Qingdao (,
also spelled Tsingtao; ,
Mandarin: ) is a major city in eastern
Shandong
Shandong ( , ; ; alternately romanized as Shantung) is a coastal province of the People's Republic of China and is part of the East China region.
Shandong has played a major role in Chinese history since the beginning of Chinese civilizati ...
Province
A province is almost always an administrative division within a country or sovereign state, state. The term derives from the ancient Roman ''Roman province, provincia'', which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire ...
. The city's name in
Chinese characters
Chinese characters () are logograms developed for the writing of Chinese. In addition, they have been adapted to write other East Asian languages, and remain a key component of the Japanese writing system where they are known as ''kanji' ...
literally means "
azure
Azure may refer to:
Colour
* Azure (color), a hue of blue
** Azure (heraldry)
** Shades of azure, shades and variations
Arts and media
* ''Azure'' (Art Farmer and Fritz Pauer album), 1987
* Azure (Gary Peacock and Marilyn Crispell album), 2013
...
island". Located on China's
Yellow Sea
The Yellow Sea is a marginal sea of the Western Pacific Ocean located between mainland China and the Korean Peninsula, and can be considered the northwestern part of the East China Sea. It is one of four seas named after common colour terms ...
coast, it is a major nodal city of the
One Belt, One Road
The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI, or B&R), formerly known as One Belt One Road ( zh, link=no, 一带一路) or OBOR for short, is a global infrastructure development strategy adopted by the Chinese government in 2013 to invest in nearly 150 ...
(OBOR) Initiative that connects Asia with Europe. It has the highest GDP of any city in the province. Administered at the
sub-provincial level, Qingdao has jurisdiction over seven districts and three county-level cities (Jiaozhou, Pingdu, Laixi). As of the 2020 census, Qingdao built-up (or metro) area made of the 7 urban Districts (Shinan, Shibei, Huangdao, Laoshan, Licang, Chengyang and Jimo) was home to 7,172,451 inhabitants. Lying across the
Shandong Peninsula
The Shandong (Shantung) Peninsula or Jiaodong (Chiaotung) Peninsula is a peninsula in Shandong Province in eastern China, between the Bohai Sea to the north and the Yellow Sea to the south. The latter name refers to the east and Jiaozhou.
G ...
and looking out to the Yellow Sea, it borders the
prefecture-level cities
A prefecture-level city () or prefectural city is an administrative division of the People's Republic of China (PRC), ranking below a province and above a county in China's administrative structure.
During the Republican era, many of China' ...
of
Yantai
Yantai, Postal Map Romanization, formerly romanization of Chinese, known as Chefoo, is a coastal prefecture-level city on the Shandong Peninsula in northeastern Shandong province of People's Republic of China. Lying on the southern coast of ...
to the northeast,
Weifang
Weifang () is a prefecture-level city in central Shandong province, People's Republic of China. The city borders Dongying to the northwest, Zibo to the west, Linyi to the southwest, Rizhao to the south, Qingdao to the east, and looks out to the L ...
to the west and
Rizhao
Rizhao (), alternatively romanized as Jihchao, is a prefecture-level city in southeastern Shandong province, China. It is situated on the coastline along the Yellow Sea, and features a major seaport. It borders Qingdao to the northeast, Weifang t ...
to the southwest.
Qingdao is a major
seaport
A port is a maritime facility comprising one or more wharves or loading areas, where ships load and discharge cargo and passengers. Although usually situated on a sea coast or estuary, ports can also be found far inland, such as Ham ...
and
naval base
A naval base, navy base, or military port is a military base, where warships and naval ships are docked when they have no mission at sea or need to restock. Ships may also undergo repairs. Some naval bases are temporary homes to aircraft that us ...
, as well as a commercial and
financial center
A financial centre ( BE), financial center ( AE), or financial hub, is a location with a concentration of participants in banking, asset management, insurance or financial markets with venues and supporting services for these activities to t ...
. It is home to electronics multinationals such as
Haier
Haier Group Corporation () is a Chinese multinational home appliances and consumer electronics company headquartered in Qingdao, Shandong. It designs, develops, manufactures and sells products including refrigerators, air conditioners, washin ...
and
Hisense
Hisense Group is a Chinese multinational major appliance and electronics manufacturer headquartered in Qingdao, Shandong Province, China. Televisions are the main products of Hisense, and it is the largest TV manufacturer in China by market ...
. The
Jiaozhou Bay Bridge
Jiaozhou Bay Bridge (or Qingdao Haiwan Bridge) is a long roadway bridge in eastern China's Shandong province, which is part of the Jiaozhou Bay Connection Project. The longest continuous segment of the bridge is , making it one of the longes ...
, links the main urban area of Qingdao with
Huangdao district, straddling the
Jiaozhou Bay
The Jiaozhou Bay (; german: Kiautschou Bucht, ) is a bay located in the prefecture-level city of Qingdao (Tsingtau), China.
The bay has historically been romanized as Kiaochow, Kiauchau or Kiao-Chau in English and Kiautschou in German.
Geogra ...
sea areas. Its historic German-style architecture and
Tsingtao Brewery
Tsingtao Brewery Co. Ltd. () is China's second largest brewery, with about 15% of domestic market share and also accounts for half of China’s national beer exports. It was founded in 1903 by German settlers in Tsingtau (Qingdao), Kiautschou Ba ...
, the second largest brewery in China are legacies of the
German occupation (1898-1914).
Qingdao is classified as a Large-Port Metropolis .
In the 2020
Global Financial Centers Index, Qingdao ranked 47th; the index is published by the
Z/Yen Group and
China Development Institute
China Development Institute (CDI) is a China-based think tank headquartered in Shenzhen, Guangdong, bordering Hong Kong. It was founded in 1989 to support the Chinese economic reform. CDI is also tasked with expanding international academic exchang ...
, the other Chinese cities on the list being
Shanghai
Shanghai (; , , Standard Mandarin pronunciation: ) is one of the four direct-administered municipalities of the People's Republic of China (PRC). The city is located on the southern estuary of the Yangtze River, with the Huangpu River flow ...
,
Hong Kong
Hong Kong ( (US) or (UK); , ), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China ( abbr. Hong Kong SAR or HKSAR), is a city and special administrative region of China on the eastern Pearl River Delt ...
,
Beijing
}
Beijing ( ; ; ), alternatively romanized as Peking ( ), is the capital of the People's Republic of China. It is the center of power and development of the country. Beijing is the world's most populous national capital city, with over 21 ...
,
Shenzhen
Shenzhen (; ; ; ), also historically known as Sham Chun, is a major sub-provincial city and one of the special economic zones of China. The city is located on the east bank of the Pearl River estuary on the central coast of southern province ...
,
Guangzhou
Guangzhou (, ; ; or ; ), also known as Canton () and alternatively romanized as Kwongchow or Kwangchow, is the capital and largest city of Guangdong province in southern China. Located on the Pearl River about north-northwest of Hong Kon ...
,
Chengdu
Chengdu (, ; Simplified Chinese characters, simplified Chinese: 成都; pinyin: ''Chéngdū''; Sichuanese dialects, Sichuanese pronunciation: , Standard Chinese pronunciation: ), Chinese postal romanization, alternatively Romanization of Chi ...
,
Nanjing
Nanjing (; , Mandarin pronunciation: ), alternately romanized as Nanking, is the capital of Jiangsu province of the People's Republic of China. It is a sub-provincial city, a megacity, and the second largest city in the East China region. T ...
,
Xi'an
Xi'an ( , ; ; Chinese: ), frequently spelled as Xian and also known by #Name, other names, is the list of capitals in China, capital of Shaanxi, Shaanxi Province. A Sub-provincial division#Sub-provincial municipalities, sub-provincial city o ...
,
Tianjin
Tianjin (; ; Mandarin: ), alternately romanized as Tientsin (), is a municipality and a coastal metropolis in Northern China on the shore of the Bohai Sea. It is one of the nine national central cities in Mainland China, with a total popul ...
,
Hangzhou
Hangzhou ( or , ; , , Standard Mandarin pronunciation: ), also romanized as Hangchow, is the capital and most populous city of Zhejiang, China. It is located in the northwestern part of the province, sitting at the head of Hangzhou Bay, whi ...
,
Dalian
Dalian () is a major sub-provincial port city in Liaoning province, People's Republic of China, and is Liaoning's second largest city (after the provincial capital Shenyang) and the third-most populous city of Northeast China. Located on the ...
, and
Wuhan
Wuhan (, ; ; ) is the capital of Hubei, Hubei Province in the China, People's Republic of China. It is the largest city in Hubei and the most populous city in Central China, with a population of over eleven million, the List of cities in China ...
.
In 2007, Qingdao was named as one of China's top ten cities by the Chinese Cities Brand Value Report, which was released at the 2007 Beijing Summit of China Cities Forum. In 2009, Qingdao was named China's most livable city by the Chinese Institute of City Competitiveness. In 2018, Qingdao held the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is a Eurasian politics, political, economy, economic and security organization. It is the world's largest regional organization in terms of geography, geographic scope and world population, population, c ...
summit. In 2020, Qingdao was rated as a Gamma+ level
global city by the
Globalization and World Cities Research Network
The Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC) is a think tank that studies the relationships between world cities in the context of globalization. It is based in the geography department of Loughborough University in Leicestershi ...
.
Qingdao is also one of the world's top
80 cities for global scientific research as tracked by the
Nature Index The Nature Index is a database that tracks institutions and countries and their scientific output since its introduction in November, 2014. Each year, Nature Index ranks the leading institutions (which can be companies, universities, government agen ...
. The city is home to
several notable universities, including the
Ocean University of China
The Ocean University of China (), colloquially known as Haida () is a university in Qingdao. As one of the key comprehensive universities of China, it is under the direct administration of the Ministry of Education. It is a Chinese state Class A ...
,
China University of Petroleum
The China University of Petroleum () is a state Double First Class University in China. It consists of China University of Petroleum (Beijing), and China University of Petroleum (Huadong). Both are regarded as the best universities in China a ...
,
Shandong University of Science and Technology
The Shandong University of Science and Technology (SDUST; ) is a public university in Shandong province, China. It was established in 1951. The university offers courses in science and technology.
Campus
The university's main campus has been i ...
,
Qingdao
Qingdao (, also spelled Tsingtao; , Mandarin: ) is a major city in eastern Shandong Province. The city's name in Chinese characters literally means " azure island". Located on China's Yellow Sea coast, it is a major nodal city of the One Belt ...
,
Qingdao University of Science and Technology
Qingdao University of Science and Technology (, acronym QUST) is a university located in Qingdao, China, colloquially known as Qingkeda (). Having evolved from a college specializing in the chemical industry, it is now a comprehensive, multi-di ...
Qingdao University of Technology
Qingdao University of Technology (QUT; ), formerly known as Qingdao Technological University, is a university in Qingdao, Shandong, China. It offers programs in civil, mechanical, and environmental engineering.
Location
Qingdao Technological Univ ...
, and
Qingdao Agricultural.
