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Typhula Ishikariensis
''Typhula ishikariensis'' is, along with ''Typhula incarnata'', the causal agent of grey snow mould (also called speckled snow mould or ''Typhula'' blight), an obligately parasitic plant pathogen that can destroy turfgrass when covered for a long period with snow. It is a particular problem on golf courses established in unsuitable areas. More importantly, it can also damage crops of winter wheat. The species was described as new to science in 1930 by Japanese mycologist Sanshi Imai. The varieties ''canadensis'' and ''ishikariensis'' (the former as a new combination) were described in 1978. There is a wide variety within the species and not all authorities agree as to subspecies, or even whether it should be monophyletic. Taxonomy There is a wide range of morphology, physiology, and genetics. Some test have shown '' Typhula idahoensis'' to be interfertile, or not to be; and there are significant morphological and range differences; and so it is sometimes regarded as a subspeci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Typhula Incarnata
''Typhula incarnata'' is a fungal plant pathogen in the family Typhulaceae. Hosts and symptoms ''Typhula incarnata'' is, along with '' Typhula ishikariensis'', the causal agent of gray snow mold (also known as speckled snow mold or Typhula blight). This plant pathogen destroys cool season turfgrasses grown in areas with extended periods of snowcover. “Turfgrass hosts include but are not limited to: annual bluegrass, colonial bentgrass, creeping bentgrass, fine-leaf fescues, Kentucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass, and tall fescue”. Signs of the pathogen can be observed in the spring as circular grayish-brown patches, about 15 cm in diameter, of mycelium. ''T. incarnata'' can be distinguished from ''T. ishkikariensis'' by its sclerotia. ''T. incarnata'' has reddish-brown sclerotia with a diameter of 1.5–3 mm, whereas ''T. iskikariensis'' has black sclerotia with a diameter of 0.5-1.5 mm. Disease cycle The cool (-1-13 °C) and damp conditions ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Central Siberia
The Central Siberian Plateau (russian: Среднесибирское плоскогорье, Srednesibirskoye ploskogorye; sah, Орто Сибиир хаптал хайалаах сирэ) is a vast mountainous area in Siberia, one of the Great Russian Regions. Geography The plateau occupies a great part of central Siberia between the Yenisei and Lena rivers. It is located in the Siberian Platform and extends over an area of , between the Yenisei in the west and the Central Yakutian Lowland in the east. To the south it is bound by the Altai Mountains, Salair Ridge, Kuznetsk Alatau, the Eastern and Western Sayan Mountains and other mountains of Tuva, as well as the North Baikal Highlands and Baikal Mountains. To the north of the plateau lie the North Siberian Lowland and to the east the plateau gives way to the Central Yakutian Lowland and the Lena Plateau. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cool Temperate
In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ranges throughout the year and more distinct seasonal changes compared to tropical climates, where such variations are often small and usually only have precipitation changes. In temperate climates, not only do latitudinal positions influence temperature changes, but sea currents, prevailing wind direction, continentality (how large a landmass is) and altitude also shape temperate climates. The Köppen climate classification defines a climate as "temperate" C, when the mean temperature is above but below in the coldest month to account for the persistency of frost. However, other climate classifications set the minimum at . Zones and climates The north temperate zone extends from the Tropic of Cancer (approximately 23.5° north latitude) to the Arctic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Winter Cereal
Winter cereals, also called winter grains, fall cereals, fall grains, or autumn-sown grains, are Biennial plant, biennial cereals, cereal Crop, crops sown in the autumn. They germinate before winter comes, may partially grow during mild winters or simply persevere under a sufficiently thick snow cover to continue their life cycle in Spring (season), spring. They are harvested earlier than grains of the same type sown in springtime. In general, winter cereals have a much higher yield than spring cereals because they can use snow as moisture for growth. Winter strains are available for rye (winter or fall rye), wheat (winter wheat, winter or fall wheat), barley (winter or fall barley) and triticale (winter triticale). See also * Rabi crop References Cereals Plant development {{agriculture-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Forage
Forage is a plant material (mainly plant leaves and stems) eaten by grazing livestock. Historically, the term ''forage'' has meant only plants eaten by the animals directly as pasture, crop residue, or immature cereal crops, but it is also used more loosely to include similar plants cut for fodder and carried to the animals, especially as hay or silage. While the term ''forage'' has a broad definition, the term ''forage crop'' is used to define crops, annual or biennial, which are grown to be utilized by grazing or harvesting as a whole crop. Common forages Grasses Grass forages include: *'' Agrostis'' spp. – bentgrasses **''Agrostis capillaris'' – common bentgrass **''Agrostis stolonifera'' – creeping bentgrass *''Andropogon hallii'' – sand bluestem *''Arrhenatherum elatius'' – false oat-grass *'' Bothriochloa bladhii'' – Australian bluestem *''Bothriochloa pertusa'' – hurricane grass *''Brachiaria decumbens'' – Surinam grass *''Brachiaria humidicola'' – ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grass
