935)
* Dead Are Fighting (1935)
* The Mountains are Smoking (1938, in Polish)
* On the Bridge (1940)
* Yoasia (1940)
* Forget-Me-Not (1940)
* Grandfather Martyn (1940)
* Jenny (1941)
* Miss Mccarty is Losing Faith (1946)
*School (1946)
Pamphlets (selected)
* With Cross or With Knife (1945)
* Their Face (1947)
* What Should Not Be Forgotten, (1947)
* In the service of Satan (1948)
* Twilight of the Alien Gods (1948, in Russian)
* In the Face of Facts (1949)
* Father of Darkness And His Henchmen (1949)
* The Vatican Idols Thirst for Blood (1949, in Polish)
* The Vatican Without Mask (1949)
* I Spit on the Pope (1949)
Single books
* Front on Air (1943, radio speeches)
Translations
* The War Widow, by
Leonhard Frank
Leonhard Frank (4 September 1882 in Würzburg – 18 August 1961 in Munich) was a German expressionist writer. He studied painting and graphic art in Munich, and gained acclaim with his first novel ''The Robber Band'' (1914, tr. 1928). When a Ber ...
(1932, from German into Ukrainian)
* Three Domobrans, by
Miroslav Krleža
Miroslav Krleža (; 7 July 1893 – 29 December 1981) was a Yugoslav and Croatian writer who is widely considered to be the greatest Croatian writer of the 20th century. He wrote notable works in all the literary genres, including poetry (''Ba ...
(1932, excerpt, from Croatian into Ukrainian)
*
The Gadfly
''The Gadfly'' is a novel by Irish-born British writer Ethel Voynich, published in 1897 (United States, June; Great Britain, September of the same year), set in 1840s Italy under the dominance of Austria, a time of tumultuous revolt and upris ...
, by
Ethel Voynich
Ethel Lilian Voynich, ''née'' Boole (11 May 1864 – 27 July 1960) was an Irish-born British novelist and musician, and a supporter of several revolutionary causes. She was born in Cork, but grew up in Lancashire, England. Voynich was a signifi ...
(1947, from English into Ukrainian)
* The Sisters, by Doriana Slepian (1948, from Russian into Ukrainian)
Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine
The ''Encyclopedia of Ukraine'' ( uk, Енциклопедія українознавства, translit=Entsyklopediia ukrainoznavstva), published from 1984 to 2001, is a fundamental work of Ukrainian Studies.
Development
The work was crea ...
IMDb
IMDb (an abbreviation of Internet Movie Database) is an online database of information related to films, television series, home videos, video games, and streaming content online – including cast, production crew and personal biographies, ...
WorldCat Identities
WorldCat is a union catalog that itemizes the collections of tens of thousands of institutions (mostly libraries), in many countries, that are current or past members of the OCLC global cooperative. It is operated by OCLC, Inc. Many of the OCL ...
– books publication statistics and other data
Yaroslav Halan (as ''Yaroslav Galan'') on the Google Books Ngram Viewer – frequency of mention in English-language books
Bibliography
* ''Беляев В., Ёлкин А.'' Ярослав Галан. – М.: Молодая гвардия, 1971. – (Жизнь замечательных людей)
* ''Галан Ярослав'': ''Енциклопедія історії України'': Т. 2. Редкол.: В. А. Смолій (голова) та ін. НАН України. Інститут історії України. – Київ 2004, "Наукова думка". .
* ''Терещенко Петро''. Історія одного зрадника (Ярослва Галан). Торонто: Канадаська ліга за визволення України, 1962.
* Галан Ярослав, Спогади про письменника, Львiв, вид-во "Каменяр", 1965.
* ''Вальо М. А.'' Ярослав Галан (1902—1949): до 80-річчя з дня народження. Бібліографічний покажчик. – Львів, 1982.
* Про Ярослава Галана: Спогади, статті. – К., 1987.