History
Ancient times
Human settlement in the area dates back 6,000 years. The
Dongyi
The Dongyi or Eastern Yi () was a collective term for ancient peoples found in Chinese records. The definition of Dongyi varied across the ages, but in most cases referred to inhabitants of eastern China, then later, the Korean peninsula, and Ja ...
nationality, one of the important origins of the Chinese nation, lived here and created the
Dawenkou
The Dawenkou culture was a Chinese Neolithic culture primarily located in the eastern province of Shandong, but also appearing in Anhui, Henan and Jiangsu. The culture existed from 4300 to 2600 BC, and co-existed with the Yangshao culture. Turquo ...
,
Longshan and
Dongyeshi cultures. In the
Eastern Zhou Dynasty
The Eastern Zhou (; zh, c=, p=Dōngzhōu, w=Tung1-chou1, t= ; 771–256 BC) was a royal dynasty of China and the second half of the Zhou dynasty. It was divided into two periods: the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States.
History
In 770 ...
(770 B.C. – 256 B.C.), the town of
Jimo
Jimo District (), formerly Jimo City (), is a District of Qingdao, Shandong.
Location
Jimo is located in the southwest of the Shandong Peninsula, bordered by the Yellow Sea on the east and Mount Lao on the south.
Climate
Jimo has a moderate ...
was established, which was then the second-largest one in the Shandong region. The area in which Qingdao is located today was named Jiao'ao () when it was administered by the Qing Dynasty on 14 June 1891.
German and Japanese occupations
![Bundesarchiv Bild 116-125-01, Tsingtau, Haupttor des Artillerielagers](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_116-125-01%2C_Tsingtau%2C_Haupttor_des_Artillerielagers.jpg)
In 1891, the Qing Empire decided to make coastal Tsingtao (then known as "Jiao'ao") a defense base against naval attacks and began to improve its fortifications.
Imperial German
', literally translated "Germans of the ", is an archaic term for those ethnic Germans who resided within the German state that was founded in 1871. In contemporary usage, it referred to German citizens, the word signifying people from the Germ ...
naval officials observed and reported on this activity during a formal survey of
Jiaozhou Bay
The Jiaozhou Bay (; german: Kiautschou Bucht, ) is a bay located in the prefecture-level city of Qingdao (Tsingtau), China.
The bay has historically been romanized as Kiaochow, Kiauchau or Kiao-Chau in English and Kiautschou in German.
Geogra ...
in May 1897. Subsequently, German troops seized and occupied the fortification. The preindustrial, waning Qing Empire was forced to concede the area to Germany the following year, and the
Kiautschou Bay concession
The Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory was a German leased territory in Imperial and Early Republican China from 1898 to 1914. Covering an area of , it centered on Jiaozhou ("Kiautschou") Bay on the southern coast of the Shandong Peninsula (g ...
, as it became known, existed from 1898 to 1914 (Li 2005, p. 81). With an area of , it was located in the imperial province of
Shandong
Shandong ( , ; ; alternately romanized as Shantung) is a coastal province of the People's Republic of China and is part of the East China region.
Shandong has played a major role in Chinese history since the beginning of Chinese civilizati ...
(
alternately romanized as
Shantung or Shan-tung) on the southern coast of the
Shandong
Shandong ( , ; ; alternately romanized as Shantung) is a coastal province of the People's Republic of China and is part of the East China region.
Shandong has played a major role in Chinese history since the beginning of Chinese civilizati ...
Peninsula in northern China. Jiaozhou was alternatively romanized as Kiaochow, Kiauchau, or Kiao-Chau in English, and Kiautschou in German; Qingdao was its administrative center. "The so-called ''Marktstrasse'' (Market Street) was nothing more than the old main street of the Chinese village of Tsingtao, and the buildings lining it were the former homes of fishermen and farmers. Having sold their property, they resettled their homes and fields in the villages further east."
Upon gaining control of the area, the Germans outfitted the impoverished fishing village of Tsingtao (Qingdao) with wide streets, solid housing areas, government buildings, electrification throughout, a sewer system and a safe drinking water supply, a rarity in large parts of
Asia
Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an area ...
at that time and later.
The area had the highest school density and the highest ''per capita'' student enrollment in all of China, with primary, secondary and vocational schools funded by the
Imperial German
', literally translated "Germans of the ", is an archaic term for those ethnic Germans who resided within the German state that was founded in 1871. In contemporary usage, it referred to German citizens, the word signifying people from the Germ ...
treasury and
Protestant
Protestantism is a Christian denomination, branch of Christianity that follows the theological tenets of the Reformation, Protestant Reformation, a movement that began seeking to reform the Catholic Church from within in the 16th century agai ...
and
Roman Catholic
Roman or Romans most often refers to:
*Rome, the capital city of Italy
*Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD
*Roman people, the people of ancient Rome
*'' Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a lette ...
missions.
Commercial interests established the Germania Brewery in 1903, which later became the world-famous
Tsingtao Brewery
Tsingtao Brewery Co. Ltd. () is China's second largest brewery, with about 15% of domestic market share and also accounts for half of China’s national beer exports. It was founded in 1903 by German settlers in Tsingtau (Qingdao), Kiautschou Ba ...
.
German cultural and commercial influences extended to other areas of Shandong Province, including the establishment of diverse commercial enterprises.
Identified by the German authorities as a strategically important port, Qingdao was administered by the
Imperial Department of the Navy (''Reichsmarineamt'') rather than the
Imperial Colonial Office
The Imperial Colonial Office (german: Reichskolonialamt) was a governmental agency of the German Empire tasked with managing Germany's overseas territories. Dissolved after World War I, on 20 February 1919 the Imperial Colonial Ministry (''Reich ...
(''Reichskolonialamt''). The growing Imperial German Navy based their
Far East Squadron
The French Far East Squadron (french: escadre de l'Extrême-Orient) was an exceptional naval grouping created for the duration of the Sino-French War (August 1884 – April 1885).
Background
In 1882 French interests in the Far East were pr ...
there, allowing the warships to conduct operations throughout the western
Pacific
The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's five oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south, and is bounded by the continen ...
. Beginning January 1898, the marines of ''
III. Seebataillon'' were based at Tsingtao. Construction of the
Jiaoji Railway
Jiaoji (? – ?) was an ancient Chinese figure and the son of Shaohao.
History
According to the ''Records of the Grand Historian: Annals of the Five Emperors'' by Sima Qian, Jiaoji was the grandson of the Yellow Emperor and a son of Shaohao. Neith ...
began on 23 September 1899, and was completed in 1904.
Before the outbreak of
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
(1914–1918), ships of the German naval forces under
Admiral Count von Spee were located at central Pacific colonies on routine missions. The fleet then rendezvoused in the
Marianas Islands
The Mariana Islands (; also the Marianas; in Chamorro: ''Manislan Mariånas'') are a crescent-shaped archipelago comprising the summits of fifteen longitudinally oriented, mostly dormant volcanic mountains in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, betw ...
to plan a transit back to Germany rather than be trapped in the Pacific by more powerful and numerous Allied fleets (British and Japanese).
After a minor British naval attack on the German concession in Shandong (
Kiautschou Bay concession
The Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory was a German leased territory in Imperial and Early Republican China from 1898 to 1914. Covering an area of , it centered on Jiaozhou ("Kiautschou") Bay on the southern coast of the Shandong Peninsula (g ...
) in 1914,
Japanese Empire
The also known as the Japanese Empire or Imperial Japan, was a historical nation-state and great power that existed from the Meiji Restoration in 1868 until the enactment of the post-World War II 1947 constitution and subsequent forma ...
troops occupied the city and the surrounding province during the
Siege of Tsingtao
The siege of Tsingtao (or Tsingtau) was the attack on the German port of Tsingtao (now Qingdao) in China during World War I by Japan and the United Kingdom. The siege was waged against Imperial Germany between 27 August and 7 November 1914. Th ...
after Japan's declaration of war on Germany in accordance with the
Anglo-Japanese Alliance
The first was an alliance between Britain and Japan, signed in January 1902. The alliance was signed in London at Lansdowne House on 30 January 1902 by Lord Lansdowne, British Foreign Secretary, and Hayashi Tadasu, Japanese diplomat. A dip ...
.
China protested against Japan's violation of her neutrality but was not able to interfere in the military operations. The decision of the
Paris Peace Conference and the
Versailles Treaty
The Treaty of Versailles (french: Traité de Versailles; german: Versailler Vertrag, ) was the most important of the peace treaties of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June ...
negotiations not to restore Chinese rule over the previous foreign concessions in Qingdao after the Great War triggered the
May Fourth Movement
The May Fourth Movement was a Chinese anti-imperialist, cultural, and political movement which grew out of student protests in Beijing on May 4, 1919. Students gathered in front of Tiananmen (The Gate of Heavenly Peace) to protest the Chinese ...
(4 May 1919) of anti-imperialism, nationalism and cultural identity in China.
![Image-Qingdao city map 1912 in german](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Image-Qingdao_city_map_1912_in_german.png)
The city came under Chinese rule in December 1922, under control of the
Republic of China
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the northeast ...
(R.O.C.) established 1912 after the
Chinese Revolution the year before. However, Japan maintained its economic dominance of the railway and the province as a whole. The city became a
direct-controlled municipality
A direct-controlled municipality is the highest level classification for cities used by unitary states, with status equal to that of the provinces in the respective countries. A direct-controlled municipality is similar to, but not the same as, a ...
of the ROC Government in July 1929.
Japan re-occupied Qingdao in 1938, a year after it expanded the
Second Sino-Japanese War
The Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) or War of Resistance (Chinese term) was a military conflict that was primarily waged between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. The war made up the Chinese theater of the wider Pacific Th ...
(1937–1945), (a precursor to
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
, 1939–1945) with its plans of territorial expansion into China's coast.
Nationalist (Kuomintang) ROC forces returned after the
Japanese surrender
The surrender of the Empire of Japan in World War II was announced by Emperor Hirohito on 15 August and formally signed on 2 September 1945, bringing the war's hostilities to a close. By the end of July 1945, the Imperial Japanese Navy ...
in September 1945. On 2 June 1949, during the
Chinese Civil War
The Chinese Civil War was fought between the Kuomintang-led government of the Republic of China and forces of the Chinese Communist Party, continuing intermittently since 1 August 1927 until 7 December 1949 with a Communist victory on m ...
and shortly before the founding of the communist
People’s Republic of China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
on 1 October 1949 the city was taken by Chairman
Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong pronounced ; also romanised traditionally as Mao Tse-tung. (26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976), also known as Chairman Mao, was a Chinese communist revolutionary who was the founder of the People's Republic of China (PRC) ...
and his troops.
Qingdao city planning and development
1898–1914
The development of the Tsingtao urban space during the German occupation (1898–1914) originated from the port. Mass urban construction began in 1898 with the relocation of Chinese dwellers along the coast. With the completion of such series of mass construction projects such as wharves, the Tsingtao-Jinan Railway Line, Tsingtao Railway Station and locomotive works, a city was starting to take shape. The area had the highest school density and highest per capita student enrollment in all of China, with primary, secondary and vocational schools funded by the Berlin treasury as well as Protestant and Roman Catholic missions. In 1910, the Germans drew up for the second time the city planning of Tsingtao (Warner 2001, p. 33). The former urban area was extended four times highlighted by the emphasis on the development of commerce and trade.
Sun Yat-sen
Sun Yat-sen (; also known by several other names; 12 November 1866 – 12 March 1925)Singtao daily. Saturday edition. 23 October 2010. section A18. Sun Yat-sen Xinhai revolution 100th anniversary edition . was a Chinese politician who serve ...
