Tartonne (; oc, Tartona) is a

commune A commune is an alternative term for an intentional community. Commune or comună or comune or other derivations may also refer to: Administrative-territorial entities * Commune (administrative division), a municipality or township ** Communes of ...

in the

Alpes-de-Haute-Provence Alpes-de-Haute-Provence or sometimes abbreviated as AHP (; oc, Aups d'Auta Provença; ) is a department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of France, bordering Alpes-Maritimes and Italy to the east, Var to the south, Vaucluse to the w ...

department in southeastern

France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...

. The name of the inhabitants is ''Tartonnais''.

Geography

Site and climate

The village of Tartonne is located bottom of Valley, altitude, greatly influencing the climate; the differences of temperatures on the same day are very important: in 2004, the mean

amplitude The amplitude of a periodic variable is a measure of its change in a single period (such as time or spatial period). The amplitude of a non-periodic signal is its magnitude compared with a reference value. There are various definitions of am ...

of temperature was 27 °C. The landscape is marked by , a

sedimentary rock Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the accumulation or deposition of mineral or organic particles at Earth's surface, followed by cementation. Sedimentation is the collective name for processes that cause these particles ...

of black color which is very soft and crumbly to air, but which is very strong in the subsoil.

Hydrography

The river

Asse de Clumanc The Asse (; oc, Assa) is a long river in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence ''département'', southeastern France. Its source is several small streams which converge at Tartonne, east of Digne-les-Bains. It flows generally southwest. It is a left tr ...

has its source in the north of the commune.

Environment

The commune has of woods and forests, though only 4.5% of its area.

Habitat and hamlets

Like its neighbour

Clumanc Clumanc () is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France. Geography The river Asse de Clumanc flows south through the commune. Population See also *Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department The fo ...

, Tartonne does not correspond to a specific agglomeration, which is quite unusual. The habitat is very dispersed, and one can distinguish five groups of hamlets which are very distant from each other (up to 10 km): *Petit Défend at altitude *Plan-de-Chaude, the main hamlet at which constitutes the headquarters with the town hall *Maladrech at *Le Viable, Les Thourons and Les Laugiers, all at *Sauzeries-Hautes and Sauzeries-Basses at *La Pène or La Peine at This distance is due to the poverty of the soil, and the difficulty of building: the strong gradients, the presence of numerous watercourses, and the instability of the land, means that more than 85% of the territory of the commune is unbuildable.

Major hazards

None of the 200 communes of the Department is in the zero seismic risk zone. Tartonne is in zone 1b (low seismicity) according to the deterministic classification of 1991, based on the historical

earthquake An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting from a sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in intensity, fr ...

s, and in zone 4 (medium risk) according to the EC8 probabilistic classification of 2011. The municipality of Tartonne is also exposed to three other natural risks: *Forest fire *Flooding *Land movement: several slopes of the municipality are covered by a medium to high hazard The municipality of Tartonne is exposed to any of the risks of technological origin identified by the prefecturePréfecture des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, DDRM, op. cit., p. 98 and a foreseeable natural (PPR) for the district exists; the has existed since 2011. The commune was subject to orders of disaster for flooding and mudslides of mud in 1994 and 2011.

Toponymy

The name of the locality (''Tortona'' in 1199, ''Tartona'' in 1200), would be formed on the

pre-Celtic The pre-Celtic period in the prehistory of Central Europe and Western Europe occurred before the expansion of the Celts or their culture in Iron Age Europe and Anatolia (9th to 6th centuries BC), but after the emergence of the Proto-Celtic lang ...

root ''*Tortona'', of unknown origin and meaning according to

Ernest Nègre Ernest Angély Séraphin Nègre (, born 11 October 1907 in Saint-Julien-Gaulène (Tarn), died 15 April 2000 in Toulouse Toulouse ( , ; oc, Tolosa ) is the prefecture of the French department of Haute-Garonne and of the larger region of Occit ...

,Ernest Nègre, Toponymie générale de la France : étymologie de 35 000 noms de lieux, Genève : Librairie Droz, 1990. Volume I : Formations préceltiques, celtiques, romanes. Notice 1187, p 57 though according to

Charles Rostaing Charles Rostaing (9 October 1904 – 24 April 1999) was a French linguist who specialised in toponymy.Obituar ...

rooted in ''*Tar'', designating stoneCharles Rostaing, Essai sur la toponymie de la Provence (depuis les origines jusqu’aux invasions barbares, Laffite Reprints, Marseille, 1973 (1re édition 1950), p 268 and by the Fénie couple in an oronym (mountain toponym).Bénédicte Fénié, Jean-Jacques Fénié, Toponymie provençale, Éditions Sud-Ouest, 2002 (réédition), , p. 25 Negre is disputed by Raymond Sindou, who considers unlikely a lack of change of the name for 1,500 years, and offers a comparison, without a sense of moving forward, ''Tortona'' to ''Dertosa'' in

Hispania Tarraconensis Hispania Tarraconensis was one of three Roman provinces in Hispania. It encompassed much of the northern, eastern and central territories of modern Spain along with modern northern Portugal. Southern Spain, the region now called Andalusia was the ...

and ''Dertona'' in

Cisalpine Gaul Cisalpine Gaul ( la, Gallia Cisalpina, also called ''Gallia Citerior'' or ''Gallia Togata'') was the part of Italy inhabited by Celts ( Gauls) during the 4th and 3rd centuries BC. After its conquest by the Roman Republic in the 200s BC it was ...

