Tangra Mountains (in

Bulgarian Bulgarian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to the country of Bulgaria * Bulgarians, a South Slavic ethnic group * Bulgarian language, a Slavic language * Bulgarian alphabet * A citizen of Bulgaria, see Demographics of Bulgaria * Bul ...

''Тангра планина'', 'Tangra planina' \'tan-gra pla-ni-'na\) () form the principal mountain range of

Livingston Island Livingston Island (Russian name ''Smolensk'', ) is an Antarctic island in the Southern Ocean, part of the South Shetlands Archipelago, a group of Antarctic islands north of the Antarctic Peninsula. It was the first land discovered south of 60 ...

in the

South Shetland Islands The South Shetland Islands are a group of Antarctic islands with a total area of . They lie about north of the Antarctic Peninsula, and between southwest of the nearest point of the South Orkney Islands. By the Antarctic Treaty of 1 ...

Antarctica Antarctica () is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent. Situated almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle and surrounded by the Southern Ocean, it contains the geographic South Pole. Antarctica is the fifth-largest contine ...

. The range had been nameless until 2001, when it was named after Tangra, "the name of the ancient Bulgarian god."Tangra Mountains.

SCAR A scar (or scar tissue) is an area of fibrous tissue that replaces normal skin after an injury. Scars result from the biological process of wound repair in the skin, as well as in other organs, and tissues of the body. Thus, scarring is a n ...

Composite Antarctic Gazetteer. Tangra Mountains are long between

Barnard Point Barnard Point is a headland which marks the south-east side of the entrance to False Bay on the south side of Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. It is situated on Rozhen Peninsula, north-north-west of Botev Point a ...

and

Renier Point Renier Point () is a narrow point forming the east extremity of both Burgas Peninsula and Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The feature was known to sealers as Point Renier as early as 1821. The name ‘Pin Point’ ...

, wide, and are bounded by

Moon Bay Moon Bay is a bay wide which recedes between Edinburgh Hill and Renier Point, on the east side of Livingston Island, in the South Shetland Islands off Antarctica. The glaciers Sopot Ice Piedmont, Iskar, Huron, Struma, Kaliakra, Panega and ...

and

Huron Glacier Huron Glacier is a } long and wide glacial flow on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands of Antarctica, situated east of Perunika Glacier, southeast of Kaliakra Glacier, south of Struma Glacier, west-northwest of Iskar Glacier and n ...

to the north,

Huntress Glacier Huntress Glacier is a glacier long and wide flowing into the head of False Bay, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. It is situated east of Johnsons Glacier, southeast of Contell Glacier and Balkan Snowfield, south of ...

to the northwest,

False Bay False Bay (Afrikaans ''Valsbaai'') is a body of water in the Atlantic Ocean between the mountainous Cape Peninsula and the Hottentots Holland Mountains in the extreme south-west of South Africa. The mouth of the bay faces south and is demarcat ...

to the west, and

Bransfield Strait Bransfield Strait or Fleet Sea ( es, Estrecho de Bransfield, Mar de la Flota) is a body of water about wide extending for in a general northeast – southwest direction between the South Shetland Islands and the Antarctic Peninsula. History ...

to the southeast, and is linked to

Bowles Ridge Bowles Ridge ( bg, хребет Боулс, hrebet Bouls, ) is the central ridge of eastern Livingston Island. The ridge extends 6.5 km in the east-west direction and is 1.5 km wide. The summit of the ridge is Mount Bowles which ris ...

by Wörner Gap, and to

Pliska Ridge Pliska Ridge ( bg, връх Плиска, vrah Pliska, ) is a three-peaked ridge rising to 667 m in eastern Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Its central and highest summit, ''Pliska Peak'', is located 2.48 km eas ...

Nesebar Gap Nesebar Gap (Sedlovina Nesebar \se-dlo-vi-'na ne-'se-b&r\) is a 1.3 km wide gap in eastern Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica bounded to the west by Pliska Ridge and to the east by the northern slope of Mount Friesl ...

. The mountain is divided in three principal ridges: Friesland Ridge in the west,

Levski Ridge Levski Ridge ( bg, Хребет Левски \'hre-bet 'lev-ski\) is the central ridge of the Tangra Mountains, Livingston Island. Its summit, Great Needle Peak rises to 1,680m and is the second highest summit of the island after Mount Friesland ...

in the centre, and

Delchev Ridge Delchev Ridge (Delchev Hrebet \'del-chev 'hre-bet\) is the eastern ridge of the Tangra Mountains, Livingston Island extending 10 km east-northeastward from Devin Saddle to Renier Point. The ridge is named in association with its summit De ...

in the east. The peaks and slopes of Tangra are heavily glaciated, and drained by the glaciers Huron, Huntress,

Ruen Icefall The Ruen Icefall ( bg, ледопад Руен, ledopad Ruen, ) on Rozhen Peninsula in eastern Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands in Antarctica is situated south of Huntress Glacier, northwest of Prespa Glacier and northeast of Peshtera a ...