(1866–1925), leader of the
Chinese Revolution of 1911
The 1911 Revolution, also known as the Xinhai Revolution or Hsinhai Revolution, ended China's last imperial dynasty, the Manchu-led Qing dynasty, and led to the establishment of the Republic of China. The revolution was the culmination of a ...
and subsequently first president of the
Republic of China
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the northeast ...
, visited the Tsingtau area and stated in 1912, "I am impressed. The city is a true model for China's future".
1914–1922
The development of Tsingtao urban space continued during the first Japan-occupation period (1914–1922). In 1914, Tsingtao was taken over by the Japanese and served as a base for the exploitation of natural resources of Shandong and northern China. With the development of industry and commerce, a "New City District" was established to furnish the Japanese colonists with commercial sections and living quarters, which suggested a striking contrast to the shabby houses in the local Chinese zones (Li 2007, p. 133). In the meantime, several schools, hospitals, and public buildings were constructed, followed by urban streets and intercity highways as well. The urban spatial layout continued to expand northward along the east bay area.
1922–1938
The development of Tsingtao urban space during the ROC-ruled period (1922–1938). This period saw the substantial progress of the urban development of Tsingtao. The government engaged itself in mass construction that gave birth to villa districts at the beach and bank groups in CBD. Plenty of public buildings and facilities for entertainment and sports were completed. By the year 1937, the urban population numbered 385,000(Lu 2001, p. 327). Tsingtao consequently distinguished itself as a prominent holiday resort and summer retreat.
1938–1945
The development of Tsingtao urban space during the second Japan-occupied period (1938–1945). Japanese armed forces returned to Tsingtao in 1938 and started to strive for the construction of the Greater Tsingtao in the following June. Accordingly, they worked out the city planning of the Greater Tsingtao and the City Planning of the Mother Town (Tsingtao City Proper), even though they had not had the opportunity to actualize either, respectively. The period in question did not witness much urban progress except for the logical construction of No. 6 Wharf, some Japanese residences, and a small number of roads and streets (Lu 2001, p. 339).
Postwar
After World War II, the
KMT
The Kuomintang (KMT), also referred to as the Guomindang (GMD), the Nationalist Party of China (NPC) or the Chinese Nationalist Party (CNP), is a major political party in the Republic of China, initially on the Chinese mainland and in Taiw ...
allowed Qingdao to serve as the headquarters of the
Western Pacific Fleet of the
US Navy
The United States Navy (USN) is the maritime service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. It is the largest and most powerful navy in the world, with the estimated tonnage of ...
in 1945; however, its headquarters were transferred to the
Philippines
The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no),
* bik, Republika kan Filipinas
* ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas
* cbk, República de Filipinas
* hil, Republ ...
sometime in late 1948. On 2 June 1949, the
CPC-led
Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (Russian: Рабо́че-крестья́нская Кра́сная армия),) often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and, after ...
entered Qingdao and the city and province have been under
PRC
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, most populous country, with a Population of China, population exceeding 1.4 billion, slig ...
control since that time.
Since the 1984 inauguration of China's open-door policy to foreign trade and investment, Qingdao has rapidly developed into an ultramodern port city. It is now the headquarters of the
Chinese navy's northern fleet. An early example of the open-door policy occurred on 5 November 1984, when three United States Naval vessels visited Qingdao. This was the first US port call to China in more than 37 years. , , and and their crews were officially hosted by the Chinese
People's Liberation Army Navy
The People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN; ), also known as the People's Navy, Chinese Navy, or PLA Navy, is the maritime service branch of the People's Liberation Army.
The PLAN traces its lineage to naval units fighting during the Chinese ...
(PLAN).
Northern Qingdao, particularly
Shibei,
Licang
Licang () is an urban district (区) of Qingdao in the Chinese
Chinese can refer to:
* Something related to China
* Chinese people, people of Chinese nationality, citizenship, and/or ethnicity
**''Zhonghua minzu'', the supra-ethnic concep ...
, and
Chengyang districts, are now major manufacturing centers. The city has recently experienced a strong growth period, with a new central business district created to the east of the older business district. Outside of the center of the city, there is a large industrial zone, which includes chemical processing, rubber, and heavy manufacturing, in addition to a growing high-tech area. Numerous local and national service companies, rather than manufacturers, are based in the city's southern district; this, as well as local wind patterns, allows Qingdao to enjoy clean, clear air year-round.
Administrative divisions
The sub-provincial city of Qingdao has 7
districts
A district is a type of administrative division that, in some countries, is managed by the local government. Across the world, areas known as "districts" vary greatly in size, spanning regions or counties, several municipalities, subdivisions o ...
() and 3
county-level cities
A county-level municipality (), county-level city or county city, formerly known as prefecture-controlled city (1949–1970: ; 1970–1983: ), is a county-level administrative division of the People's Republic of China. County-level ...
():
Geographically, there are three districts (Shinan, Shibei, Licang) constituting a peninsula on the east coast of the
Jiaozhou Bay
The Jiaozhou Bay (; german: Kiautschou Bucht, ) is a bay located in the prefecture-level city of Qingdao (Tsingtau), China.
The bay has historically been romanized as Kiaochow, Kiauchau or Kiao-Chau in English and Kiautschou in German.
Geogra ...
as the core urban area, one (Chengyang) on the north coast and one (Xihai'an) on the west coast of the
Yellow Sea
The Yellow Sea is a marginal sea of the Western Pacific Ocean located between mainland China and the Korean Peninsula, and can be considered the northwestern part of the East China Sea. It is one of four seas named after common colour terms ...
.
* Defunct -
Jiaonan
Jiaonan () was a former county and county-level city under the administration of Qingdao, Shandong province, China, located in the southwestern portion of Qingdao along the Yellow Sea coast. In 1945, as Zhushan County () it was carved from Jiao C ...
city () - merged into
Huangdao District
Huangdao District () and Xihai'an New Area (), also known as Qingdao West Coast is a district and a state-level new area of Qingdao, Shandong, China, located southwest and west of the main urban area of the city on the western shore of Jiaozh ...
(December 2012)
Geography
![Txu-oclc-10552568-nj51-13-back](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Txu-oclc-10552568-nj51-13-back.jpg)
Qingdao is located on the south-facing coast of the
Shandong Peninsula
The Shandong (Shantung) Peninsula or Jiaodong (Chiaotung) Peninsula is a peninsula in Shandong Province in eastern China, between the Bohai Sea to the north and the Yellow Sea to the south. The latter name refers to the east and Jiaozhou.
G ...
(german: Schantung Halbinsel). It borders three prefecture-level cities, namely
Yantai
Yantai, Postal Map Romanization, formerly romanization of Chinese, known as Chefoo, is a coastal prefecture-level city on the Shandong Peninsula in northeastern Shandong province of People's Republic of China. Lying on the southern coast of ...
to the northeast,
Weifang
Weifang () is a prefecture-level city in central Shandong province, People's Republic of China. The city borders Dongying to the northwest, Zibo to the west, Linyi to the southwest, Rizhao to the south, Qingdao to the east, and looks out to the L ...
to the west, and
Rizhao
Rizhao (), alternatively romanized as Jihchao, is a prefecture-level city in southeastern Shandong province, China. It is situated on the coastline along the Yellow Sea, and features a major seaport. It borders Qingdao to the northeast, Weifang t ...
to the southwest. The city occupies an area totaling , and stretches in latitude from 35° 35' to 37° 09' N and in longitude from 119° 30' to 121° 00' E. The populated sections of the city are relatively flat while mountains spur up within city limits and nearby. The highest elevation in the city is located
above sea level
Height above mean sea level is a measure of the vertical distance (height, elevation or altitude) of a location in reference to a historic mean sea level taken as a vertical datum. In geodesy, it is formalized as ''orthometric heights''.
The comb ...
. Of the total area of Qingdao, 15.5% is highland, while the foothill, plain, and lowland areas constitute 25.1%, 37.8%, and 21.7%, respectively. The city has a -long coastline. Five significant rivers exceeding in length can be found in the region.
Climate
Qingdao has a temperate, four-season,
monsoon
A monsoon () is traditionally a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation but is now used to describe seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation associated with annual latitudinal oscil ...
-influenced
[
] climate that lies in the transition between the
humid subtropical
A humid subtropical climate is a zone of climate characterized by hot and humid summers, and cool to mild winters. These climates normally lie on the southeast side of all continents (except Antarctica), generally between latitudes 25° and 40° ...
(
Köppen Köppen is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Bernd Köppen (born 1951), German pianist and composer
* Carl Köppen (1833-1907), German military advisor in Meiji era Japan
* Edlef Köppen (1893–1939), German author and ...
''Cwa'') and
humid continental
A humid continental climate is a climatic region defined by Russo-German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1900, typified by four distinct seasons and large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and freezing ...
(Köppen ''Dwa'') regimes. Winters range from cool to cold and windy, but are generally dry, with a January average of . Summer is generally hot and humid, but very hot days are rare, with an August average of . Due to its proximity to the coast and location on a peninsula, compared to most inland areas of China, its spring is delayed by one month,
and the annual
diurnal temperature variation
In meteorology, diurnal temperature variation is the variation between a high air temperature and a low temperature that occurs during the same day.
Temperature lag
Temperature lag is an important factor in diurnal temperature variation: peak d ...
is only ; conversely, its fall is milder than inland areas in Shandong. The water temperature peaks at about in late August. Thus, swimming is possible for two months on either side. The annual mean temperature is . Extremes since 1951 have ranged from on 16 January 1958 to on 15 July 2002.
During the summer months, the beaches of Qingdao are afflicted by massive
algal bloom
An algal bloom or algae bloom is a rapid increase or accumulation in the population of algae in freshwater or marine water systems. It is often recognized by the discoloration in the water from the algae's pigments. The term ''algae'' encompas ...
s. The decomposing algae release large amounts of
hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen sulfide is a chemical compound with the formula . It is a colorless chalcogen-hydride gas, and is poisonous, corrosive, and flammable, with trace amounts in ambient atmosphere having a characteristic foul odor of rotten eggs. The unde ...
gas, which produces an offensive "rotten egg" odor.
Sea lettuce
The sea lettuces comprise the genus ''Ulva'', a group of edible green algae that is widely distributed along the coasts of the world's oceans. The type species within the genus ''Ulva'' is ''Ulva lactuca'', wikt:lactuca, ''lactuca'' being Latin ...
blooms, which are partially caused by
seaweed farming
Seaweed farming or kelp farming is the practice of cultivating and harvesting seaweed. In its simplest form, it consists of the management of naturally found batches. In its most advanced form, it consists of fully controlling the life cycle of ...
in Jiangsu Province, led local officials to declare a "large-scale algae disaster" in 2013.
Demographics
Of the 10 million residents of Qingdao, 6.2 million reside in the Qingdao urban area. Another estimated 5 million live in other cities under Qingdao's jurisdiction.
