Hosts and symptoms
''Typhula incarnata'' is, along with '' Typhula ishikariensis'', the causal agent of gray snow mold (also known as speckled snow mold orDisease cycle
The cool (-1-13 °C) and damp conditions of the fall allow ''Typhula incarnata'' to begin producing sclerotia. Young sclerotia of ''T. incarnata'' start out whitish-pink in color and eventually mature into hard reddish-brown spheres about 5 mm in diameter. Mature sclerotia will produce spore-bearing structures known as clavula, where basidia and basidiospores can form. During the winter, the sclerotia begin to germinate and produce mycelium under a snow cover. The mycelium eventually spreads, produces infection cushions, and penetrates plant tissue. In order for there to be a severe disease outbreak there must be a persistent snow cover, however there have been a few instances where an outbreak has occurred with little to no snow. In the spring, when the snow melts sclerotia and gray mycelia can be seen on dead plant tissue. As the plant tissue begins to decompose sclerotia drop to the ground where they oversummer. Throughout the summer, fungi tend to infest the sclerotia of ''T. incarnata'', reducing germination rates up to 90%.Environment
''Typhula incarnata'' develops when a prolonged snow cover (around 60 days) sits on an unfrozen ground where soil temperatures are above freezing (-1˗ 4.4 °C). ''T. incarnata'' typically doesn’t develop if the ground freezes before snow accumulates. Snow molds are opportunistic pathogens meaning they only become pathogenic when host immunity is low. During the winter, plants usually have little resistance to disease because their carbohydrate reserves are low. This weakened immune response, along with little competition from other microorganisms, gives snow molds the perfect opportunity to infect their host. Cold tolerance is one of the most important feature of snow molds. ''T. incarnata'', and other species of gray snow molds, survive the winter by producing extracellular antifreeze proteins. These antifreeze proteins cause thermal hysteria. Thermal hysteria is the supply of heat to a material at a rate different from equilibrium. Antifreeze proteins bind to ice crystals and create curved ice fronts which are energetically unfavorable for the further absorption of water. This causes ice crystals not to form.Management
Turf infected by ''Typhula incarnata'' will typically recover when growth resumes in the spring. This is because ''T. incarnata'' doesn’t kill the crowns of grass. In order to avoid ''T. incarnata'' try planting species that aren’t susceptible (e.g., fine fescues). Also, avoid applying high nitrogen fertilizers late into the fall. High levels of nitrogen can promote late-season growth which encourages the disease. Finally, try mowing throughout the fall. This can help “prevent excessive turf top growth that is more easily infected by Typhula”. Fungicides aren’t typically used to treat ''T. incarnata'' because the grass can usually recover naturally in the spring. Fungicides should only be used to prevent severe snow mold damage. They should be applied right before a snow cover is permanent or when snow begins to melt. Mixtures of fungicides, such as a demethylase inhibitor (DMI) with a chlorothalonil product or thiophanate-methyl product, can also be very effective at preventing snow mold damage.Importance
''Typhula incarnata'' is common in Wisconsin and other areas of the Midwest. This disease can lead to reduced turf quality long into the summer months. Around $20,000 are spent each year on fungicides to prevent snow molds. Despite the large amount of money used to prevent this disease, many times ''T. incarnata'', and other species of snow molds, will develop, especially after harsh or variable winter conditions.References
External links
{{Taxonbar, from=Q7861358 Fungal plant pathogens and diseases Cereal diseases Typhulaceae Fungi described in 1838