Peshtera Peshtera ( bg, Пещера , sometimes transliterated as ''Peštera''; rup, Peshtera) is a town in the Rhodope Mountains, southern Bulgaria. It is located in Pazardzhik Province near the towns of Batak and Bratsigovo. The town is the third ...

Charity Charity may refer to: Giving * Charitable organization or charity, a non-profit organization whose primary objectives are philanthropy and social well-being of persons * Charity (practice), the practice of being benevolent, giving and sharing * C ...

Tarnovo Ice Piedmont Tarnovo Ice Piedmont ( bg, ледник Търново, lednik Tarnovo, ) is an ice piedmont on Rozhen Peninsula, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is situated southeast of Charity Glacier and west-southwest of Prespa G ...

Prespa Prespa ( mk, Преспа, sq, Prespa, el, Πρέσπα) is a region shared between North Macedonia, Albania and Greece. It shares the same name with the two Prespa lakes which are situated in the middle of the region. The largest town is Rese ...

, Macy,

Boyana Boyana ( bg, Бояна ) is a neighbourhood of the Bulgarian capital of Sofia, part of Vitosha municipality and situated 8 km south of the city centre, in the outskirts of Vitosha. Boyana is one of the most expensive parts of Sofia to l ...

Srebarna The Srebarna Nature Reserve ( bg, Природен резерват Сребърна, transliterated as ''Priroden rezervat Srebarna'') is a nature reserve in northeastern Bulgaria (Southern Dobruja), near the village of the same name, 18 km ...

, Magura,

Dobrudzha Dobruja or Dobrudja (; bg, Добруджа, Dobrudzha or ''Dobrudža''; ro, Dobrogea, or ; tr, Dobruca) is a historical region in the Balkans that has been divided since the 19th century between the territories of Bulgaria and Romania. I ...

Ropotamo The Ropotamo ( bg, Ропотамо , from the Ancient Greek word Ροπόταμος ''ropotamos'' meaning "border river") is a river in south-eastern Bulgaria Bulgaria (; bg, България, Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bu ...

, Strandzha,

Pautalia Pautalia is one of the great ancient cities of Thrace, now located in Kyustendil, Bulgaria. It was a settlement of the Dentheletae, a Thracian tribe, and had been occupied since at least the Iron Age. It is noted for its temple of Asclepius on th ...

Sopot Ice Piedmont Sopot Ice Piedmont ( bg, ледник Сопот, lednik Sopot, ) is an ice piedmont situated on Burgas Peninsula, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, northeast of Iskar Glacier and north of Ropotamo, Strandzha and Pa ...

, and Iskar. Camp Academia in the northwestern foothills of

Zograf Peak Zograf Peak ( bg, връх Зограф, vrah Zograf, ) rises to at the northeastern extremity of the Friesland Ridge in the Tangra Mountains, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The peak is heavily glaciated and cr ...

is the perfect gateway to central Tangra Mountains via

Catalunyan Saddle Catalunyan Saddle (Katalunska Sedlovina \ka-ta-'lun-ska se-dlo-vi-'na\) is a saddle of 1260 m height in the Friesland Ridge of the Tangra Mountains on Livingston Island, in the South Shetland Islands. The saddle is bounded by Lyaskovets Peak to ...

(1260 m) to the south and

Lozen Saddle Lozen Saddle (Lozenska Sedlovina \'lo-zen-ska se-dlo-vi-'na\) is a 437 m high saddle situated between Lozen Nunatak and Zograf Peak in Tangra Mountains, eastern Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica which provides overland ...

(437 m) to the east. Catalunyan Saddle was occupied by a bivouac of the Tangra 2004/05 Exploration team on 14–16 December 2004.

Friesland Ridge

Friesland Ridge is 15.5 km long from

Botev Point Botev Point ( bg, нос Ботев, nos Botev, ) is the south extremity of both Rozhen Peninsula and Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica formed by an offshoot of Botev Peak in the Veleka Ridge of Tangra Mountains. The fe ...

in the southwest to

Shipka Saddle Shipka Saddle (Shipchenska Sedlovina \'ship-chen-ska se-dlo-vi-'na\) is a deep ice-covered saddle in Tangra Mountains, Livingston Island, Antarctica between Friesland Ridge to the west and Levski Ridge to the east. The feature is 250 m long, wit ...

to the northeast. The summit

Mount Friesland Mount Friesland is a mountain rising to in the homonymous Friesland Ridge, the summit of Tangra Mountains and Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Its north rib is connected to Pliska Ridge by Nesebar Gap on the west, a ...