The annual birth rate is calculated around 76,507, with a
birth rate
The birth rate for a given period is the total number of live human births per 1,000 population divided by the length of the period in years. The number of live births is normally taken from a universal registration system for births; populati ...
of 10.15 per year per thousand, and a
death rate
Mortality rate, or death rate, is a measure of the number of deaths (in general, or due to a specific cause) in a particular population, scaled to the size of that population, per unit of time. Mortality rate is typically expressed in units of de ...
of 6.32, both calculated on an annual basis. Living standards are among the highest of leading Chinese cities due to the strong export economy and relatively high family wages.
There is a large Korean community in Qingdao. By 2009, there were approximately 100,000 Koreans working, studying and living in Qingdao, which makes Qingdao the second in terms of Korean population in China, following Beijing which has about 200,000 Koreans.
Economy
![Views of Qingdao tower](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Views_of_Qingdao_tower.jpg)
In recent years, an important region in Eastern China, Shandong Province has seen substantial change in its economic landscape. Much of this development has been concentrated in Qingdao.
Qingdao has seen rapid development. With an annual growth rate of 18.9 percent in 2006, the city's GDP reached 42.3 billion, ranking first in Shandong Province and tenth out of China's top 20 cities.
GDP
Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced and sold (not resold) in a specific time period by countries. Due to its complex and subjective nature this measure is often ...
per capita comprised
CN¥
The renminbi (; symbol: ¥; ISO code: CNY; abbreviation: RMB) is the official currency of the People's Republic of China and one of the world's most traded currencies, ranking as the fifth most traded currency in the world as of April 2022. ...
52,895 (US$7,616) in 2008. The GDP has grown steadily at an average pace of 16% annually. In 2006, Qingdao was ranked one of six "golden cities" by the World Bank, out of 120 Chinese cities assessed on factors including investment climate and government effectiveness.
In 2018, Qingdao's GDP reached CN¥1200.15 billion, though it shrank a little in 2019.
Internationally, Qingdao is perhaps best known for its
Tsingtao Brewery
Tsingtao Brewery Co. Ltd. () is China's second largest brewery, with about 15% of domestic market share and also accounts for half of China’s national beer exports. It was founded in 1903 by German settlers in Tsingtau (Qingdao), Kiautschou Ba ...
, founded by a German-British joint venture in 1903 that produces
Tsingtao beer
Tsingtao Brewery Co. Ltd. () is China's second largest brewery, with about 15% of domestic market share and also accounts for half of China’s national beer exports. It was founded in 1903 by German settlers in Tsingtau ( Qingdao), Kiautschou ...
, the best-known Chinese export beer. It is also home to
Haier
Haier Group Corporation () is a Chinese multinational home appliances and consumer electronics company headquartered in Qingdao, Shandong. It designs, develops, manufactures and sells products including refrigerators, air conditioners, washin ...
, a large
white goods
A major appliance, also known as a large domestic appliance or large electric appliance or simply a large appliance, large domestic, or large electric, is a non-portable or semi-portable machine used for routine housekeeping tasks such as cookin ...
manufacturer, and
Hisense
Hisense Group is a Chinese multinational major appliance and electronics manufacturer headquartered in Qingdao, Shandong Province, China. Televisions are the main products of Hisense, and it is the largest TV manufacturer in China by market ...
, a major electronics company. In 2002 guitar manufacturers
Epiphone
Epiphone is an American musical instrument brand that traces its roots to a musical instrument manufacturing business founded in 1873 by Anastasios Stathopoulos in Smyrna, Ottoman Empire, and moved to New York City in 1908. After taking over his f ...
opened a factory in Qingdao.
In 1984 the Chinese government named a district of Qingdao a
Special Economic and Technology Development Zone (SETDZ). Along with this district, the entire city had gone through amazing development of
secondary
Secondary may refer to: Science and nature
* Secondary emission, of particles
** Secondary electrons, electrons generated as ionization products
* The secondary winding, or the electrical or electronic circuit connected to the secondary winding i ...
and
tertiary industries. Qingdao flourishes with foreign investment and international trade as an important trading port in the province.
South Korea
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK), is a country in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korea, Korean Peninsula and sharing a Korean Demilitarized Zone, land border with North Korea. Its western border is formed ...
and
Japan
Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...
in particular made extensive investments in the city. Approximately 80,000 South Korean citizens reside there.
In terms of
primary sector
The primary sector of the economy includes any industry involved in the extraction and production of raw materials, such as farming, logging, fishing, forestry and mining.
The primary sector tends to make up a larger portion of the economy in de ...
industries
Industry may refer to:
Economics
* Industry (economics), a generally categorized branch of economic activity
* Industry (manufacturing), a specific branch of economic activity, typically in factories with machinery
* The wider industrial secto ...
, Qingdao has an estimated of
arable land
Arable land (from the la, arabilis, "able to be ploughed") is any land capable of being ploughed and used to grow crops.''Oxford English Dictionary'', "arable, ''adj''. and ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2013. Alternatively, for the ...
. Qingdao has a zigzagging pattern coastline, and thus possesses an invaluable stock of fish,
shrimp
Shrimp are crustaceans (a form of shellfish) with elongated bodies and a primarily swimming mode of locomotion – most commonly Caridea and Dendrobranchiata of the decapod order, although some crustaceans outside of this order are refer ...
, and other sea resources.
Qingdao's
wind power
Wind power or wind energy is mostly the use of wind turbines to electricity generation, generate electricity. Wind power is a popular, sustainable energy, sustainable, renewable energy source that has a much smaller Environmental impact of wi ...
electricity generation performs at among the highest levels in the region.
Industrial zones
* Qingdao West Coast New District
* Qingdao Special Economic and Technological Development Area
* Qingdao Free Trade Zone
* Qingdao High-tech Industrial Zone
* Qingdao University Industrial Zone
Transport
Road
There are a total of of roads in the Qingdao area, with nearly of expressways. These
National Trunk Highway System (NTHS) Expressways begin or pass through in Qingdao. Expressways that begin in Qingdao are in Bold:
*G15
Shenhai Expressway
''Blue Cha Cha'' (Chinese: ''Shēn hǎi'', 深海) is a 2005 Taiwanese film directed by Chen Wen-Tang. It was Taiwan's submission to the 79th Academy Awards for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, but was not accepted as a nominee ...
(
Shenyang
Shenyang (, ; ; Mandarin pronunciation: ), formerly known as Fengtian () or by its Manchu language, Manchu name Mukden, is a major China, Chinese sub-provincial city and the List of capitals in China#Province capitals, provincial capital of Lia ...
,
Liaoning
Liaoning () is a coastal province in Northeast China that is the smallest, southernmost, and most populous province in the region. With its capital at Shenyang, it is located on the northern shore of the Yellow Sea, and is the northernmost ...
-
Haikou
Haikou (; ), also spelled as Hoikow is the capital and most populous city of the Chinese province of Hainan. Haikou city is situated on the northern coast of Hainan, by the mouth of the Nandu River. The northern part of the city is on the Ha ...
,
Hainan
Hainan (, ; ) is the smallest and southernmost province of the People's Republic of China (PRC), consisting of various islands in the South China Sea. , the largest and most populous island in China,The island of Taiwan, which is slightly l ...
)
*G18
Rongwu Expressway (
Rongcheng, Shandong-
Wuhai
Wuhai (; mn, ''Üqai qota'', Mongolian cyrillic.Үхай хот) is a prefecture-level city and regional center in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China, and is by area the smallest prefecture-level division of the region. It is located ...
,
Inner Mongolia
Inner Mongolia, officially the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China. Its border includes most of the length of China's border with the country of Mongolia. Inner Mongolia also accounts for a ...
)
*G20
Qingyin Expressway (Qingdao-
Yinchuan
Yinchuan (, ; ) is the capital of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China, and was the capital of the Tangut-led Western Xia dynasty. It has an area of and a total population of 2,859,074 according to the 2020 Chinese census, and its built- ...
,
Ningxia
Ningxia (,; , ; alternately romanized as Ninghsia), officially the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (NHAR), is an autonomous region in the northwest of the People's Republic of China. Formerly a province, Ningxia was incorporated into Gansu in ...
)
Spur Route: G2011
Qingxin Expressway
Qingxin District (), formerly Qingxin County, is a district of Qingyuan City, in northwest-central Guangdong
Guangdong (, ), alternatively romanized as Canton or Kwangtung, is a coastal province in South China on the north shore of the So ...
(Qingdao-
Xinhe,
Pingdu
Pingdu () is the largest county-level city of Qingdao sub-provincial city, Shandong Province, China.
It is located in the east of the Shandong Peninsula (Jiaodong Peninsula), the heart of peninsula. It borders Yantai and Weifang, and it has an a ...
, Shandong)
*G22
Qinglan Expressway (Qingdao-
Lanzhou
Lanzhou (, ; ) is the capital and largest city of Gansu Province in Northwest China. Located on the banks of the Yellow River, it is a key regional transportation hub, connecting areas further west by rail to the eastern half of the country. H ...
,
Gansu
Gansu (, ; alternately romanized as Kansu) is a province in Northwest China. Its capital and largest city is Lanzhou, in the southeast part of the province.
The seventh-largest administrative district by area at , Gansu lies between the Tibet ...
)
These provincial expressways begin in or pass through Qingdao. Expressways that begin in Qingdao are in Bold:
*S16
Rongwei Expressway (
Rongcheng-
Weifang
Weifang () is a prefecture-level city in central Shandong province, People's Republic of China. The city borders Dongying to the northwest, Zibo to the west, Linyi to the southwest, Rizhao to the south, Qingdao to the east, and looks out to the L ...
)
*S19
Longqing Expressway (
Longkou
Longkou (), formerly Huang County (), is a port city in northeastern Shandong province, China, facing the Bohai Sea to the north and the Laizhou Bay to the west. Longkou, a county-level city, is administered by the prefecture-level city of Yantai ...
-Qingdao)
*S21
Xinwei Expressway
The sexagenary cycle, also known as the Stems-and-Branches or ganzhi ( zh, 干支, gānzhī), is a cycle of sixty terms, each corresponding to one year, thus a total of sixty years for one cycle, historically used for recording time in China and t ...
(
Xinhe-
Weifang
Weifang () is a prefecture-level city in central Shandong province, People's Republic of China. The city borders Dongying to the northwest, Zibo to the west, Linyi to the southwest, Rizhao to the south, Qingdao to the east, and looks out to the L ...
)
*S24
Weiqing Expressway (
Weihai
Weihai (), formerly called Weihaiwei (), is a prefecture-level city and major seaport in easternmost Shandong province. It borders Yantai to the west and the Yellow Sea to the east, and is the closest Chinese city to South Korea.
Weihai's popula ...
-Qingdao)
Other than Expressways, there are also
National Highways
National Highways, formerly the Highways Agency and later Highways England, is a State-owned enterprise, government-owned company charged with operating, maintaining and improving Roads in England, motorways and major A roads in England. It al ...
that pass through or begin in Qingdao. National Highways that begin in Qingdao are in bold:
*
G204 (
Yantai
Yantai, Postal Map Romanization, formerly romanization of Chinese, known as Chefoo, is a coastal prefecture-level city on the Shandong Peninsula in northeastern Shandong province of People's Republic of China. Lying on the southern coast of ...
-
Shanghai
Shanghai (; , , Standard Mandarin pronunciation: ) is one of the four direct-administered municipalities of the People's Republic of China (PRC). The city is located on the southern estuary of the Yangtze River, with the Huangpu River flow ...