. The name of the Summit of Cucuyon at , is formed on the pre-Celtic root ''*Kug-'', another oronym, with repetition and addition of a diminutive suffix.Fénié & Fénié, op. cit., p. 20

History

Antiquity

The first traces of occupation date back to the

Gallo-Roman Gallo-Roman culture was a consequence of the Romanization of Gauls under the rule of the Roman Empire. It was characterized by the Gaulish adoption or adaptation of Roman culture, language, morals and way of life in a uniquely Gaulish context ...

at the current location of the hamlet of Petit Defend.

Augustus Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian, was the first Roman emperor; he reigned from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. He is known for being the founder of the Roman Pr ...

made the conquest of the Asses Valley, while that of the Alps he completed in 14 BC. It is difficult to know the name of the

Gallic tribe The Gauls ( la, Galli; grc, Γαλάται, ''Galátai'') were a group of Celtic peoples of mainland Europe in the Iron Age and the Roman period (roughly 5th century BC to 5th century AD). Their homeland was known as Gaul (''Gallia''). They spo ...

that inhabited the valley, and the name of the

civitas In Ancient Rome, the Latin term (; plural ), according to Cicero in the time of the late Roman Republic, was the social body of the , or citizens, united by law (). It is the law that binds them together, giving them responsibilities () on th ...

which Tartonne depended on in the early Empire: ''Eturamina'' ( Thorame) or ''Sanitensium'' (

Senez Senez is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France. Ecclesiastical history Marcellus I, the first known bishop of Senez, attended the Council of Agde in 506 CE; nevertheless, Senez must have been an episcopal ...

). At the end of the Roman Empire, the connection to that of ''Sanitensium'', and its diocese, was proved with the disappearance of the bishopric of Thorame.Brigitte Beaujard, "Les cités de la Gaule méridionale du IIIe au VIIe s.", Gallia, 63, 2006, CNRS éditions, p. 22-23

Middle Ages

The two communities, La Peine and Tartonne, were reported in charters in the 13th century. Daniel Thiery, Aux origines des églises et chapelles rurales des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence In 1342, the two communities of Tartonne and La Peine are attached to the

Viguerie In Southern France, a ''viguerie'' (; la, vicaria) was a mediaeval administrative court. A ''viguerie'' is named for the place it serves or is found in, that is, the main town of the borough, which need not be its (administrative capital). Appear ...

Castellane Castellane (; Provençal: ''Castelana'') is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France. With about 1,600 inhabitants, Castellane has the distinction of being the least-populated sub-prefecture of France. Its inh ...

by the Comte of Provence. Préfecture des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Préfecture des Alpes de Haute-Provence It is from the 12th century that the village began to develop, where the village is located on the road from

Digne-les-Bains Digne-les-Bains (; Occitan: ''Dinha dei Banhs''), or simply and historically Digne (''Dinha'' in the classical norm or ''Digno'' in the Mistralian norm), is the prefecture of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte ...

Colmars Colmars or Colmars-les-Alpes (''Còumars'' in provençal) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France. The official name of the commune, according to the geographical code of the INSEE, is "Colmars", but it ...

passing by Thorame, and that a salt water source had been found, enabling the inhabitants not to pay the gabelle. The village was mainly

agricultural Agriculture or farming is the practice of cultivating plants and livestock. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled peopl ...

(crops,

sheep Sheep or domestic sheep (''Ovis aries'') are domesticated, ruminant mammals typically kept as livestock. Although the term ''sheep'' can apply to other species in the genus '' Ovis'', in everyday usage it almost always refers to domesticate ...

) and the harvesting of

salt Salt is a mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride (NaCl), a chemical compound belonging to the larger class of salts; salt in the form of a natural crystalline mineral is known as rock salt or halite. Salt is present in vast quant ...

through the salt source was granted by Queen Jeanne in 1402. During the

Middle Ages In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire ...