() rises to exactly 1700 m. It was accurately measured by GPS in December 2003 by the Omega Foundation expedition led by

Damien Gildea Damien Gildea (born 1969) is an Australian mountaineer and Antarctic explorer who has climbed extensively in Antarctica, Nepal, Tibet, Pakistan, Bolivia, Alaska, New Zealand and elsewhere. Mountaineering His Antarctic ascents include Mount Vinso ...

, which made the second ascent of Mount Friesland. Other main peaks are St. Boris (1699 m),D. Boyanov and N. Petkov
The Peaks of Tangra Mountains: Project Report Part Two 2016/17.
Sofia, February 2017 (in Bulgarian)

Simeon Simeon () is a given name, from the Hebrew (Biblical ''Šimʿon'', Tiberian ''Šimʿôn''), usually transliterated as Shimon. In Greek it is written Συμεών, hence the Latinized spelling Symeon. Meaning The name is derived from Simeon, so ...

(1580 m), St. Cyril (1505 m), Lyaskovets (1473 m), Presian Ridge (1456 m), St. Methodius (1180 m),

Academia An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of secondary or tertiary higher learning (and generally also research or honorary membership). The name traces back to Plato's school of philosophy, ...

(1253 m), and Zograf (1011 m). First ascents: Mount Friesland by Francesc Sàbat and Jorge Enrique from Juan Carlos I Base on 30 December 1991;

Lyaskovets Peak Lyaskovets Peak ( bg, връх Лясковец, vrah Lyaskovets, ) is the easternmost peak of Friesland Ridge in the Tangra Mountains, eastern Livingston Island and has an elevation of 1,473 m. The peak is bounded by Catalunyan Saddle on the we ...

by L. Ivanov and D. Vasilev from Camp Academia on 14 December 2004;

by L. Ivanov from Camp Academia on 31 December 2004;D. Gildea
''Mountaineering in Antarctica: complete guide: Travel guide.''
Primento and Editions Nevicata, 2015. 192 pp. Simeon Peak by D. Boyanov, N. Petkov and N. Hazarbasanov from

on 15 January 2017; and St. Boris Peak by D. Boyanov and N. Petkov from Camp Academia area on 22 December 2016.

Levski Ridge

is 8 km long between

to the west and Devin Saddle to the east, and 8 km wide between

Cherepish Ridge Cherepish Ridge (Cherepishki Rid \che-re-'pish-ki 'rid\) is a narrow rocky ridge in the South Shetland Islands of Antarctica. Rising to , the ridge runs in the south to north direction from the north of Intuition Peak, in the Tangra Mountains ...

to the north and Christoff Cliff to the south. The summit

Great Needle Peak Great Needle Peak ( bg, Голям Иглен връх, Golyam Iglen vrah, ; variant name in es, pico Falsa Aguja, lit=False Needle Peak) is the summit of the central Levski Ridge in Tangra Mountains on Livingston Island, Antarctica. Rising to 1 ...

() rises to 1680 m, and was first ascended and GPS-surveyed by the Bulgarian mountaineers Doychin Boyanov, Nikolay Petkov and Aleksander Shopov on 8 January 2015.N. Petkov
Livingston Island, Falsa Aguja and Sofia Peak.
''American Alpine Journal: Climbs And Expeditions'', 2016.
Complete expedition report
by N. Petkov and D. Boyanov) Other main peaks are Levski (1430 m), St. Ivan Rilski Col (1350 m),

Helmet A helmet is a form of protective gear worn to protect the head. More specifically, a helmet complements the skull in protecting the human brain. Ceremonial or symbolic helmets (e.g., a policeman's helmet in the United Kingdom) without protect ...

(1254 m),

Serdica Serdika or Serdica ( Bulgarian: ) is the historical Roman name of Sofia, now the capital of Bulgaria. Currently, Serdika is the name of a district located in the city. It includes four neighbourhoods: "Fondovi zhilishta"; "Banishora", "Orlandov ...

(1200 m),

Vihren Vihren ( ) is the highest peak of Bulgaria's Pirin Mountains. Reaching , it is Bulgaria's second and the Balkans' third highest, after Musala and Mount Olympus. Although due to the karst topography Vihren is deprived of lakes and streams, a numb ...