)
*
G206 (
Yantai
Yantai, Postal Map Romanization, formerly romanization of Chinese, known as Chefoo, is a coastal prefecture-level city on the Shandong Peninsula in northeastern Shandong province of People's Republic of China. Lying on the southern coast of ...
-
Shantou
Shantou, alternately romanized as Swatow and sometimes known as Santow, is a prefecture-level city on the eastern coast of Guangdong, China, with a total population of 5,502,031 as of the 2020 census (5,391,028 in 2010) and an administrative ...
)
*
G308 (Qingdao-
Shijiazhuang
Shijiazhuang (; ; Mandarin: ), formerly known as Shimen and romanized as Shihkiachwang, is the capital and most populous city of China’s North China's Hebei Province. Administratively a prefecture-level city, it is about southwest of Beijin ...
)
*
G309 (
Rongcheng-
Lanzhou
Lanzhou (, ; ) is the capital and largest city of Gansu Province in Northwest China. Located on the banks of the Yellow River, it is a key regional transportation hub, connecting areas further west by rail to the eastern half of the country. H ...
)
On 30 June 2011, the longest bridge over water opened in Qingdao. The bridge,
Haiwan Bridge, is long and connects Qingdao to
Huangdao and Hongdao. It would easily cross the English Channel and is almost three miles () longer than the previous record-holder, the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway in the American state of Louisiana. Haiwan Bridge is supported by more than 5,000 pillars and costs about 10 billion yuan which is about 1.5 billion dollars. The bridge was designed by the Shandong Gausu Group and the construction lasted for four years. Haiwan Bridge cut the commute between the city of Qingdao and the sprawling suburb of Huangdao by 30 minutes. At least 10,000 workers toiled in two teams around the clock to build the bridge, which was constructed from opposite ends. On the same day, the
Jiaozhou Bay Tunnel opened. The tunnel brought much convenience to people by supporting public buses and making transport between the two areas more convenient.
Marine
Qingdao (official name: Qingdao port international co. ltd.) hosts one of the world's busiest
seaport
A port is a maritime facility comprising one or more wharves or loading areas, where ships load and discharge cargo and passengers. Although usually situated on a sea coast or estuary, ports can also be found far inland, such as Ham ...
s. Cooperative relations have been established with 450 ports in 130 countries worldwide. The port of Qingdao is part of the
21st Century Maritime Silk Road
The 21st Century Maritime Silk Road (Chinese: 21世纪海上丝绸之路), commonly just Maritime Silk Road (MSR), is the sea route part of the Belt and Road Initiative which is a Chinese strategic initiative to increase investment and foster col ...
. In 2003, the annual cargo handling capacity exceeded 100 million
ton
Ton is the name of any one of several units of measure. It has a long history and has acquired several meanings and uses.
Mainly it describes units of weight. Confusion can arise because ''ton'' can mean
* the long ton, which is 2,240 pounds
...
s for the first time. The number of containers reached of cargoes.
By 2011, the port had become the world’s sixth-busiest by Total Cargo Volume, having handled of cargo in that year. As of 2016, it was the 8th in the world in terms of TEUs (Twenty Foot Equivalent Units).
The ''Orient Ferry'' connects Qingdao with
Shimonoseki
is a city located in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. With a population of 265,684, it is the largest city in Yamaguchi Prefecture and the fifth-largest city in the Chūgoku region. It is located at the southwestern tip of Honshu facing the Tsushim ...
, Japan. There are two ferry lines connecting Qingdao with
South Korea
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK), is a country in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korea, Korean Peninsula and sharing a Korean Demilitarized Zone, land border with North Korea. Its western border is formed ...
. The ''New Golden Bridge II'' operates between Qingdao and
Incheon
Incheon (; ; or Inch'ŏn; literally "kind river"), formerly Jemulpo or Chemulp'o (제물포) until the period after 1910, officially the Incheon Metropolitan City (인천광역시, 仁川廣域市), is a city located in northwestern South Kore ...
, and the ''Blue Sea Ferry'' operates between Qingdao and
Gunsan
Gunsan (), also romanized as Kunsan, is a city in North Jeolla Province, South Korea. It is on the south bank of the Geum River just upstream from its exit into the Yellow Sea. It has emerged as a high-tech manufacturing industrial city and an int ...
.
Qingdao port also includes a number of large adjacent ports including Dongjiakou.
Aviation
Qingdao Jiaodong International Airport
Qingdao Jiaodong International Airport is an airport serving the city of Qingdao in Shandong province, China. It received approval in December 2013, and replaced Qingdao Liuting International Airport as the city's main airport. It is located i ...
, located away from the
city center
A city centre is the commercial, cultural and often the historical, political, and geographic heart of a city. The term "city centre" is primarily used in British English, and closely equivalent terms exist in other languages, such as "" in Fren ...
, is served by 13 domestic and international
airline
An airline is a company that provides civil aviation, air transport services for traveling passengers and freight. Airlines use aircraft to supply these services and may form partnerships or Airline alliance, alliances with other airlines for ...
s that operate 94 routes, 12 of which are international and regional. The airport opened on August 12, 2021, as a replacement for
Qingdao Liuting International Airport
Qingdao Liuting International Airport was the main airport that served the city of Qingdao in Shandong Province, China. It was about from the city center and served as a hub for Shandong Airlines, Beijing Capital Airlines and Qingdao Airline ...
.
Intercity rail
![Qingdao Railway Station 01](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Qingdao_Railway_Station_01.jpg)
Qingdao's railway development picked up during the late 1990s. It is at the start of the
Jiaoji Railway
Jiaoji (? – ?) was an ancient Chinese figure and the son of Shaohao.
History
According to the ''Records of the Grand Historian: Annals of the Five Emperors'' by Sima Qian, Jiaoji was the grandson of the Yellow Emperor and a son of Shaohao. Neith ...
. Qingdao's city proper has some major railway stations, including
Qingdao railway station
Qingdao railway station () is a railway station in Qingdao, Shandong, in the People's Republic of China.
As a time-honoured station of Qingdao, more than 100 regular passenger trains (denoted with letter Z/T/K, or no letter), initially scheduled C ...
, Cangkou railway station,
Dagang railway station and
Qingdao North railway station
Qingdaobei (Qingdao North) railway station () is a railway station in Qingdao, Shandong, China.
Qingdaobei Station is one of the terminal stations of CRH trains (denoted with letter G and D) bound for Qingdao city from major cities in China. Inte ...
.
Sifang railway station
Sifang railway station () is a railway station in Qingdao, Shandong, in the People's Republic of China.
History
Until 2008, because the larger Qingdao railway station
Qingdao railway station () is a railway station in Qingdao, Shandong, in th ...
is now closed to passengers.
D and G series high-speed trains travel on the Jiaoji High Speed Railway and reach speeds of on the Jinan-Qingdao Section. Services go to
Beijing
}
Beijing ( ; ; ), alternatively romanized as Peking ( ), is the capital of the People's Republic of China. It is the center of power and development of the country. Beijing is the world's most populous national capital city, with over 21 ...
,
Shanghai
Shanghai (; , , Standard Mandarin pronunciation: ) is one of the four direct-administered municipalities of the People's Republic of China (PRC). The city is located on the southern estuary of the Yangtze River, with the Huangpu River flow ...
,
Hefei
Hefei (; ) is the capital and largest city of Anhui Province, People's Republic of China. A prefecture-level city, it is the political, economic, and cultural center of Anhui. Its population was 9,369,881 as of the 2020 census and its built-up ( ...
,
Jinan
Jinan (), Postal Map Romanization, alternately romanization of Chinese, romanized as Tsinan, is the Capital (political), capital of Shandong province in East China, Eastern China. With a population of 9.2 million, it is the second-largest city i ...
and
Tianjin
Tianjin (; ; Mandarin: ), alternately romanized as Tientsin (), is a municipality and a coastal metropolis in Northern China on the shore of the Bohai Sea. It is one of the nine national central cities in Mainland China, with a total popul ...
. The fastest train between Qingdao and Beijing is G206 / G205, which takes 2 hours and 58 minutes.
Domestic rail lines connect Qingdao with many cities in China, including
Beijing
}
Beijing ( ; ; ), alternatively romanized as Peking ( ), is the capital of the People's Republic of China. It is the center of power and development of the country. Beijing is the world's most populous national capital city, with over 21 ...
,
Lanzhou
Lanzhou (, ; ) is the capital and largest city of Gansu Province in Northwest China. Located on the banks of the Yellow River, it is a key regional transportation hub, connecting areas further west by rail to the eastern half of the country. H ...
,
Chengdu
Chengdu (, ; Simplified Chinese characters, simplified Chinese: 成都; pinyin: ''Chéngdū''; Sichuanese dialects, Sichuanese pronunciation: , Standard Chinese pronunciation: ), Chinese postal romanization, alternatively Romanization of Chi ...
,
Xi'an
Xi'an ( , ; ; Chinese: ), frequently spelled as Xian and also known by #Name, other names, is the list of capitals in China, capital of Shaanxi, Shaanxi Province. A Sub-provincial division#Sub-provincial municipalities, sub-provincial city o ...
,
Zhengzhou
Zhengzhou (; ), also spelt Zheng Zhou and alternatively romanized as Chengchow, is the capital and largest city of Henan Province in the central part of the People's Republic of China. Located in north-central Henan, it is one of the National ...
,
Jinan
Jinan (), Postal Map Romanization, alternately romanization of Chinese, romanized as Tsinan, is the Capital (political), capital of Shandong province in East China, Eastern China. With a population of 9.2 million, it is the second-largest city i ...
and
Jining
Jining () is a prefecture-level city in southwestern Shandong province. It borders Heze to the southwest, Zaozhuang to the southeast, Tai'an to the northeast, and the provinces of Henan and Jiangsu to the northwest and south respectively. Jining ...
.
Public transport
Qingdao's public traffic owns 5283 large and medium-sized buses,
CNG
Compressed natural gas (CNG) is a fuel gas mainly composed of methane (CH4), compressed to less than 1% of the volume it occupies at standard atmospheric pressure. It is stored and distributed in hard containers at a pressure of , usually in cyl ...
buses .There are also 136
trolleybus
A trolleybus (also known as trolley bus, trolley coach, trackless trolley, trackless tramin the 1910s and 1920sJoyce, J.; King, J. S.; and Newman, A. G. (1986). ''British Trolleybus Systems'', pp. 9, 12. London: Ian Allan Publishing. .or troll ...
es . All of the buses and trolleybuses can be accessed using the Qingdao Public Traffic
IC Card
A smart card, chip card, or integrated circuit card (ICC or IC card) is a physical electronic authentication device, used to control access to a resource. It is typically a plastic credit card-sized card with an embedded integrated circuit (IC) c ...
(), which uses radio frequencies so the card does not have to physically touch the scanner. After that, all public transportation companies use Qingdaotong Card, the last company that started to use this card is the Zhenqing bus company located in The West Coast New Area of Qingdao (original Huangdao Distinct) in 2019.
Non air-conditioned buses cost 1 yuan (excluding the tunnel bus), The volume of road passenger transport approaches 737 million per year. The Public Transport Brand of 'Ri-Xin Bus ()' is also known in China.