* Ярослав Галан – борець за правду і справедливість: Документи // Український історичний журнал. – 1990. – No. 2—3.
* ''Рубльов О. С.'', ''Черченко Ю. А.'' Сталінщина й доля західноукраїнської інтелігенції (20—50-ті роки XX ст.) – К., 1994.
* ''Бантышев А. Ф.'', ''Ухаль А. М.'' Убийство на заказ: кто же организовал убийство Ярослава Галана? Опыт независимого расследования. – Ужгород, 2002.
* ''Цегельник Я.'' Славен у віках. Образ Львова у спадщині Я. Галана // Жовтень. – 1982. – No. 3 (449). – С. 72—74. – .
* "Боротьба трудящихся Львівщини проти Нiмецько-фашистьских загарбників". Львів, вид-во "Вільна Україна", 1949.
* ''Буряк Борис'', Ярослав Галан. В кн.: Галан Я., Избранное. М., Гослитиздат, 1958, стр. 593–597.
* ''Даниленко С.'', Дорогою ганьби і зради. К., вид-во "Наукова думка", 1970.
* ''Довгалюк Петро'', В кн.: Галан Я., Твори в трьох томах, К., Держлітвидав, 1960, стр. 5–44.
* ''Добрич Володимир'', У тіні святого Юра. Львiв, вид-во "Каменяр", 1968.
* ''Евдокименко В. Ю.'', Критика ідейних основ украінського буржуазного націоналізму. К., вид-во "Наукова думка", 1967.
* ''Ёлкин Анатолий'', Ярослав Галан в борьбе с католической и американской реакцией. "Вестник Ленинградского университета", 1951, No. 10, стр. 85–100.
* ''Елкин Анатолий'', Ярослав Галан. (Новые материалы.) "Звезда", 1952, No. 7, стр. 163–172.
* ''Елкин Анатолий'', Библиография противоватиканских работ Я. А. Галана. В кн.: "Вопросы истории религии и атеизма". М., изд-во АН СССР, т. 2, 1954, стр. 288–292.
* ''Елкин Анатолий'', Ярослав Галан. Очерк жизни и творчества. М., изд-во "Советский писатель", 1955.
* ''Елкин Анатолий'', Степан Тудор. Критико-биографич. очерк. М., изд-во "Советский писатель", 1956.
* ''Замлинський Володимир'', Шлях чорної зради. Львів, вид-во "Каменяр", 1969.
* ''Косач Юрий'', Вид феодалізму до неофашизму. Нью-Йорк, 1962.
* "Людьскоі крові не змити". Книга фактів. К, 1970.
* ''Мельничук Ю.,'' Ярослав Галан. Львівске кн. – журн. вид-во, 1953.
* ''Млинченко К. М.'', Зброєю полум'яного слова. К., вид-во АН УССР, 1963.
* ''Млот Франтишек'', Мешок иуд, или Разговор о клерикализме. Краков, 1911. На польском языке.
* ''Полевой Борис''. В конце концов. М., изд-во "Советская Россия", 1969.
* "Пост имени Ярослава Галана". Сборник. Львів, вид-во "Каменяр", 1967.
* "Правда про унію". Документи і матеріяли. Львiв, вид-во "Каменяр", 1968.
* ''Терлиця Марко,'' "Правнуки погані". Киев, изд-во "Радянський письменник", 1960.
* ''Терлиця Марко.'' Націоналістичі скорпіони. Киев, изд-во "Радянський письменник", 1963.
* "Ті, що канули в пітьму". Львів, вид-во "Каменяр", 1968.
* ''Ткачев П. И.'', Вечный бой. Минск, изд-во БГУ, 1970.
* ''Цегельник Яків'', В кн.: Галан Ярослав, Спогади про письменника. Львів, вид-во "Каменяр", 1965.
* ''Чередниченко В.'', Націоналізм против націі. К., 1970.