, the village was cut back several times. The community of La Pène (or La Peine) was heavily depopulated by the crisis of the 14th century (the

Black Death The Black Death (also known as the Pestilence, the Great Mortality or the Plague) was a bubonic plague pandemic occurring in Western Eurasia and North Africa from 1346 to 1353. It is the most fatal pandemic recorded in human history, causi ...

and the

Hundred Years' War The Hundred Years' War (; 1337–1453) was a series of armed conflicts between the kingdoms of England and France during the Late Middle Ages. It originated from disputed claims to the French throne between the English House of Plantagen ...

) and was annexed by Tartonne in 15th century, but continued to be a separate fief. It consisted of civilian buildings and a monastery abandoned before the Revolution. The only trace of this monastic presence is the Saint-Gervais oratory that was installed at the entrance to the hamlet, at the square where the villagers had installed a wooden cross of the chapel of the monastery, after its dismantling. This monastery and civilian buildings belonged to the family of the famous Digne philosopher Gassendi. Tartonne is not untouched by the

Wars of Religion A religious war or a war of religion, sometimes also known as a holy war ( la, sanctum bellum), is a war which is primarily caused or justified by differences in religion. In the modern period, there are frequent debates over the extent to wh ...

(with looting in 1574): population increased from about 200 to 500 inhabitants. The modest Château of Maladrech was built in 1642, near the road leading to Digne.

Early Modern period

The successive Lords of Baux (13th century to 15th century), the in the 14th and 15th centuries, the in the 16th and 17th centuries, and finally Gassendi until the French Revolution.Atlas historique de la Provence, p.202. At the end of the Ancien Régime, the community is linked to the

viguerie In Southern France, a ''viguerie'' (; la, vicaria) was a mediaeval administrative court. A ''viguerie'' is named for the place it serves or is found in, that is, the main town of the borough, which need not be its (administrative capital). Appear ...

of Val de

Barrême Barrême (; oc, Barrema) is a commune in the southeastern French department of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence. The inhabitants of this commune are known as ''Barrêmois'' or ''Barrêmoises''. Geography Barrême is located at an altitude of 722 m so ...

French Revolution

During the

Revolution In political science, a revolution (Latin: ''revolutio'', "a turn around") is a fundamental and relatively sudden change in political power and political organization which occurs when the population revolts against the government, typically due ...

, the town had a , created after the end of 1792.

Contemporary era

The Revolution and the

Empire An empire is a "political unit" made up of several territories and peoples, "usually created by conquest, and divided between a dominant center and subordinate peripheries". The center of the empire (sometimes referred to as the metropole) ex ...

brought many improvements, including a

land value tax A land value tax (LVT) is a levy on the value of land (economics), land without regard to buildings, personal property and other land improvement, improvements. It is also known as a location value tax, a point valuation tax, a site valuation ta ...

equal to all, and proportional to the value of the assets of each. To put it in place on specific grounds, the lifting of a

cadastre A cadastre or cadaster is a comprehensive recording of the real estate or real property's metes-and-bounds of a country.Jo Henssen, ''Basic Principles of the Main Cadastral Systems in the World,'/ref> Often it is represented graphically in a cad ...

is determined. The on 15 September 1807 specified its terms, but its realisation took a long time to implement, officials of the cadastre dealing with the communes in successive geographical groups. It is only in 1837 that the of Tartonne was completed. In the 19th century, the drilling of the

clue Clue may refer to: People with the name * DJ Clue (born 1975), mixtape DJ * Arthur Clues (1924–1998), Australian rugby league footballer * Ivan Clues * Tim Cluess Arts, entertainment, and media ''Clue'' entertainment franchise * ''Cluedo ...

of La Peine allowed the passage of most important convoys, and shortened the journey (30 km instead of 55 km). This road was abandoned in the second half of the 20th century with the arrival of the car and the creation of departmental roads. As many municipalities of the Department, Tartonne acquired a school well before the

Jules Ferry laws The Jules Ferry Laws are a set of French laws which established free education in 1881, then mandatory and ''laic'' (secular) education in 1882. Jules Ferry, a lawyer holding the office of Minister of Public Instruction in the 1880s, is widely c ...

: in 1863, it already had a school which provides

primary education Primary education or elementary education is typically the first stage of formal education, coming after preschool/ kindergarten and before secondary school. Primary education takes place in '' primary schools'', ''elementary schools'', or ...

to the boys at the main settlement.Jean-Christophe Labadie (directeur), Les Maisons d’école, Digne-les-Bains, Archives départementales des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, 2013, (), p. 9. No instruction was given to girls: nor by the Falloux law (1851), which required the opening of a girls school in the communes with more than 800 inhabitants,Labadie, op. cit., p. 16. neither did the first (1867), which lowered the threshold to 500 inhabitants, concern Tartonne.Labadie, op. cit., p. 18. It was only with Ferry laws that the daughters of the municipality are regularly educated. Tartonne was occupied during

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the World War II by country, vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great power ...

by the Italian forces in 1940. In the area, many airdrops of weapons and the establishment of STO (which led many young people to come to the vicinity) allowed the resistance to carry out actions against the German army, which occupied the region from 1942. In retaliation, many houses were burned and destroyed, along with the Château of Maladrech, which served as a cache.