There are several taxi companies in Qingdao including Yiqing Company, Zhongqing Company, Jiaoyun Company, and, Huaqing Company.
Metro
![青岛站3号线站台](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/%E9%9D%92%E5%B2%9B%E7%AB%993%E5%8F%B7%E7%BA%BF%E7%AB%99%E5%8F%B0.jpg)
After getting the approval from the State Council, the government announced on 18 August 2009 that Qingdao is ready to spend more than 29 billion yuan ($4.2 billion) before 2016 on its subway construction. Construction of of subway line 3 was completed before 2016 with a total investment of 29.2 billion yuan ($4.3 billion). Metro Line 3 is the first line in function and opened on 16 December 2015. In the long term, the city plans to build eight subway lines in downtown and some suburban districts, which account for in future. The system has an operating length of , lines in operation including
Line 1 Line 1 or 1 line may refer to:
Public transport Africa
* Line 1 (Algiers Metro), Algeria
* Cairo Metro Line 1, Egypt
Asia China
* Line 1 (Beijing Subway)
* Line 1 (Changchun Rail Transit)
* Line 1 (Changsha Metro)
* Line 1 (Changzhou Metro)
* L ...
,
Line 2 Line 2 or 2 Line may refer to:
Public transport Americas
*2 (New York City Subway service), a rapid transit service in the A Division of the New York City Subway
*2 Line (Sound Transit), a light rail line in Seattle, Washington
*Line 2 Bloor–Dan ...
,
Line 3,
Line 8,
Line 11, and
Line 13.
Tramway
![Qingdao Tram, Line Chengyang](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Qingdao_Tram%2C_Line_Chengyang.jpg)
The Qingdao Tram (official name: Modern tram demonstration line) of Chengyang District, Qingdao, is a tram system operating in Chengyang District, Qingdao, China. It opened in 2016. The Qingdao Public Transport Group Rail Bus Co., Ltd. is responsible for operation and management. The system is only composed of 1 tram line.
Culture
Architecture
![Views of Qingdao](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Views_of_Qingdao.jpg)
There are a large number of German-style buildings in Qingdao's
city center
A city centre is the commercial, cultural and often the historical, political, and geographic heart of a city. The term "city centre" is primarily used in British English, and closely equivalent terms exist in other languages, such as "" in Fren ...
, a remarkable fact considering the German leased-territory period only lasted 16 years (1898–1914). The unique combination of German and Chinese architecture therein, combined with German demographic roots and a large Korean expatriate population, gives Qingdao a rather distinct atmosphere. An old saying described Qingdao as a city of "red tiles green trees, blue sky, and blue sea." This saying indeed gives a picture of a bird view of Qingdao. A larger number of areas in former foreign styles are well preserved. Although the new city area is under large-scale reconstruction, the old city area (especially the western part of
Shinan District
Shinan District () is an urban district of Qingdao, Shandong. It has an area of , and had approximately 588,800 inhabitants as of 2019. Shinan is located in coastal hilled terrain, and has a temperate monsoon climate. Common features include mod ...
) still retains many traditional buildings.
Notable people
*
Long Ding, American football kicker
*
James R. Lilley
James Roderick Lilley (; January 15, 1928 – November 12, 2009) was a CIA operative and an American diplomat. He served as United States ambassador to China from 1989 to 1991.
Born to American parents in China, Lilley learned Mandarin at a yo ...
, U.S. diplomat
*
Ma Jian ()
*
Ma Jun Ma Jun, may refer to:
*Ma Jun (historian) (born 1953), Chinese historian.
*Ma Jun (footballer) (born 1989), Chinese footballer.
*Ma Jun (environmentalist) (born 1968), Chinese environmentalist.
*Ma Jun (engineer) (born 1962), Chinese environmental ...
()
*
Xiao Hong
Xiao Hong or Hsiao Hung (1 June 1911 – 22 January 1942) was a Chinese writer. Her ruming (乳名,infant name) was Zhang Ronghua (張榮華). Her xueming (學名,formal name used at school) was Zhang Xiuhuan (張秀環). Her name Zhang Nai ...
()
*
Xiao Jun
Xiao Jun (, 3 July 1907 – 22 June 1988), born Liu Honglin (), was a Chinese author and intellectual from Linghai, Liaoning, China. Of Manchu ethnicity, Xiao's most famous work in China is his 1934 novel ''Village in August'' () which gain ...
()
*
Duanmu Hongliang
Duanmu Hongliang (; 1912–1996), born Cao Jingping (), was a Chinese writer whose works were prominent during the Second Sino-Japanese War and for whom the land and environment were pivotal fictional elements. He was born in Changtu County, Lia ...
()
*
Erin Pizzey
Erin Patria Margaret Pizzey (; born 19 February 1939) is an English ex-feminist, Men's rights activist and advocate against domestic violence, and novelist. She is known for having started the first and currently the largest domestic violence s ...
, (was born in Qingdao)
*
Li Zhaoxing
Li Zhaoxing (; born 20 October 1940 in Jiaonan, Qingdao, Shandong) is a Chinese diplomat and politician. He served as the Foreign Minister of the People's Republic of China from 2003 to 2007.
He graduated from Peking University in 1964. He wor ...
()
*
Zhang Ruimin
Zhang Ruimin (; born 5 January 1949) is the founder of Haier Group. He is currently the chairman of the board and chief executive officer of Haier Group.
Zhang was appointed the director of Qingdao Refrigerator Factory, predecessor of Haier Gr ...
()
*
Victoria Song
Song Qian (; born February 2, 1987), known professionally as Victoria or Victoria Song, is a Chinese singer, dancer, actress, model, host and author known for her work as a member of South Korean girl group f(x).
In 2010, Song gained fame as pa ...
(, f(x))
*
Huang Zitao
Huang Zitao (; born May 2, 1993), also known as Tao, is a Chinese rapper, singer, songwriter, actor, model, and businessman. Huang is a former member of the South Korean-Chinese boy band Exo and its Chinese sub-unit, Exo-M. After leaving Exo, h ...
(, musician, actor)
*
Huang Bo
Huang Bo (; born August 26, 1974) is a Chinese actor, film director, singer and the current vice-chairman of China Film Association. He is the winner of multiple Chinese film awards, and ranked 34th on Forbes China Celebrity 100 list in 2013, ...
()
*
Zhang Jike
Zhang Jike (; born 16 February 1988) is a retired Chinese table tennis player.
Zhang became the fourth male player in the history of table tennis to achieve a career Grand Slam when he won gold in men's singles at the Olympic games in London 20 ...
()
*
Gao Fenghan
Gāo Fènghàn (高鳳翰, 1683–1749) was born in Shandong to a minor bureaucrat. He was a painter, poet, and seal-carver, and he later became associated with the Yangzhou school of painters. These painters were known as ''eccentrics'' for the ...
()
*
Toshiro Mifune
was a Japanese actor who appeared in over 150 feature films. He is best known for his 16-film collaboration (1948–1965) with Akira Kurosawa in such works as ''Rashomon'', ''Seven Samurai'', ''The Hidden Fortress'', ''Throne of Blood'', and '' ...
(was born in Qingdao)
*
Li Cunxin
Li Cunxin (born 26 January 1961) is a Chinese-Australian former ballet dancer turned stockbroker. He is currently the artistic director of the Queensland Ballet in Brisbane, Australia.Queensland Ballet (2012)Li Cunxin returns to the stage a ...
()
*
Huang Xiaoming
Huang Xiaoming or Mark Huang (, born 13 November 1977) is a Chinese actor, singer, and model. He graduated from the Performance Institute of the Beijing Film Academy in 2000. Huang first rose to prominence in 2001 for playing Emperor Wu of Han in ...
()
*
Chen Hao ()
*
Xia Yu Xia Yu may refer to:
*Yu the Great, also known as Xia Yu, legendary founder of the Xia dynasty
* Xia Yu (actor) (born 1978), Chinese actor
*Ha Yu (actor)
Wong Sing (born 14 June 1943), better known by his stage name Ha Yu, is a Hong Kong actor ...
()
*
Fan Bingbing
Fan Bingbing (, born 16 September 1981) is a Chinese actress. From 2013 to 2017, she was included as the highest-paid celebrity in the ''Forbes'' China Celebrity 100 list after ranking in the top 10 every year since 2006. She appeared on ''Time'' ...
(, born in Qingdao)
*
Bai Baihe
Bai Baihe (, born 1 March 1984) is a Chinese actress. She was among the highest paid film actresses in China. She is best known for her roles in such films as '' Love is Not Blind'', ''Personal Tailor'', ''Monster Hunt'' and ''Go Away Mr. Tumo ...
()
*
Hao Haidong
Hao Haidong (; born 9 May 1970) is a Chinese former international footballer. He currently holds the record for being China's top goalscorer.
As a player he represented Bayi Football Team, Dalian Shide and Sheffield United in a career that saw ...
()
*
Wang Dong (,
midfielder
A midfielder is an outfield position in association football.
Midfielders may play an exclusively defensive role, breaking up attacks, and are in that case known as defensive midfielders. As central midfielders often go across boundarie ...
for
Qingdao Huanghai
Qingdao Football Club () was a professional Chinese football club that participated in the Chinese Super League under licence from the Chinese Football Association (CFA). The team was based in Qingdao and their home stadium was the Qingdao Gu ...
)
*
Bu Xiangzhi
Bu Xiangzhi (; born December 10, 1985) is a Chinese chess player. In 1999, he became the 10th grandmaster from China at the age of 13 years, 10 months and 13 days, at the time the youngest in history. In April 2008, Bu and Ni Hua bec ...
(, chess grandmaster)
*
Zhang Juanjuan
Zhang Juanjuan (; born January 2, 1981 in Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China) is an archer from the People's Republic of China.
Early and personal life
Zhang was born on 2 January 1982 in the Chinese city of Qingdao in Shandong P ...
(, archer)
*
Malcolm H. Wiener Malcolm H. Wiener (born 3 July 1935) is an Aegean prehistorian, retired principal in an investment management firm, and philanthropist. He is a natural-born American citizen, born in Qingdao, China. He is married to Carolyn Talbot Seely Wiener, w ...
, (was born in Qingdao)
*
Ni Ping
Ni Ping (born 15 February 1959) is a mainland People's Republic of China, Chinese film actress and TV host. Since the early 1990s, Ni shot fame for hosting CCTV New Year's Gala.Tang Guoqiang
Tang Guoqiang (born 4 May 1952) is a Chinese actor best known for portraying historical figures in several films and television series. Some of his more notable roles include: various Chinese emperors (e.g. Emperor Taizong of Tang, Yongle Emper ...
()
*
Ren Jialun
Ren Jialun (; born Ren Guochao on 11 April 1989), also known as Allen Ren, is a Chinese actor and singer. He is best known for his historical drama '' The Glory of Tang Dynasty'' (2017), '' Under The Power'' (2019), '' Forever and Ever'', ''One ...
()
*
Chen Meng
Chen Meng (; born 15 January 1994) is a Chinese table tennis player and the current World No. 2 in Women's Singles. She joined the provincial team when she was 9 and joined the national team when she was only 13 in 2007. She is the women's singl ...