Poaceae () or Gramineae () is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of monocotyledonous flowering plants commonly known as grasses. It includes the cereal grasses, bamboos and the grasses of natural grassland and species cultivated in lawns and pasture. The latter are commonly referred to collectively as grass. With around 780 genera and around 12,000 species, the Poaceae is the fifth-largest plant family, following the Asteraceae, Orchidaceae, Fabaceae and Rubiaceae. The Poaceae are the most economically important plant family, providing staple foods from domesticated cereal crops such as maize, wheat, rice, barley, and millet as well as feed for meat-producing animals. They provide, through direct human consumption, just over one-half (51%) of all dietary energy; rice provides 20%, wheat supplies 20%, maize (corn) 5.5%, and other grains 6%. Some members of the Poaceae are used as building materials (bamboo, thatch, and straw); others can provide a source of biofuel, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stipe (mycology)
In mycology, a stipe () is the stem or stalk-like feature supporting the cap of a mushroom. Like all tissues of the mushroom other than the hymenium, the stipe is composed of sterile hyphal tissue. In many instances, however, the fertile hymenium extends down the stipe some distance. Fungi that have stipes are said to be stipitate. The evolutionary benefit of a stipe is generally considered to be in mediating spore dispersal. An elevated mushroom will more easily release its spores into wind currents or onto passing animals. Nevertheless, many mushrooms do not have stipes, including cup fungi, puffballs, earthstars, some polypores, jelly fungi, ergots, and smuts. It is often the case that features of the stipe are required to make a positive identification of a mushroom. Such distinguishing characters include: # the texture of the stipe (fibrous, brittle, chalky, leathery, firm, etc.) # whether it has remains of a partial veil (such as an annulus or cortina) or universal ve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sporophores
{{Short pages monitor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clavula (other)
Clavula may refer to: * ''Clavula'', a synonym for a genus of sedges, ''Eleocharis'' * ''Clavula'', a synonym for a genus of hydrozoans, ''Turritopsis ''Turritopsis'' is a genus of hydrozoans in the family Oceaniidae. Species According to the '' World Register of Marine Species'', this genus includes the following species: * '' Turritopsis chevalense'' – ''species inquirenda'' * ''Turrito ...'' * Clavula (fungal morphology) {{Disambiguation, genus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sclerotia
A sclerotium (; (), is a compact mass of hardened fungal mycelium containing food reserves. One role of sclerotia is to survive environmental extremes. In some higher fungi such as ergot, sclerotia become detached and remain dormant until favorable growth conditions return. Sclerotia initially were mistaken for individual organisms and described as separate species until Louis René Tulasne proved in 1853 that sclerotia are only a stage in the life cycle of some fungi. Further investigation showed that this stage appears in many fungi belonging to many diverse groups. Sclerotia are important in the understanding of the life cycle and reproduction of fungi, as a food source, as medicine (for example, ergotamine), and in agricultural blight management. Examples of fungi that form sclerotia are ergot (''Claviceps purpurea''), ''Polyporus tuberaster'', ''Psilocybe mexicana'', ''Sclerotium delphinii'' and many species in Sclerotiniaceae. Although not fungal, the plasmodium (life cycl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Betaine Lipid
A betaine () in chemistry is any neutral chemical compound with a positively charged cationic functional group, such as a Quaternary ammonium cation, quaternary ammonium or phosphonium cation (generally: Onium compounds, onium ions) that bears no hydrogen atom and with a negatively charged functional group such as a carboxylate group that may not be adjacent to the cationic site. Historically, the term was reserved for trimethylglycine (TMG) which is involved in methylation reactions and detoxification of homocysteine. This is a modified amino acid consisting of glycine with three methyl groups serving as methyl donor for various metabolic pathways. The pronunciation of the compound reflects its origin and first isolation from sugar ''beets'' (''Beta vulgaris'' subsp. ''vulgaris''), and does not derive from the Greek letter beta (β). It is commonly pronounced ''beta-INE'' or ''BEE-tayn''. In biological systems, many naturally occurring betaines serve as organic osmolytes. These ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sclerotinia Borealis
''Sclerotinia borealis'' or snow scald is a psychrophilic plant pathogen infecting barley, rye and wheat. Physiology Temperature Minimum growth temperature is below . Optimal growth range is . Maximum growth temperature , whereupon irregular mycelial growth occurs and oxygen consumption is far above healthy level; does not survive above. Sclerotia germination optimal at four weeks of daily thermal cycles of followed by . Frost is necessary during life cycle. Enzymes Produces polygalacturonase; variant with maximum activity between and only 30% of max activity at . Activity preserved at beyond two years, but inactivated by overnight at room temperature, or by 30 minutes of . A crude extract of cultured bran contained a particular low mass molecule which maintained activity at low temperature. Antifreeze proteins Necessitated by its lifestyle, ''S. borealis'' produces its own antifreeze proteins. One of these is homologous to Atlantic winter flounder type I antifreeze protei ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