(1150 m), Ongal (1149 m), and Plovdiv (1040 m). Other first ascents:

Ongal Peak Ongal Peak ( bg, връх Онгъл, vrah Ongal, ) is a sharp glaciated peak rising to 1151 m on Levski Ridge of Tangra Mountains, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. It surmounts Shipka Valley on the north-northwest, ...

and

Komini Peak Komini Peak ( bg, връх Комини, vrah Komini, ) is a peak with an elevation of on the north slopes of Levski Peak, in the Tangra Mountains, in Livingston Island, Antarctica. The peak has precipitous rocky western slopes and was first ...

(774 m) by L. Ivanov from Camp Academia on 21 December 2004, and Plana Peak by D. Boyanov, N. Petkov and A. Shopov on 8 January 2015.

Delchev Ridge

is 10 km long between Devin Saddle to the west and

to the east. The summit

Delchev Peak Delchev Peak ( bg, Делчев връх, Delchev vrah, ) is the summit of Delchev Ridge, Tangra Mountains, Livingston Island and rises to approximately 940 m. The peak surmounts Iskar Glacier to the west, Sopot Ice Piedmont to the north, and R ...

() rises to 940 m, other main peaks are

Ruse Ruse may refer to: Places *Ruse, Bulgaria, a major city of Bulgaria **Ruse Municipality ** Ruse Province ** 19th MMC – Ruse, a constituency *Ruše, a town and municipality in north-eastern Slovenia * Ruše, Žalec, a small settlement in east-ce ...

(800 m), Asen (800 m),

Peter Peter may refer to: People * List of people named Peter, a list of people and fictional characters with the given name * Peter (given name) ** Saint Peter (died 60s), apostle of Jesus, leader of the early Christian Church * Peter (surname), a sur ...

(800 m),

Kuber Kuber, (also Kouber or Kuver), was a Bulgar leader who, according to the ''Miracles of Saint Demetrius'', liberated a mixed Bulgar and Byzantine Christian population in the 670s, whose ancestors had been transferred from the Eastern Roman Empi ...

(770 m),

Elena Elena may refer to: People * Elena (given name), including a list of people and characters with this name * Joan Ignasi Elena (born 1968), Catalan politician * Francine Elena (born 1986), British poet Geography * Elena (town), a town in Veliko ...

(700 m),

Spartacus Spartacus ( el, Σπάρτακος '; la, Spartacus; c. 103–71 BC) was a Thracian gladiator who, along with Crixus, Gannicus, Castus, and Oenomaus, was one of the escaped slave leaders in the Third Servile War, a major slave uprisin ...

(650 m), Yavorov (640 m), and Paisiy (550 m).

Mapping

British British may refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * British people, nationals or natives of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories, and Crown Dependencies. ** Britishness, the British identity and common culture * British English, ...

mapping of the mountains in 1968,

Spanish Spanish might refer to: * Items from or related to Spain: **Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain **Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries **Spanish cuisine Other places * Spanish, Ontario, Can ...

mapping in 1991, Omega Foundation mapping in 2004,

Bulgaria Bulgaria (; bg, България, Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria,, ) is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Macedo ...

n mapping in 2005 and 2009 from topographic surveys in 1995/96 and 2004/05. * S. Soccol, D. Gildea and J. Bath
Livingston Island, Antarctica.
Scale 1:100000 satellite map. The Omega Foundation, USA, 2004. * L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands (from English Strait to Morton Strait, with illustrations and ice-cover distribution). Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005. * L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2010. (First edition 2009. ) * L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Smith Island. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2017.

References

;Notes ;Sources * J. Stewart
''Antarctica: An Encyclopedia''.
Jefferson, N.C. and London: McFarland, 2011. 1771 pp. * D. Gildea

Antarctic Mountains: Climbing in Antarctica.
Antarctica: Livingston Island
''Climb Magazine'', Issue 14. Kettering, UK, April 2006. pp. 89–91 * L. Ivanov
Livingston Island
Tangra Mountains, Komini Peak, west slope new rock route; Lyaskovets Peak, first ascent; Zograf Peak, first ascent; Vidin Heights, Melnik Peak, Melnik Ridge, first ascent. ''The American Alpine Journal'', 2005. pp. 312–315 * L. Ivanov
General Geography and History of Livingston Island.
In: ''Bulgarian Antarctic Research: A Synthesis''. Eds. C. Pimpirev and N. Chipev. Sofia: St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2015. pp. 17–28. * D. Gildea
''Mountaineering in Antarctica: complete guide: Travel guide.''
Primento and Editions Nevicata, 2015.

External links

Bulgarian Antarctic Gazetteer.
Antarctic Place-names Commission. (details in Bulgarian
basic data
in English)

The Omega Foundation, USA, 2003.

Tangra Mountains.
Copernix satellite image {{Use dmy dates, date=March 2012 Bulgaria and the Antarctic Mountain ranges of Antarctica