()
Movies shot in Qingdao
*
A Little Red Flower
''A Little Red Flower'' () is a 2020 Chinese romantic-drama film directed by Han Yan from a screenplay he co-wrote with Jinliang Han, Han Li, Jia Jia Wei, and Yu Yonggan. It stars Jackson Yee as Wei Yihang, a teenager who has been in remission ...
() 2020
*
A Better Tomorrow 2018
''A Better Tomorrow 2018'' (), is a Chinese action film directed by Ding Sheng and starring Wang Kai, Ma Tianyu, Wang Talu, Yu Ailei, Lam Suet and Wu Yue. In this remake of John Woo’s 1986 classic, director Ding Sheng delivers a similar st ...
() 2016
*
The Great Wall
The Great Wall of China (, literally "ten thousand Li (unit), ''li'' wall") is a series of fortifications that were built across the historical northern borders of ancient Chinese states and Imperial China as protection against Eurasian noma ...
() 2016
* Underdog Fight () 2008
* Underdog Fight II () 2013
*
Ocean Heaven
''Ocean Heaven'' () is a 2010 Chinese-Hong Kong drama film starring martial arts superstar Jet Li in his first full drama role. It also co-stars Taiwanese actress Gwei Lun-mei, who previously starred in Jay Chou's '' Secret''. The movie was film ...
() 2010
* Beauty Remains () 2005
Language
During the city's leased-territory days,
German
German(s) may refer to:
* Germany (of or related to)
**Germania (historical use)
* Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language
** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law
**Ger ...
, the official language, was rigorously taught and promoted. Since the demise of Germany's colonial empire after World War I, the German language is all but gone, leaving little impact on the local languages. A local accent known as
Qingdao dialect
The Qingdao dialect is the local dialect of the city of Qingdao and nearby towns, in China's Shandong Province.
Often characterized as requiring a "fat tongue", the Qingdao dialect often adds a // ("th") sound to Mandarin's // ("sh"), // ("x") ...
() distinguishes the residents of the city from those of the surrounding
Shandong
Shandong ( , ; ; alternately romanized as Shantung) is a coastal province of the People's Republic of China and is part of the East China region.
Shandong has played a major role in Chinese history since the beginning of Chinese civilizati ...
province. Due to the efforts by the city government to promote standard
Mandarin
Mandarin or The Mandarin may refer to:
Language
* Mandarin Chinese, branch of Chinese originally spoken in northern parts of the country
** Standard Chinese or Modern Standard Mandarin, the official language of China
** Taiwanese Mandarin, Stand ...
, most educated people can speak standard Mandarin in addition to their native dialect. With reform policies and English teaching, some young citizens have been taught English and many can converse with English-speaking foreigners. Business and traffic signs in English are becoming more and more common.
Festivals
Notable festivals include:
*
Qingdao International Horticultural Exposition 2014
The Qingdao International Horticultural Exposition 2014 () was a horticultural exhibition recognized by the International Association of Horticultural Producers (as AIPH class A2/B1) in Qingdao, China. It was held from April 25 to October 25 in ...
is the biggest international fair that has been held in the history of the city.
*
Qingdao International Beer Festival The Qingdao International Beer Festival () is a yearly festival held in Qingdao in Shandong province, China. The event is jointly sponsored by national state ministries and the Qingdao Municipal Government.
History
First held in 1991 to celebrate ...
in August/September, held annually since 1991.
Media
Qingdao previously had a large German community and a German garrison, so three German newspapers operated in Qingdao.
[Walravens, p]
90
. German papers included ''
Deutsch-Asiatische Warte'' (;
[Walravens, p]
91
. weekly newspaper published until 1906, included ''Die Welt des Ostens, Altes und Neues aus Asiens drei Kaiserreichen'', a cultural supplement),
[ the '']Tsingtauer Neueste Nachrichten
The ''Tsingtauer Neueste Nachrichten'' (Tsingtau Sin Pau) was a German-language newspaper published in Qingdao from 1904 to 1914. Fritz Seeker was the editor.Walravens, p91 "Tsingtauer Neueste Nachrichten (1904-1914, daily; edited by Fritz Seeker ...
'' and the ''Kiautschou Post
The Jiaozhou Bay (; german: Kiautschou Bucht, ) is a bay located in the prefecture-level city of Qingdao (Tsingtau), China.
The bay has historically been romanized as Kiaochow, Kiauchau or Kiao-Chau in English and Kiautschou in German.
Geogra ...
'' (a daily paper published from 1908 to 1912, referring to the Kiautschou (Jiaozhou) Bay concession). German publishing in Qingdao ended after World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
and the beginning of the Japanese administration.[
A 1912 publication of the ]United States Department of Commerce
The United States Department of Commerce is an executive department of the U.S. federal government concerned with creating the conditions for economic growth and opportunity. Among its tasks are gathering economic and demographic data for bu ...
, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce
:
The International Trade Administration (ITA) is an agency in the United States Department of Commerce that promotes United States exports of nonagricultural U.S. services and goods.
Duties
The ITA's stated goals are to
# Provide practical info ...
said that the '' Tageblatt für Nordchina'' of Tianjin
Tianjin (; ; Mandarin: ), alternately romanized as Tientsin (), is a municipality and a coastal metropolis in Northern China on the shore of the Bohai Sea. It is one of the nine national central cities in Mainland China, with a total popul ...
was read in Qingdao and that major newspapers from Shanghai
Shanghai (; , , Standard Mandarin pronunciation: ) is one of the four direct-administered municipalities of the People's Republic of China (PRC). The city is located on the southern estuary of the Yangtze River, with the Huangpu River flow ...
were also read in Qingdao.
Bandao Broadcasting Media Corporation
Bandao Broadcasting Media Corporation () is a news and broadcasting agency headquartered in Qingdao, China. The company was founded in 1999 by DaZhong Daily News Corporation as a local branch in Qingdao, China. Bandao Broadcasting Media Corporatio ...
, a news and broadcasting agency was founded in 1999.
Tourism
Qingdao attracts many tourists due to its seaside setting and temperate weather. Parks, beaches, sculptures, and unique German and modern architecture line the shore. Its centrally located tourist information center, the "Qingdao Information Center for International Visitors for International Visitors," is located on Middle Hong Kong Road ().
Qingdao's major attractions include:
Western Shinan district
*Zhan Qiao
Zhanqiao () pier is located at the southern shore of Qingdao off Zhongshan Road. This now pier, constructed in 1891, was Qingdao's first wharf. The octagonal Hunian pavilion (Billowing Back and Forth Tower, loosely translated) was constructed a ...
(Pier, )
*Little Qingdao Isle ()
*Tian Hou Temple (), Qingdao Folk Museum
*Badaguan
Badaguan () is a historical mansion area located near the coastline in the city of Qingdao, Shandong, China.
Badaguan is made up of streets named after great military forts of the ancient times. It was originally a residential area for the German ...
(), the older area of town with some surviving German and Japanese architecture.
*Lu Xun Park
Lu Xun Park, formerly Hongkou (Hongkew) Park, is a municipal park in Hongkou District of Shanghai, China. It is located on 146 East Jiangwan Road, right behind Hongkou Football Stadium. It is bounded by Guangzhong Road to the north, Ouyang Road ...
, named after Lu Xun
Zhou Shuren (25 September 1881 – 19 October 1936), better known by his pen name Lu Xun (or Lu Sun; ; Wade–Giles: Lu Hsün), was a Chinese writer, essayist, poet, and literary critic. He was a leading figure of modern Chinese literature. W ...
, modern Chinese writer and critic, who lived and taught in the 1930s.
*Zhongshan Park, named after the style name 'Zhongshan' of Sun Yat-sen
Sun Yat-sen (; also known by several other names; 12 November 1866 – 12 March 1925)Singtao daily. Saturday edition. 23 October 2010. section A18. Sun Yat-sen Xinhai revolution 100th anniversary edition . was a Chinese politician who serve ...
, a famous modern Chinese politician.
*Xiao Yu Shan
Xiao Yu Hill (Chinese: 小鱼山公园, meaning "Small Fish Mountain Public Park") is located north-east of the Laiyang road, Qingdao. It is 60 meters high and covers an area of 2.5 hectares. It is the first park hill with a style of classical gar ...
()
*The twin-spired St. Michael's Cathedral (; ), a notable example of Qingdao's famous Neo-romanesque
Romanesque Revival (or Neo-Romanesque) is a style of building employed beginning in the mid-19th century inspired by the 11th- and 12th-century Romanesque architecture. Unlike the historic Romanesque style, Romanesque Revival buildings tended to ...
architecture, designed by German architect Alfred Fräbel, completed in 1934.
*Qingdao Aquarium
The Qingdao Aquarium () also known as the Qingdao Underwater World () is the oldest public aquarium in China. It is located in the city of Qingdao, Shandong Province. The aquarium originated from an initiative launched by the educator Cai Yuanpei ...
()
*Jiaozhou Governor's Hall
Kiautschou Governor's Hall () is the former German colonial government building at Qingdao, China.
History
The building was designed by the German architect Friedrich Mahlke (1871 – 1944) and was constructed during the years from 1904 to ...
(), the office building of former German governors (''Gouverneurspalast'') and former municipal government
*Xinhao Hill The Xinhao or Signal Hill (; german: Signalberg), located to the south of Guanxiang Hill and to the southwest of Qingdao Hill, is a landmark of Qingdao, China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia ...
()
Eastern Shinan district
*May Fourth Square
May Fourth Square () is a large (10 hectares) public square in Qingdao's central business district. It is located between the new municipal government building and Fushan Bay and is composed of Shizhengting Square, the central square and the coas ...
(''Platz des vierten Mai''), Coastal plaza with the Wind of May sculpture
*Tsingtao Brewery
Tsingtao Brewery Co. Ltd. () is China's second largest brewery, with about 15% of domestic market share and also accounts for half of China’s national beer exports. It was founded in 1903 by German settlers in Tsingtau (Qingdao), Kiautschou Ba ...
(''Tsingtao-Brauerei''), founded by Germany and the most exported beer from China.
*Zhanshan Temple
Zhanshan Temple (; german: link=no, Dschanschan Tempel) is a Buddhist temple in Shinan District of Qingdao, Shandong, China. It is located on the southern side of Zhanshan (literally 'clear' or 'deep mountain'), facing the sea.
The monastery was ...
(''Dschanschan-Tempel''), Qingdao's oldest Buddhist
Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. It originated in northern India as a -movement in the 5th century BCE, and ...
temple.
Laoshan district
* Lao Shan (Mount Lao, Lauschan, ), east of Qingdao, the most famous Taoist
Taoism (, ) or Daoism () refers to either a school of philosophical thought (道家; ''daojia'') or to a religion (道教; ''daojiao''), both of which share ideas and concepts of Chinese origin and emphasize living in harmony with the ''Tao'' ...
mountain with Taoist retreat – Great Purity Palace ()
*National Shilaoren Tourist Resort (), the famous bathing beach symbolized by a characteristic natural sea rock with a shape like an old man
*Xiaomaidao Park (), the park with hills, a beach, and a nice view of the coastal line
Education
Higher education
Qingdao is home to a large number of higher education
Higher education is tertiary education leading to award of an academic degree. Higher education, also called post-secondary education, third-level or tertiary education, is an optional final stage of formal learning that occurs after completi ...
institutions. Ocean University of China
The Ocean University of China (), colloquially known as Haida () is a university in Qingdao. As one of the key comprehensive universities of China, it is under the direct administration of the Ministry of Education. It is a Chinese state Class A ...