Heraldry

Politics and administration

Population

Sites and monuments

Our Lady of Entraigues

] The

parish A parish is a territorial entity in many Christian denominations, constituting a division within a diocese. A parish is under the pastoral care and clerical jurisdiction of a priest, often termed a parish priest, who might be assisted by one or ...

church is placed under the

patron Patronage is the support, encouragement, privilege, or financial aid that an organization or individual bestows on another. In the history of art, arts patronage refers to the support that kings, popes, and the wealthy have provided to artists su ...

age of Our Lady of Entraigues and under the patronage of Saint Michel. It is built away from the village, and surrounded by the cemetery. The bell tower dates from 1564, except for the top floor which was added in 1865. The

nave The nave () is the central part of a church, stretching from the (normally western) main entrance or rear wall, to the transepts, or in a church without transepts, to the chancel. When a church contains side aisles, as in a basilica-typ ...

, built in the 12th century, has three

bay A bay is a recessed, coastal body of water that directly connects to a larger main body of water, such as an ocean, a lake, or another bay. A large bay is usually called a gulf, sea, sound, or bight. A cove is a small, circular bay with a nar ...

s covered with a barrel vault, rebuilt in the 17th century and in 1830. The

chancel In church architecture, the chancel is the space around the altar, including the choir and the sanctuary (sometimes called the presbytery), at the liturgical east end of a traditional Christian church building. It may terminate in an apse. ...

, in a short span, above the rounded apse (13th century); some

capital Capital may refer to: Common uses * Capital city, a municipality of primary status ** List of national capital cities * Capital letter, an upper-case letter Economics and social sciences * Capital (economics), the durable produced goods used fo ...

s are carved, including an

Atlas An atlas is a collection of maps; it is typically a bundle of maps of Earth or of a region of Earth. Atlases have traditionally been bound into book form, but today many atlases are in multimedia formats. In addition to presenting geogra ...

. An

aisle An aisle is, in general, a space for walking with rows of non-walking spaces on both sides. Aisles with seating on both sides can be seen in airplanes, certain types of buildings, such as churches, cathedrals, synagogues, meeting halls, pa ...

on the south side has been abandoned; on the north side, two chapels date from the 17th century. It is an

historical monument A monument is a type of structure that was explicitly created to commemorate a person or event, or which has become relevant to a social group as a part of their remembrance of historic times or cultural heritage, due to its artistic, hist ...

since 12 April 1972. It was restored in the 1970s (particularly with the casting of a concrete slab on the roof, which tended to deform).Raymond Collier, La Haute-Provence monumentale et artistique, Digne, Imprimerie Louis Jean, 1986, 559 p., p. 115 Other works have been carried out by an association for the safeguarding of the building, including to the floor, roof, wall, and

sundial A sundial is a horological device that tells the time of day (referred to as civil time in modern usage) when direct sunlight shines by the apparent position of the Sun in the sky. In the narrowest sense of the word, it consists of a f ...

."Notre-Dame-d'Entraigues a besoin d'aide", La Provence, 14 April 2013, p. 10 The furniture includes a bell that dates from 1571. The Church has several paintings, including a Donation of the Rosary of Patritti (19th century), a saint Blaise of Sebaste (19th century also) and a saint Michel slaying the dragon, as well as the statue of Our Lady of Entraigues from the 18th century.

Other monuments

The Château of Maladrech, with two round pigeonniers (1644); Maladrech means ''bad place''. A chapel had been added to it between 1764 and 1779, but fell into ruins at the end of the 19th century. The rest of the building was partially destroyed in the 19th century. Consisting of two buildings, it also has a farm. The interior decoration includes the French ceilings, fireplace plaster; from the outside, you can see a cross and a sundial from 1642.

Other places

*The

Clue Clue may refer to: People with the name * DJ Clue (born 1975), mixtape DJ * Arthur Clues (1924–1998), Australian rugby league footballer * Ivan Clues * Tim Cluess Arts, entertainment, and media ''Clue'' entertainment franchise * ''Cluedo ...

of La Peine *The source salt of the Salaou, covered under a vault, is a historical monument since April 1, 1993 *The Chapel of St-Jean-Baptiste, formerly Our Lady of the Rosary (1787), at Plan-de-Chaude in Thouron The chapel of Sainte-Anne at Thouron, was built in the mid-17th century by the inhabitants of village, and restored in the 1830s. Small dimensions, the nave is long, high, and wide.

Notable people

* (1749-1806), born in Tartonne, deputy to the Estates-General in 1789 and in 1799