, formerly called the Ocean University of Qingdao, is the most important university of maritime sciences in China. In addition, the Qingdao University
Qingdao University (abbreviation: QDU/QDU Med school; ) is a key provincial research university located in Qingdao, Shandong, China. The university was first established in 1985. In 1993, the former Qingdao University, Qingdao Medical College, S ...
, Qingdao University is ranked No. 940 in Best Global Universities. Schools are ranked according to their performance across a set of widely accepted indicators of excellence. the Qingdao University of Science and Technology
Qingdao University of Science and Technology (, acronym QUST) is a university located in Qingdao, China, colloquially known as Qingkeda (). Having evolved from a college specializing in the chemical industry, it is now a comprehensive, multi-di ...
as well as the Qingdao Technological University
Qingdao University of Technology (QUT; ), formerly known as Qingdao Technological University, is a university in Qingdao, Shandong, China. It offers programs in civil, mechanical, and environmental engineering.
Location
Qingdao Technological Un ...
have also been integral parts of higher education in Qingdao for decades. Shandong University Qingdao (SDUQ) was established in 2016, belonging to Shandong University System. Other institutions include:
* China University of Petroleum
The China University of Petroleum () is a state Double First Class University in China. It consists of China University of Petroleum (Beijing), and China University of Petroleum (Huadong). Both are regarded as the best universities in China a ...
, completed its relocation from Dongying
Dongying (), a prefecture-level city, lies on the northern (Bohai Sea) coast of Shandong province, People's Republic of China. As of the 2020 census, 2,193,518 people resided within its administrative area of and 1,188,656 in the built-up area ...
to Qingdao in 2012
* Shandong University of Science and Technology
The Shandong University of Science and Technology (SDUST; ) is a public university in Shandong province, China. It was established in 1951. The university offers courses in science and technology.
Campus
The university's main campus has been i ...
, the main campus is based in Qingdao since 2003
* Qingdao Agricultural University, the main campus is based in Qingdao since 2007
* Qingdao Technical College
Qingdao Technical College () is a public college based in Huangdao District
Huangdao District () and Xihai'an New Area (), also known as Qingdao West Coast is a district and a state-level new area of Qingdao, Shandong, China, located southwest a ...
* Qingdao Binhai University
Qingdao Binhai University (, is a private institution of tertiary education in Qingdao, Shandong province, China. It was founded in 1992 and was awarded full college status in 2004. Binhai University has its campus in Huangdao District
Huangdao ...
, located at Huangdao.
Shandong University
Shandong University (, abbreviated as Shanda, , English abbreviation SDU) is a public research comprehensive university in Jinan, Shandong with one campus in Weihai, Shandong and one campus in Qingdao, Shandong and is supported directly by the ...
was located in Qingdao from 1909 to 1936. A new branch campus of the university is under construction in Aoshanwei Town, Jimo
Jimo District (), formerly Jimo City (), is a District of Qingdao, Shandong.
Location
Jimo is located in the southwest of the Shandong Peninsula, bordered by the Yellow Sea on the east and Mount Lao on the south.
Climate
Jimo has a moderate ...
.
International schools
Korean International School of Qingdao
* Malvern College Qingdao
Malvern College Qingdao (MCQ; ) is a British international school in Chengyang District, Qingdao. It is affiliated to Malvern College in the United Kingdom, being its first overseas branch school. Malvern Qingdao opened in September 2012. In 2013 ...
* Pegasus California School, Qingdao
* International School of Qingdao
* Qingdao Amerasia International School
* Qingdao No.1 International School
* Qingdao Oxford International College
* Yew Chung International School of Qingdao
* Belt&Road Collaborative Innovation College (BRCIC)
Secondary schools
* Qingdao No. 2 High School
Qingdao No. 2 High School of Shandong Province (Chinese: 山东省青岛第二中学) is a public boarding high school in Qingdao, Shandong, China.
Qingdao No. 2 High School (Also named as Qingdao No. 2 Middle School), Shandong Province, is l ...
* Qingdao No. 58 School
The Qingdao No. 58 High School () is a boarding school in Qingdao, China. It is well considered the most selective high school in Qingdao. It has the highest cut-off scores in the senior-high school entrance examinations for acceptance. Over 90% of ...
* Qingdao No. 1 High School
Qingdao No. 1 Middle School of Shandong Province () is a high school in Qingdao, Shandong, China.
School History
February 1924 to October 1924, the school was located in Dengzhou Road ().
October 1924 to April 1938, the school was relocated in ...
* Qingdao No. 9 High School
Qingdao No. 9 High school (also called Qingdao Foreign Language School) was established by Richard Wilhelm on 1900. The school is located in the Qingdao
Qingdao (, also spelled Tsingtao; , Mandarin: ) is a major city in eastern Shandong Pr ...
* Qingdao No. 15 High School
Qingdao (, also spelled Tsingtao; , Mandarin: ) is a major city in eastern Shandong Province. The city's name in Chinese characters literally means " azure island". Located on China's Yellow Sea coast, it is a major nodal city of the One Bel ...
* Qingdao No. 19 High School
Qingdao (, also spelled Tsingtao; , Mandarin: ) is a major city in eastern Shandong Province. The city's name in Chinese characters literally means " azure island". Located on China's Yellow Sea coast, it is a major nodal city of the One Bel ...
*and so on
Sports
Stadiums
*Guoxin Gymnasium
Qingdao Sports Centre Conson Gymnasium (official name) is an indoor sporting arena located in Qingdao, China, used mostly for basketball and arena football games. The capacity of the arena is 12,500 spectators. It hosts indoor sporting events su ...
(Qingdao city sports center)
*Yizhong Sports Center
The Qingdao Sports Center Stadium or officially Qingdao Conson Stadium () is a multi-purpose stadium in Qingdao, Shandong, China. It is currently holds 45,000 people and used mostly for association football matches.
The stadium was invested by Q ...
*Qingdao Tiantai Stadium
The Qingdao Tiantai Stadium (), former name Qingdao First Stadium (), is a multi-use stadium in Qingdao, Shandong, China. It is used mostly for football matches, but also for athletics and rugby sevens.
Tiantai Stadium was built in 1932 as Qingdao ...
*Hongcheng Stadium
Hongcheng Stadium (Simplified Chinese: 弘诚体育场) is a multi-purpose stadium in Qingdao, China. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium holds 14,000 people. The stadium was built in 1999.
See also
* Sports in China
...
2008 Olympic Summer Games
During the 2008 Summer Olympics
The 2008 Summer Olympics (), officially the Games of the XXIX Olympiad () and also known as Beijing 2008 (), were an international multisport event held from 8 to 24 August 2008, in Beijing, China. A total of 10,942 athletes from 204 Na ...
, Qingdao and Beijing cohosted the Olympic Sailing competitions. In Qingdao, the events took place along the shoreline by the city. These events were hosted at the Qingdao International Sailing Centre
The Qingdao International Sailing Centre () is a sailing marina located on the former site of the Beihai Shipyard by Qingdao's Fushan Bay at Shandong Province in China. It was constructed for the 2008 Summer Olympics. It hosted the Olympic and Para ...
and held in Fushan Bay Fushan may refer to:
* Fushan, Chengmai County (福山镇), a town in Hainan, China
*Fushan County (浮山县), of Linfen, Shanxi, China
*Fushan District (福山区), Yantai, Shandong, China
* Fushan, Ningyang County (伏山镇), a town in Ningyang ...
, near the city's central business district. An international broadcasting center and purpose-built hotel were constructed for the Games.
Motorsport
The IndyCar Series
The IndyCar Series, currently known as the NTT IndyCar Series under sponsorship, is the highest class of regional North American open-wheel single-seater formula racing cars in the United States, which has been conducted under the auspices of ...
signed a contract with the Qingdao city council to hold an IndyCar
INDYCAR, LLC, is an American-based auto racing sanctioning body for Indy car racing and other disciplines of open wheel car racing. The organization sanctions five racing series: the premier IndyCar Series with its centerpiece the Indianapolis ...
race in Qingdao in 2012. The subsequently canceled race was supposed to take place on a street circuit.
Sister cities
Qingdao has 36 sister cities
A sister city or a twin town relationship is a form of legal or social agreement between two geographically and politically distinct localities for the purpose of promoting cultural and commercial ties.
While there are early examples of inter ...
.
See also
*List of twin towns and sister cities in China
This is a list of places in China which have standing links to local communities in other countries known as "town twinning" (usually in Europe) or "sister cities" (usually in the rest of the world).
A
Anqing
* Calabasas, United States
* C ...
*Shandong
Shandong ( , ; ; alternately romanized as Shantung) is a coastal province of the People's Republic of China and is part of the East China region.
Shandong has played a major role in Chinese history since the beginning of Chinese civilizati ...
* Qingdao Oriental Movie Metropolis
Notes
References
Citations
Sources
* Gottschall, Terrell D. ''By Order of the Kaiser: Otto von Diederichs and the Rise of the Imperial German Navy 1865–1902''. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. 2003.
* Schultz-Naumann, Joachim. ''Unter Kaisers Flagge: Deutschlands Schutzgebiete im Pazifik und in China einst und heute'' nder the Kaiser’s Flag, Germany’s Protectorates in the Pacific and in China then and today Munich: Universitas Verlag. 1985.
* ''Miscellaneous series, Issues 7–11''. United States Department of Commerce
The United States Department of Commerce is an executive department of the U.S. federal government concerned with creating the conditions for economic growth and opportunity. Among its tasks are gathering economic and demographic data for bu ...
, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce
:
The International Trade Administration (ITA) is an agency in the United States Department of Commerce that promotes United States exports of nonagricultural U.S. services and goods.
Duties
The ITA's stated goals are to
# Provide practical info ...
, 1912.
* Walravens, Hartmut. "German Influence on the Press in China". In: ''Newspapers in International Librarianship: Papers Presented by the Newspaper Section at IFLA General Conferences''. Walter de Gruyter
Walter de Gruyter GmbH, known as De Gruyter (), is a German scholarly publishing house specializing in academic literature.
History
The roots of the company go back to 1749 when Frederick the Great granted the Königliche Realschule in Be ...
, 1 January 2003. , .
*
Also available at
the website of the Queens Library
The Queens Public Library (QPL), also known as the Queens Borough Public Library and Queens Library (QL), is the public library for the borough of Queens, and one of three public library systems serving New York City. It is one of the largest li ...
– This version does not include the footnotes visible in the Walter de Gruyter version.
** Also available in Walravens, Hartmut, and Edmund King. ''Newspapers in international librarianship: papers presented by the section of the newspaper at IFLA General Conferences''. K.G. Saur
K. G. Saur Verlag is a German publisher that specializes in reference information for libraries. The publishing house, founded by Karl Saur, is owned by Walter de Gruyter and is based in Munich.
In 1987, K. G. Saur was acquired by Reed Interna ...
, 2003. , .
External links
Qingdao Government website
Qingdao International Academician Port website
Study in China Admission System(中国高等院校国际招生管理服务系统) website
{{Authority control
Populated coastal places in China
Port cities and towns in China
Populated places with period of establishment missing
Prefecture-level divisions of Shandong